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Fluid Properties
What is a fluid?
In a solid the atoms are tightly
bound by intermolecular forces.
Units
There are 3 different sets of units
System International (SI).
British Gravitational (BG)
English Engineering (EE)
System International (SI)
Formally adopted by International Standards
Organization (ISO) in 1960. Quantities in different
units are easily related with no multiplying factors.
Newtons 3rd Law F = ma . Force in N , mass in kg
and acceleration in ms2 .
Weight force is W = mg where standard value of g
is 9.807 ms2
Temperature in Kelvin (K) related to temperature
in Celsius (o C) by TK = To C + 273.15 .
More on Units
British Gravitational (BG)
Unit of length is foot (ft) = 0.3048 m .
Unit of mass is slug (slug) = 14.59 kg .
Unit of force is the pound (lb) = 4.448 N .
So F = ma means 1 lb =
1slug 1ft
1s2
More on Units
English Engineering (EE)
These are largely defunct. Here
Dimensional Analysis.
The fundamental quantities mainly relevant to fluid
mechanics are Mass, Length and Time. All other
quantities can be expressed in terms of them (e.g.
velocity = length/time ). The unit schemes give a
way of measuring these quantities.
All equations must be dimensionally consistent
dim(X) = dim(Y )
The fundamental mass M , length L and time T
constituents that make up X and Y must be the
same. e.g.
1 2
s =
at
2
dim(s) = dim(a)dim(t2 )
L 2
L =
T =L
2
T
Since the LHS and RHS have the same dimensions it
is possible for the equation to be correct.
10
11
(BG).
or 64.4
12
Density, kg/m3
990
@ 4C = 1000 kg/m3
980
970
960
950
0
20
40
60
Temperature, C
80
100
13
Some densities
Material
T oC
kg m3
H2 O
15.6
999
Seawater
15.6
1,030
Gasoline
15.6
680
SAE 30 oil
15.6
912
ethyl alcohol
20
789
Glycerin
20
1,260
Hg
20
13,600
Air (STP)
15
1.23
CO2
20
1.83
CH4
20
0.667
14
What is pressure?
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Pressure definitions
There are 3 different working definitions for pressure.
These are absolute, gauge or differential pressure.
The absolute pressure is
the force per unit area
that the molecules inside a chamber exert on
the chamber walls. Always positive.
The chamber is immersed in the atmosphere. The gauge pressure is the difference
between the absolute
pressure and the atmospheric pressure. Can
be negative if pressure
in chamber is less than
atmosphere.
16
Pascal
is the SI unit
lbft2
PSI = lbin2
)
17
18
2N
K
3V
is
19
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20
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21
P
B
B'
P
A
Fixed plate
(a )
(b)
22
P
B
B'
u
b
y
A
Fixed plate
23
P
B
B'
u
b
y
A
Fixed plate
a
b
U t
b
as a = U t
U
du
= lim
=
=
t0 t
b
dy
The rate of deformation (shearing strain), is
proportional to U and inversely proportional to b .
24
du
U
=
dy
b
25
Non-newtonian fluids
Shearing stress,
Bingham plastic
Shear thinning
Newtonian
ap
1
Shear thickening
Rate of shearing strain,
du
dy
26
27
28
Compressibility
The bulk modulus is the parameter that describes
how easy it is to compress an material. It is defined
Ev =
p
V /V
29
and Ev = p .
In an isoentropic process (no heat transfer or friction
losses)
p
= constant
X
30
Speed of Sound
Sound waves consist of regions of compression and
rarefaction that travel through the medium. They
are longitudinal waves.
31
Speed of Sound
L
T
Mx My
L3x Ly T 2y
The equations
M:
x+y =0
L:
3x y = 1
T : 0x 2y = 1
have x = 1/2 and y = 1/2 as a solution. So
c=
Ev
32
Xp
= kR T
2.19 109
= 1481 ms1
998.2
33
Vapour Pressure
Liquids tend to evaporate. Some molecules gain
enough kinetic energy to overcome the cohesive
forces that bind them to the surface.
34
35
Surface Tension
Consider the attractive forces between an molecule
and its nearest neighbours.
36
Surface Tension
Pressure
difference
between inside and
outside
Look at half bubble
p R2
37
38
2 R
R2 h
2R
(a)
(b)
(c)
39
2 R
R2 h
2R
(a)
(b)
(c)