UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE

FACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA Y HUMANIDADES

CENTRO DE IDIOMAS
Prof. Sandra Obando O.
CIDI 052- Geography

Tectonic plates
I.
Read the text below and write the most suitable word in each blank:
diameter - engine - hottest layers live magma nickel similar soft - surrounding
The Earth consists of four concentric layers: inner core, outer core, mantle and crust . The
crust is made up of tectonic plates, which are in constant motion. Earthquakes and volcanoes
are most likely to occur at plate boundaries.

The structure of the Earth

The Earth is made up of four distinct (1)________________:
1.

2.

3.

4.

The inner core is in the centre and is the (2)

________________ part of the Earth. It is solid and
made up of iron and (3) ________________ with
temperatures of up to 5,500C. With its immense heat
energy,
the
inner
core
is
like
the
(4)
________________ room of the Earth.
The outer core is the layer (5) ________________
the inner core. It is a liquid layer, also made up of iron
and nickel. It is still extremely hot, with temperatures
(6) ________________ to the inner core.
The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has
a (7) ________________ of approximately 2,900 km.
The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock called (8)
________________. In the upper parts of the mantle
the rock is hard, but lower down the rock is (9)
________________ and beginning to melt.
The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock
layer upon which we (10) ________________.

There are two different types of crust: continental crust, which carries land, and oceanic crust, which carries
water.
The diagram shows the structure of the Earth. In geography, taking a slice through a structure to see inside is called
a cross section.

II. Which underlined word is correct? Circle your answer.

Distribution
The Earth's crust is broken up into pieces called plates/crusts. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle
creates/inhibits convection currents generated by radioactive decay in the core. The convection currents
move the plates. Where convection currents diverge/converge near the Earth's crust, plates move apart.
Where convection currents diverge/converge, plates move towards each other. The movement of the
plates, and the activity inside the Earth, is called plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics stop/cause earthquakes and volcanoes. The point where two plates meet is called a plate
boundary. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely to occur either on or near/far from plate
boundaries.
The Earth's plates move in different directions:

At a tensional, constructive or divergent boundary the plates move apart.

At a compressional, destructive or convergent boundary the plates move towards each other.
At a conservative or transform boundary the plates slide past each other.

III. Unscramble the words:

Tensional margins
At a tensional or constructive boundary the plates are moving apart. The
plates move apart due to convection (1) ________________ (urcrents) inside
the Earth.
As the plates move slowly apart, magma rises from the mantle. The
magma (2) ________________ (seprut) to the surface of the Earth. This is
also accompanied by earthquakes.
The Helgafjell volcano on
Westman Island, Iceland

When the magma reaches the (3) ________________(aurscef), it cools and solidifies to form a new crust
of igneous rock. This process is (4) ________________(erpedate) many times, over a long period of time.
Eventually the new rock builds up to form a volcano. Constructive (5) ________________
(ubsonardie) tend to be found under the sea, eg the Mid Atlantic Ridge. Here, chains of (6)
________________(tnduerwaer) volcanoes have formed along the plate boundary. One of these volcanoes
may become so large that it erupts out of the sea to form a volcanic (7) ________________(snilad), eg
Surtsey and the Westman Islands near Iceland.
IV. Reference words.

Compressional boundary
At a compressional or destructive boundary the plates are moving towards each other. This usually
involves a continental plate and an oceanic plate.
The oceanic plate is denser than the continental plate so, as (1)they move together, the oceanic plate is
forced underneath the continental plate. The point at which this happens is called the subduction zone.
As the oceanic plate is forced below the continental plate (2)it melts to form magma and earthquakes are
triggered. The magma collects to form a magma chamber. This magma then rises up through cracks in the
continental crust. As pressure builds up, a volcanic eruption may occur.
As the plates push together, the continental crust is squashed
together and forced upwards. This is called folding. (3)This
process creates fold mountains. (4)These can also be formed
where two continental plates push towards each other. This is how
mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and the Alps were
formed.
Adapted from: http://www.bbc.co.uk

A view of the Himalayas from Gorak Shep

What do the underlined words refer to? Answer in English:

(1)________________________________

(3)______________________________

(2)________________________________

(4)______________________________

V. Circle the correct answer for each of the following questions:

1. Which part of the Earth is directly below the crust?
a. Mantle
b. Inner core
c. Outer core
2. Which part of the Earth is the hottest?
a. Mantle
b. Inner core
c. Outer core
d. Crust
3. What material makes up the mantle?
a. Iron
b. Magma
c. Nickel
d. Lava
4. A constructive or divergent plate boundary is when:
a. plates move together.
b. plates move apart.
c. plates slide past each other causing friction.
5. A destructive or convergent boundary is when:
a. plates move together.
b. plates move apart.
c. plates slide past each other.

6. At a conservative plate boundary land is:

a. destroyed.
b. created.
c. neither created or destroyed.
7. The
a.
b.
c.
d.

definition The region where two or more tectonic plates meet corresponds to the term
Volcano
Plate boundary
Crust
Inner core

8. Which of these statements about a constructive boundary is NOT true?

a. Constructive boundaries are more commonly found on land than under the sea.
b. The Earth's plates are moving apart due to convection currents inside the Earth.
c. As the plates move apart (very slowly) magma rises from the mantle.
d. When the magma reaches the surface, it cools and solidifies to form a new crust of igneous rock.
e. Volcanoes often form at constructive boundaries.
9. The
a.
b.
c.

Himalayas were formed on what kind of plate boundary?

Constructive
Destructive
Conservative

10. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge or chain of volcanoes formed underneath the Atlantic Ocean is created by what
kind of plate boundary?
a. Constructive
b. Destructive
c. Conservative
VI. Complete the following ideas with appropriate words or phrases from the text:
1. The widest section of the Earth is called the ___________________________.
2. The Oceanic crust carries___________________________.
3. ___________________________ cause earthquakes and ___________________________.
4. ___________________________ are in constant ___________________________.
5. When a ___________________________ becomes so large it can erupt out of the sea and form a
volcanic ___________________________.
6. The Alps are an example of ___________________________ mountains.