How to find Answers to Sentence Improvement Questions

Read the entire sentence, paying close attention to its meaning.

Be aware that errors may exist only in the underscored segment of the sentence.
Try to hear the sentence in your head
Try to determine whether a problem exists.
Search for wordiness and awkward expression in the underscored segment of the
sentence
Read the choices, but ignore Choice A, which is identical to the underscored segment of
the original sentence
Eliminate all choices that contain obvious errors
Review the remaining choices for Flaws in grammar and usage
Eliminate any choice that changes the meaning of the sentence
How to find answers to Identifying sentences Errors questions
Read the Whole sentence
Try to hear the sentence in your head
Focus your attention on awkward sounding words and phrases
Try to explain what the grammatical flaw might be
How to Find Answers to Improving paragraph Questions
Read the entire essay, paying attention to its main idea and the Writers purpose
Ignore all errors except those raised by the multiple-choice questions
Carefully read each question and the five choices
Eliminate any choice that contains wordiness, repetition and awkward expressions. Also
discard choices that contain flaws in grammar and usage
As you answer the questions, keep in mind the main idea of each paragraph and the main
point of the whole essay.
Sentence Improvement
Problems in style and Expression
Omit needless words- Sentences cluttered with unnecessary words are less effective than
tightly written sentences in which every word matters
Avoid redundancies
Choose precise words
Use the natural order of English idioms
Avoid awkward and clumsy expressions

Faulty idiom- An Idiom consists of a group of words that seem absurd if taken literally. On the
SAT refers to idiomatic usafe which is the selection and sequence of words
Finding the Bare Bones of a sentence
1. Look for prepositional phrases. Prepositional phrases- modifying phrase containing a
preposition and a object
2. Locate all the dependent clauses
3. Look for and delete interrupters
Run-on sentence- consists of two independent clauses separated by neither a conjunction nor an
appropriate mark of punctuation
Semicolons- used to replace a period, NOT a comma
Comma splice- sentences where a comma is used between two independent clauses instead of a
period or a semicolon
Modifiers- should be placed as close as possible to the word or words they are meant to modify
Subject-Verb Agreement- Page 196
Subjects and verbs must always agree in number
1. When intervening words obscure the relationship between the subject and verb.
Example: Delivery (singular subject) of todays newspapers and magazines has been
(singular verb) delayed.

2. When subjects are composed of more than one noun or pronoun.
a. Nouns, both singular and plural, when joined by and, are called compound subjects,
which need plural verb
Example: The picture and the text (compound subject) fit (plural verb) inside this box

b. Compound subjects thought of as a unit need singular verbs.
Example: Green eggs and ham (compound subject as a unit) is (singular verb) Sams
favorite breakfast

c. Singular nouns joined by or or nor need singular verbs.
Example: A Coke or a Pepsi (2 nouns joined by or) is (singular verb) what I thirst
for.

d. When a subject consists of a singular noun and a plural noun joined by or or nor, the
number of the verb is determined by the noun closer to the verb.
Example: Either one pineapple or a few oranges wereon the table.


e. When a subject contains a pronoun that differs in person from a noun or another
pronoun, the verb must agree with the closer subject word
Example: Neither Meredith nor you are expected to finish the work today.

f. When the subject is singular and the predicate noun is plural, or vice-versa the
number of the verb is determined by the subject
Example: The extent of Wilkinsons work is two novels and a collection of stories.

3. When singular subjects contain words that sound plural, use singular verbs.
Example: Measles is going around the school

4. When the subject is sometimes singular and sometimes plural, the number of the verb
depends on the context.
Example: The family (members) are arriving for the wedding at different times.

5. When the subject word is an indefinite pronoun, such as everyone, both, and any,
choosing the correct verb poses a special problem.

a. These words get singular verbs: each, either, neither, anyone, no one, everyone,
someone, anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody
Example: Each man and woman in the room gets only one vote.

b. These words get plural verbs: both, many, few, several.
Example: Several in the band are not going on the trip to Boston.

c. These words get singular verbs when they refer to singular nouns and plural verbs
when they refer to plural nous: any, none, some, all, most.
Example: Some (singular) of the collection (singular) is valuable
Example: Some of the bracelets (plural) are fake.

6. When the subject comes after the verb. When the subject of a sentence follows the verb,
the verb takes its number from the subject.
Example: Behind the building was an alley(singular subject)
Faulty verb forms - p. 203
Verb tenses convey information about when an action occurs.
A problem arises with irregular verbs- those verbs that dont follow the usual pattern.

Use of pronouns p.204
Pronoun- Word that replaces noun.
Faulty use of pronouns occurs when
1. When pronouns in the wrong case are chosen
2. When pronouns in the wrong person are chosen
3. When pronouns fail to agree in number or gender with their antecedents.
4. When the pronoun reference is unclear or ambiguous
Nominative case Objective case
I Me
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them
We Us
you you

1. Use nominative case pronouns for the subject of sentences and for predicate nominatives.
2. Use objective case pronouns in phrases that begin with prepositions.
3. Use objective case pronouns when the pronoun refers to a person to whom something is
being done.
4. To find the correct pronoun in a comparison, complete the comparison using the verb that
would follow naturally
5. When a pronoun appears side by side with a noun deleting the noun will help you pick
the correct pronoun
6. Use possessive pronouns before a gerund(a noun that looks like a verb because of its ing
ending)
Pronouns must be in the same person was their antecedents (the words they refer to).
Singular pronouns must have singular antecedents; plural pronouns, plural antecedents. Errors
occur when antecedents are indefinite.
Sentences in which a pronoun fails to refer specifically to a noun or another pronoun, called an
antecedent, can cause confusion or fail to convey the writers intention.
A sentence containing two or more pronouns with ambiguous references can be especially
troublesome and unclear.
A pronoun should refer directly and clearly to a specific noun or another pronoun, or it should
refer by implication to an idea.
Pronoun checklist
1. Antecedent- logical order
2. Number/ gender
3. Ambiguity
4. Consistency
Faulty comparison p.214
Comparisons need to be complete, stated in parallel form and must pertain to things that may be
logically compared
1. To form the comparative and superlative degree of one-syllable words, add er or est to
the positive form.
2. To form the comparative and superlative degrees of most two-syllable words, use more or
most, or less and least.
3. To form the comparative and superlative degree of three-syllable words and of all words
ending in ly, use more and most, or less and least
4. To compare two things use the comparative degree, but to compare three or more things
use the superlative degree.
5. Never create a double comparison by putting words like more, most, less and least in the
same phrase with words in the comparative or superlative degrees.
An incomplete comparison made colloquially may suffer no loss of meaning, but standard
written usage calls for unmistakable clarity.
Logic breaks down when two or more unlike things are compared.
Identifying sentence Errors
Faulty idioms- to identify errors in idiom you must, to a certain extent, follow your instincts and
your ear for language.
Faulty diction- p. 224
Another common error in diction occurs when an adjective is used where an adverb is needed.
The reverse-using an adverb where an adjective belongs- also occurs, but less often.
When choosing between an adjective and an adverb on the SAT. Find the verb and determine
whether it is a linking verb( a verb which connects the subject of the verb to additional
information) . If it is use the adjective. And if it isnt, use the adverb.



Wordiness and redundancies- p.227
A sentence needs revision when it includes words and phrases that dont add meaning or that
repeat or reiterate what has already been stated.
Faulty parallelism- p.230
-Orderly construction of a sentence keeps parallel ideas in the same grammatical form
To recognize faulty parallelism in SAT sentence, you should know:
1. Ideas in a series should be in the same grammatical form, even when the series consists
of only two items.
2. In comparisons, parallel ideas should be in the same grammatical form.
3. Parallel ideas are often signaled by pairs of words like either/or, neither/nor, whether/or,
both/and, and not only/but also.
Incomplete comparisons- sentences used to make comparisons usually follow a familiar pattern
that requires the items being compared to be stated in parallel form. All words essential to
completing the comparison must be present in order to avoid ungrammatical or illogical
comparisons.
Errors in grammar and usage- p.235
Nouns and verbs must agree in number.
Errors can occur when the subject of the sentence fails to agree with its verbs
Errors occur most often when:
1. Intervening words obscure the relationship between the noun and verb.
2. A singular noun sounds as though it is plural
3. The noun is one that can be either singular or plural, depending on its use.
4. The noun comes after the verb in the sentence.
Pronoun-antecedent agreement p.236
Pronouns and antecedents must also agree in number
Errors also occur when pronouns fail to refer clearly to their antecedents
Pronouns must also agree in person throughout a sentence. A sentence cast in first person, for
example, should remain so throughout.
Nominative case pronouns are reserved for grammatical subjects and predicate nominative.
Objective case pronouns are used everywhere else
Improving paragraph questions- p.246
Method 1: Read the essay acrefully from beginning to end.
Method 2: read the essay quickly- faster than you normally would
Method 3: skim the essay for its general meaning; then read it again, but more slowly.

Paragraph Development p.257
Correlative Coordinators
1. Neither x nor y
2. Either x or y
3. Not x but also y
4. Both x and y
5. Between x and y
6. No sooner x than y
7. Just as x so y
8. At once x and y
9. Not so much x as y