NEOCEx Lesson Plan

Content Discipline: Chemistry

Students: Majors Non-majors
Author: Diana Williams
Date Developed: August 2005 Last pdated:
!i" #dea: Chemical !ondin"
O$jectives:
Primar%: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the chemical and physical properties of
different types of chemical bonds, including ionic, coalent, metallic, and networ! coalent
bonds"
Supportin": Students will deelop an understanding of the structure and properties of matter,
the properties of materials and ob#ects, chemical reactions and the conseration of matter"
Students will describe the formation of the different types of chemical bonds" Students will
compare and contrast the physical characteristics of chemical bonds and predict the type of
bonding in compounds gien physical characteristics"
Common Misconceptions:
&!ondin" must $e either ionic or covalent'& $t is a common student misconception that
a bond between two atoms, A%&, is either purely coalent or purely ionic" 'o compound
is (00) ionic" *he best way to teach bonding is to show that there is a gradual
progression from (00) pure coalent bond +homonuclear, to one that is about -.) ionic"
(Molecules are glued together): forces of attraction hold molecules
together, not glue.
&Covalent $onds must $e *ea+ $ecause covalent compounds are "enerall% so,t *ith
lo* meltin" points -. /00 1C2'& Actually, this is a case of confusing intermolecular
with intramolecular bonding"
(The chemical bond is a physical thing made of matter):
Chemical bonds are not made of a separate form of matter, but the electrons that are
shared and forces of attraction"
(Electrons know which atom they came from): *here are not different
!inds of electrons for different atoms" Atoms do not /possess/ their specific electrons"
0lectrons are the same and can be transferred from one atom to another"
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Procedures:
3eneral:
Prior Knowledge: Students should hae a good understanding of atomic theory and periodicity"
PreAssessment: Chec! student understanding with an informal actiity" Show bonding table
+appendi7 (, and as! students to identify the areas they already understand"
Teacher Background:
$ntramolecular forces inole the bonding between atoms in a molecule or compound" *he
bonding inoles electrons and the way they are shared or transferred" *he properties of
elements can be generally e7plained in terms of electron occupancy at the highest energy leel in
the atom" *hese electrons are usually called alence electrons" 0lements whose atoms hae
relatiely few alence electrons are typically metals, while those with relatiely large numbers of
alence electrons are typically nonmetals" *his is particularly true for the representatie elements
+main group elements," 1or e7ample, al!ali metal and al!aline earth elements are typically
metals whereas o7ygen family elements and halogens are typically nonmetals"
Atoms form molecules and gain stability +lowered potential energy, through coalent bonding by
sharing one or more electron pairs" 0lectron pair sharing is typical of nonmetals and is best
illustrated for the hydrogen molecule, a case of /e8ual sharing"/ *wo isolated hydrogen atoms
hae only one electron each" As the atoms approach each other, the electron of one atom is
attracted by the nucleus of the other atom, and ice ersa" *his mutual attraction by two nuclei
for an electron pair gies rise to the coalent bond, with an e7cess of attraction oer repulsion"
2nly /li!e/ atoms +e"g", same electronegatiity, form such e8ual%sharing, nonpolar bonds" 9ost
coalent bonds are not /e8ual sharing/ since there is fre8uently a difference in electronegatiity"
$n these cases the bond is called a polar coalent bond" *his means that the bond has a positiely%
charged and negatiely%charged end" :oweer, the charges are not nearly as large as the charges
on ions in ionic solids" $t is common practice to show the bonding in molecules in terms of
;ewis%dot formulas, named in honor of <"'" ;ewis" $n these formulas, the elemental symbols
represent the nucleus and all the electrons e7cept alence electrons" *hese are represented as
dots%one dot means one electron, two dots two electrons, and so on" *he structures are consistent
in most simple cases with the octet rule"
=roperties of coalent bonds:
Compounds that contain only coalent bonds are called molecular compounds: made of
nonmetals
9ay be a diatomic molecule: molecule containing only two atoms
o Si7 naturally occurring in their normal state made of only one type of atom:
o :&r2'Cl$1: hydrogen :2> bromine &r2, o7ygen 22> nitrogen '2> chlorine Cl2>
iodine $2> and fluorine 12
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9olecular compounds hae lower solubility, lower melting points, lower boiling points,
and are ery poor conductors of electricity as compared with ionic compounds
*hey e7ist as indiidual molecules rather than as part of a crystal lattice: each formula
unit represents a single entity that is not strongly bonded to other molecules of the same
type
$onic compounds by contrast do not e7ist alone as their formula units might seem to
imply: they e7ist only as large groups in a crystalline arrangement
9olecular compounds hae lower melting and boiling points precisely because they
consist of separate molecular units> the atoms are still bound strongly together but the
molecules are not bound to one another
'ow consider the opposite e7treme" When a metal and nonmetal form a compound, most often
the nonmetal attracts electrons more strongly than the metal +i"e", it has a larger
electronegatiity," $n such a case the electron pair is /ta!en oer/ by the more electronegatie
atom to form a negatiely%charged ion" *he metal atom, by irtue of losing an electron, ac8uires
a positie charge to form a positiely%charged ion" *his is essentially what happens between an
al!aline metal and a halogen" $f two electrons are /transferred/ as between an al!aline earth
element and an o7ygen family element, then 2? and 2% ions are formed" $n such cases the
bonding is called ionic bonding and the stability +lowered potential energy, is due to the mutual
attraction between oppositely%charged ions in the solid crystals these compounds form"
=roperties of ionic bonds:
9ost are crystalline solids: brittle, cleaable
07ist in lattice structures: rigid, regular pattern
9any are salts
Strong bonds: high melting and boiling point
9ost are soluble in water:
o ioni@e +dissociate, completely
o become a8ueous solution
Conductors of electricity
o do not conduct electricity as a solid
o do conduct electricity when molten or in a8ueous solution
*he bonding categories considered thus far%coalent and ionic%e7plain the structure and
properties of many substances" &ut metals, coalent networ! solids, and molecular solids are
somewhat uni8ue and re8uire additional attention"
Coalent%networ! solids are coalently bonded compounds that do not contain indiidual
molecules, but can be pictured as continuous, three%dimensional networ!s of bonded atoms"
*hese are giant molecular lattice structures" *his implies that strong coalent bonding holds their
atoms together in a highly regular e7tended networ!" *he bonding between the atoms goes on
and on in three dimensions" 9elting re8uires the separation of the species comprising the solid
state, and boiling the separation of the species comprising the li8uid state" &ecause of the large
amount of energy needed to brea! huge numbers of coalent bonds, all giant coalent networ!
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structures hae high melting points and boiling points and are insoluble in water" Diamond,
graphite +allotropes of carbon, and 8uart@ +silicon +$A, o7ide, Si22, are e7amples"
&onding in metals, called metallic bonding, inoles alence electrons" *hese electrons are
loosely held by any one atom and collectiely form a /sea of alence electrons/ that can be used
to e7plain many metallic properties, e"g", metallic luster, malleability, electrical conductiity, etc"
*he electrons are loosely held since each atom has seeral unoccupied alence orbitals> it is
relatiely easy for the electrons to moe about" $n this manner the electrons allow atoms to slide
past each other and be /wor!ed/ +hammered, into shapes and drawn into wires +eidence of
malleability and ductility," *he mobile electrons in appropriate circumstances moe and conduct
electricity and heat"
Speci,ic #nstructional Strate"ies :
(" Time Frame: *he lesson can be accomplished in one B0 C -0 minute or two 50 minute time
frames"
2" Pre-assignment: Students should read and be familiar with the material"
5" Laboratory Activity/Teacher emonstration: =erform simple e7periments with compounds
representing the types of chemical bonds" *his can include isual obseration of physical
characteristics, solubility, melting point, and conductiity" +appendi7 (,
6" !lass iscussions !ollaborative Teamwork: hae the students brea! up into small groups to
discuss obserations and answer the following 8uestions ta!en from the e7periment:
a" Dse your !nowledge of the periodic table, bond types and electronegatiities to
classify the substances as either coalent, ionic, metallic or networ! coalent"
b" 07plain in terms of type and relatie strengths of bonds, the presence or absence of
odors of each of the substances"
c" 07plain in terms of type and relatie strengths of bonds the difference in melting
point of each of the substances"
d" Are you comparing the relatie strengths of coalent and ionic bonds when you are
comparing relatie melting points of 'aCl and C(0:.E 07plain"
e" Did either of the crystals appear to be soft or wa7yE :ow do you account for any
obsered differences in hardness of the crystalsE
f" :ow do you e7plain the conductiities obsered during the procedureE
5" "tudents Presentations: *he students will report out and e7plain obserations"
Materials and 4echnolo"%: see appendix /
Mana"ement and Sa,et% #ssues:
Demonstration and laboratory actiities may inole dangerous chemicals"
$f a hood is not aailable for student use, the solubility of the compounds in the organic
solent should be done as a demonstration by the instructor"
1ollow all safety precautions and chemical disposal procedures"
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E5uit%:
$nstruction is differentiated according to learner needs to enable all learners to meet or e7ceed the
e7pectation of the course ob#ectie"
Strategies may include:
2ffer students a ariety of presentation modes"
=roide students with focus actiities such as FW;, 8uestion of the day, pu@@les or
8ui@@es"
=roide students with graphic organi@ers"
=roide the students the opportunity to wor! together in small cooperatie groups"
o *his may include fle7ible grouping or #igsaw"
=roide students with mentoringGpeer coaching"
=roide students with computer based learning centers"
=roide students with additional professional tutoring as needed"
Assessment:
#n$ormal: *hrough group presentation> bell 8ui@> classroom participation system"
Formal:
(" Students submit obserations of demonstrationGe7periments and answers to 8uestions"
2" Students complete and turn in chemical bond table"
5" Hui@Gtest: Students will describe the formation of the different types of chemical bonds"
Students will compare and contrast the physical characteristics of chemical bonds and predict
the type of bonding in compounds gien physical characteristics"
Applications:
Chemical bonding plays a !ey role in e7perimenting with solents and adhesies +thin! post%it
notesI, and is important in the fabric and polymer industry"
Appendix:
(" =roperties of chemical bonds blan! table
2" =roperties of chemical bonds completed table
5" 07periment: Comparing =hysical =roperties to &ond *ypes
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Standards:
National:
=hysical Science C2'*0'* S*A'DA3D &: As a result of their actiities in grades -%(2, all
students should deelop an understanding of
Structure of atoms
Structure and properties of matter
Chemical reactions
9otions and forces
Conseration of energy and increase in disorder
$nteractions of energy and matter
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chemical reactions occur all around us, for e7ample in health care, coo!ing, cosmetics,
and automobiles" Comple7 chemical reactions inoling carbon%based molecules ta!e
place constantly in eery cell in our bodies"
Chemical reactions may release or consume energy" Some reactions such as the burning
of fossil fuels release large amounts of energy by losing heat and by emitting light" ;ight
can initiate many chemical reactions such as photosynthesis and the eolution of urban
smog"
A large number of important reactions inole the transfer of either electrons
+o7idationGreduction reactions, or hydrogen ions +acidGbase reactions, between reacting
ions, molecules, or atoms" $n other reactions, chemical bonds are bro!en by heat or light
to form ery reactie radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds" 3adical reactions
control many processes such as the presence of o@one and greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and
e7plosions"
Chemical reactions can ta!e place in time periods ranging from the few femtoseconds
+(0%(5 seconds, re8uired for an atom to moe a fraction of a chemical bond distance to
geologic time scales of billions of years" 3eaction rates depend on how often the reacting
atoms and molecules encounter one another, on the temperature, and on the properties%%
including shape%%of the reacting species"
Catalysts, such as metal surfaces, accelerate chemical reactions" Chemical reactions in
liing systems are cataly@ed by protein molecules called en@ymes"
State: Ohio
=hysical Science: Students demonstrate an understanding of the composition of physical
systems and the concepts and principles that describe and predict physical interactions and
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eents in the natural world" *his includes demonstrating an understanding of the structure and
properties of matter, the properties of materials and ob#ects, chemical reactions and the
conseration of matter" $n addition, it includes understanding the nature, transfer and
conseration of energy> motion and the forces affecting motion> and the nature of waes and
interactions of matter and energy" Students demonstrate an understanding of the historical
perspecties, scientific approaches and emerging scientific issues associated with the physical
sciences"
Grades 6-8: Nature of Matter
Benchmark A. Relate uses, properties and chemical processes to the behavior and/or
arrangement of the small particles that compose matter.
2" Describe that in a chemical change new substances are formed with different properties than
the original substance +e"g", rusting, burning,"
6" Describe that chemical and physical changes occur all around us +e"g", in the human body,
coo!ing and industry,"
Grade 9: Nature of Matter
&enchmar! &" 07plain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how
molecules react with each other or other atoms to form een different substances"
J" 07plain that the electric force between the nucleus and the electrons hold an atom together"
3elate that on a larger scale, electric forces hold solid and li8uid materials together +e"g", salt
crystals and water,"
B" Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining or sharing electrons and that in
a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms and total mass must be the same before and
after the reaction +e"g", writing correct chemical formulas and writing balanced chemical
e8uations,"
6e,erences:
<regory, <ayle :" Chapman, Carolyn" Differentiated $nstructional Strategies, 2ne Si@e DoesnKt
1it all" 2002" Corwin =ress, $nc" *housand 2a!s, California"
http:77***'chemsoc'or"7pd,7LearnNet7rsc7miscon'pd,
http:77educ'5ueensu'ca78science7main7concept7chem7c097C09CD4L:'htm
http:GGintro"chem"o!state"eduGChemSourceG&ondGbonding"html
http:GGwww"saitapall"comG
2hio Department of 0ducation
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Silberberg" Chemistry, *he 9olecular 'ature of 9atter and Change" 6
th
ed", 200J" 9c<raw
:ill, &oston"
Appendix :
Properties o, Chemical !onds
#onic Covalent Metallic Net*or+
Covalent
!ond ;ormation
Elements #nvolved
4%pe o, Structure
Ph%sical State
Meltin"7!oilin"
Point
Solu$ilit% in
<ater
Electrical
Conductivit%
Other Properties
Example
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Appendix =
Properties o, Chemical !onds
#onic Covalent Metallic Net*or+
Covalent
!ond ;ormation
*ransfer of
electrons from
cation to anion
0lectrons are
shared between
two non metals
0lectrons are
delocali@ed
among metal
atoms Lelectron
seaM
<iant coalent
structures
Elements #nvolved cation and
anion
nonmetals metal usually
nonmetals
4%pe o, Structure crystal lattice
+formula unit,
molecule solid 5 dimensional
networ! or lattice
Ph%sical State solid solid, li8uid, or
gas
solid solid
Meltin"7!oilin"
Point
high low usually high high
Solu$ilit% in
<ater
yes usually not no no
Electrical
Conductivit%
yes in solution
or as a li8uid
no yes, any form poor +e7ception
is graphite,
Other Properties hard, brittle usually soft malleable,
ductile, lustrous
usually hard and
brittle
Example 'aCl CJ:(22J copper Si22, diamond
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Appendix /
La$: Comparin" Ph%sical Properties to !ond 4%pes
#ntroduction
Solid crystals consist of a regular array of particles located at the lattice points in a three%dimensional
lattice wor!" A compound is defined as the chemical combination of two or more elements" A chemical
bond is the /glue/ that holds atoms of different elements together" &onds can be classified into two
general types: ionic and coalent"
*he units which occupy the lattice points in an ionic crystal are alternately spaced positie and negatie
ions" *he force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions constitutes an ionic bond" Some
substances are composed of molecules rather than ions" 9olecules are neutral species composed of atoms
which are held together by coalent bonds" Coalent bonds are the result of an attraction between the
positie nuclei of two atoms and the negatie electrons shared by the two atoms" When molecules of
gases condense, they form molecular li8uids and molecular crystals" $n these crystals the lattice points are
occupied by molecules" *he molecules in a molecular crystal are composed of atoms which are held
together by coalent bonds"
=roperties such as melting point, boiling point, solubility, electrical conductiity, and color are some of
the properties that can be used to distinguish between the different bond types" *his e7periment
inestigates some physical properties of two solids C one a typical ionic compound and the other a
typical coalent compound
Materials:
Chemicals:
naphthalene, C(0:. +use N 0"( g sample for each trial,
sodium chloride, 'aCl
copper strips or s8uares
8uart@ crystals +silicon dio7ide,
trichlorotrifluoroethane +**0, C2Cl515 or cyclohe7ane
water
E5uipment:
goggles
&unsen burner, or candle
matches or lighter
test tubes
test tube holder
test tube rac!
disposable s8uee@e pipets or small graduated cylinders
conductiity testers
Procedure:
(" :ardness:
a" *est the hardness of each compound by rubbing a small sample between your fingers"
b" 3ecord the hardness as soft and wa7y, brittle and granular, hard and malleable, or hard and
glassy"
c" Wash your hands after testing"
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2" Appearance and olatility:
a" =lace a small sample of each of the four compounds in separate test tubes"
b" 2bsere the appearance of each sample" 'ote the odor of each" $f you detect an odor,
assume that the substance is olatile" $f there is no odor, assume that it is nonolatile"
c" What deduction can you ma!e about the type of forces between each type of substanceE
5" 9elting point:
a" :eat each test tube from step 2 in turn, and record the time it ta!es for any change to occur"
Do not heat for more than ( minute, record the 8ualitatie melting time for any substance
that did not melt as O( minute"
b" :ow is Lmelting timeM related to the melting point of a substanceE
c" Which type of compound+s, seem to hae the higher melting pointE
6" Solubility in water:
a" =lace a sma(( amount of each of the four substances in separate test tubes" *he naphthalene
and the sodium chloride should be about e8ual in mass"
b" Add appro7imately 5 m; of water to each tube"
c" Sha!e each test tube igorously and describe the solubility of each compound in water"
d" 1or any soluble substance, sae the solution for conductiity testing"
5" Solubility in **0:
a" =lace a sma(( amount of each of the four substances in separate test tubes" *he naphthalene
and the sodium chloride should be about e8ual in mass"
b" Add appro7imately 2 m; of **0 to each test tube in the fume hood
c" Sha!e the test tube and describe the solubility of each substance in *$0"
d" 1or any soluble substance, sae the solution for conductiity testing"
e" When finished dispose of the contents of your test tube in the organic waste container in the
fume hood"
J" Conductiity:
a" Dsing the conductiity tester, obsere the conductiity of each compound in the solid state
and in solution"
b" Any substance that was soluble in **0 must be tested in the fume hood"
Data Anal%sis:
(" Dse your !nowledge of the periodic table, bond types and electronegatiities to classify
the substances as either coalent, ionic, metallic or networ! coalent"
2" 07plain in terms of type and relatie strengths of bonds, the presence or absence of odors
of each of the substances"
5" 07plain in terms of type and relatie strengths of bonds the difference in melting point of
each of the substances"
6" Are you comparing the relatie strengths of coalent and ionic bonds when you are
comparing relatie melting points of 'aCl and C(0:.E 07plain"
5" Did either of the crystals appear to be soft or wa7yE :ow do you account for any
obsered differences in hardness of the crystalsE
J" :ow do you e7plain the conductiities obsered during the procedureE
Conclusion:
$n your conclusion summari@e the physical properties of a substance as related to bond type"
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07periment adapted from saitapall"com
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