International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)

Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

37
www.ijaert.org
MIMO-OFDMsystemwith adaptive beamforming
Bouamama Rda Sadouki
1
, Mouhamed Djebbouri
2
, Menouar Ogbi
3
1, 2, 3
Electronics Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbs Telecom Laboratory LTTNS, ALGERIA
ABSTRACT
The (multiple-input multiple-output) MIMO systems, the
use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver
have been increasing interest because they offer a
significant performance improvement, not only in terms
of spectral efficiency, but also in terms of reliability.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
has been chosen for many communications systems and
distribution. This modulation is particularly well suited
to selective channels and has a very low implementation
complexity. In this work the combination of a MIMO
system and an OFDM is studied. With an adaptive
system different criteria are analyzed including
minimizing the maximum of the mean squared error of
subcarriers or minimization of joint beamforming means
error rate (beamforming). But we choose the best
criterion.
Keywords: FFT-OFDM, MIMO-OFDM, COFDM.
1. Introduction:
We study how to combine OFDM with multi-antenna
system. In our work, we use approaches, adaptive
beamforming spouse whose block diagram. It is to send
the same symbols, but on the different antennas by
weighting them with a specific weight to each carrier
and each reception antenna , the signals of different
antennas are also added after being weighted by
weight. In this work, we consider only the same
constellation is used for all carriers.
The weight calculation based on the knowledge of the
channel for transmission and reception and is adapted
during variations thereof, hence the term adaptive. In
this work, we study how to calculate these weights.
Different criteria based on the MSE.
2. Mathematical model of the system:
Let N
t
and N
r
, the number of antennas for transmission
and reception. The use of a cyclic prefix is used to
represent the system in the form:
(1)
Where L denotes the number of the carrier, the vector
transmitted the frequency of the channel matrix, and
the received vector and the complex additive white
noise, the covariance matrix . Since the weights are
specific to each antenna and each carrier, the transmitted
signal is:
(2)
Or is the vector of weights and transmit complex
symbol sent on subcarrier beamforming L. Similarly, the
receiver weights the received signal:
(3)
Where is the weight vector of beamforming reception
and the estimated carrier symbol L. The transmitter
power is limited, we impose the constraint:
(4)
The units of energy transmission of N symbols,
is a unitary energy.
2-1 Beamforming criteria:
We inform the performance criteria Beamforming.
Given its importance, the simulation was carried out by
sending four times more bits than the other simulations.
In this work we used the vas criterion for the
performance of each criterion, the criterions theoretically
sum - ber is the best criteria. However, we note that the
max- mse criterion is very close for BER < 10
-2
. For
BER > 10
-2
, the standard max- mse is worse than the
criteria sum - mse and harm - SINR that there are very
close to the sum - ber . For better error rate, the criterion
max- mse is much better against these two criteria. By
the uniform power allocation that achieves the standard
prod - SINR has very poor performance against the
criteria mentioned so for. The prod - mse criterion,
meanwhile displays the worst performance of all criteria.
Should study the implementation complexity. All
methods require, for each carrier, two matrix inversions
of size Nr Nr and the value decomposition / own a
matrix of size Nt Nt vectors. The sum - mse mse
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)
Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190
38
www.ijaert.org
methods and prod - are slightly more complex because
they require a small iterative process to determine the
constraint satisfactory power. The sum - ber method is
by far the high is complexity. Indeed, at each iteration of
the logarithmic barrier method, the calculation of the
adaptation of Newton requires the inversion of a matrix
of size N N. In conclusion, MSE. The idea developed
in [22] is to minimize the largest MSE.
The mean square error ( MSE ) for the carrier k is a
function of the non-convex and and . However, for
fixed , is convex and vice versa. Since , each
independently can be minimized by choosing MSE
K
,
given by:
(5)
(6)
Then the MSE value:
(7)
Or is the maximum eigenvalue of and
The lower bound is attained by choosing in the
direction of the eigenvector associated There for,
one can focus on the minimization of the lower terminal
of each MSE
K
, which is a convex function . It thus
amounts to a power allocation problem. In the following,
we study three different criteria which beings
employees.
Arrow convex shape, the problem is given by
(8)
with
(9)
(10)
The solution is calculated directly :
(11)
But the biggest drawback of joint beamforming is the
need to have an estimate of the channel program. Figure
1 compares the error rate obtained if the transmitter has
perfect knowledge of the channel or zero. It is found that
the degradation is very important. the max- mse criterion
is the one that presents the best compromise error rate /
complexity.
In general, the max- mse performance is limited by the
carrier with the is wide
2.2 The capacity of MIMO channel:
The capacity of a MIMO as the previous system :
( 12)
Especially if we assume = lambda.i , then the capacity
is written:
( 13)
this ability is generally written in the following form :
( 14)
3. Simulations:
In this thesis, we will determine the performance of
MIMO systems with joint adaptive beamforming
COFDM , combining multiple antennas for transmission
and reception, these multi-antenna systems , or MIMO (
Multi -Input for Multi -Output ) have the potential to
significantly increase the capacity of wireless
transmissions and the simulator was developed in
MATLAB 7. The simulations follow the steps shown in
the following block diagram with parameters used in the
simulations are based largely on the two reference
standards: IEEE Hiper Lan /2. And this simulation it is
processed by the following steps:
3-1 modulation OFDM and C_OFDM:
3-1-1 Number of subcarriers:
The figure ( 1.2) shows the performance for different
values of N, the number of subcarriers with a recess
identical bandwidth. It is observed, increase the number
of subcarrier decrease the width of each subcarrier band,
so that last for less than the width of the coherence band
which improved the performance of the OFDM system.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/N0 (dB)
B
E
R
N=64
N=128
N=256
N=512
Figure 1.2 influence of the number of subcarriers
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)
Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190
39
www.ijaert.org
3-1-2 Size of the constellations:
Figure (1.3) shows the performance of deferent
constellations to see the result of SNR versus bit error
rate
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/N0 (dB)
B
E
R
QPSK
data2
16-QAM
Figure 1.3 the influence of the size of the constellation with
N = 64
There is a performance degradation when the number of
states of the constellation used increases. This results
from the decrease of the Euclidean distance between the
constellations for different states of FIG increasing size (
1.3) except for the passage of a BPSK constellation in a
constellation for QPSK in this case , the distances are the
same ( the BPSK exploiting only the real part while the
constellations QPSK (and more) also operate the
imaginary part ) .
3-1-3 Cyclic Prefixes:
The figure (1.4) show the evolution of bit error rate and
SNR using the cyclic prefix or not . A saturation effect is
observed: when the prefix length exceeds the length of
the impulse response , there is no ISI and further
increase is unnecessary and even harmful in the sense
that the prefix consumes some of the bandwidth .
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/N0 (dB)
B
E
R
=
b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e
withowt CP
with CP
Figure 1.4 the influence of the cyclic prefix length with (N
= 64) and without cyclic prefix
3-2 Beamforming:
Figure (1.5), gives information on the performance
criteria Beamforming. Given its importance , the
simulation was carried out by sending four times more
bits than the other simulations.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/N0 (dB)
B
E
R
prd-mse
prd-snr
hrm-snr
max-mse
sum-mse
Fig.1.5 Performance criteria beamforming
As might be expected, the standard sum-ber is the best
criteria. However, we note that the max-mse criterion is
very close for BER <10-2. For BER> 10-2, the standard
max-mse is worse than the criteria sum-mse and harm-
SINR that there are very close to the sum-ber. For better
error rate, the criterion max-mse is much better against
these two criteria. By the uniform power allocation that
achieves the standard prod-SINR has very poor
performance against the criteria mentioned so far.
The prod-mse criterion, meanwhile displays the worst
performance of all criteria.
In conclusion, the max-mse criterion is the one that
presents the best compromise error / complexity ratio.
3-3 Capacity of a transmission channel:
This simulation we calculate the bit error rate as a
function of Signal to Noise for MISO, SIMO, MIMO
and for different SNR we have a bit error rate to
decrease by increasing the number of antennas at the
reception and also reducing the number of symbols
transmitted.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT)
Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190
40
www.ijaert.org
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Eb/N0 (dB)
B
E
R
mimo(1,1)
mimo(1,2)
mimo(2,2)
mimo(4,4)
mimo(3,3)
mimo(5,5)
mimo(6,6)
Figure 1.7performance the (BER) of a MIMO system (Nt,
Nr)
Figure (1.7) compares the performance (BER, "Error Bit
Rate") of a MIMO system (Nt, Nr) relative to SISO
systems, MISO, which is a conventional transmission
without spatial diversity ( Nt= Nr = 1). It is the result of
a simulation where the symbols are derived from a
QPSK constellation. Recall that the total power used is
the same in all three systems, so the comparison is fair.
We see a significant improvement in performance,
especially in the MIMO (4,4) case, (5.5) and (6.6).
4. Conclusion:
In this work, we are interested in the combination of
MIMO and OFDM modulation encoded with
convolutional code in a WLAN environment category.
We started by studying the transmission channel and its
influence on the performance of the proposed systems.
In particular, we have seen the great interest of spatial
diversity . While reducing power levels, spatial diversity
allows very significant gains in terms of error rate .
There was a symmetry in performance : an M N
system to the same performance as a system N M. We
have also seen that the total number of antennas given, it
is best to choose a symmetrical configuration : Nt = Nr
Finally , the influence of the correlation between
antennas was evaluated. We noted a relatively small
degradation. Nevertheless, it should refine these results
by adopting a more elaborate model correlation.
It was dealt with typical OFDM characteristics. The
advantage of the cyclic prefix has been highlighted. It
has also been great sensitivity to frequency offsets,
which necessarily requires synchronize. And was
devoted to design beamforming weights.
Different criteria have been studied . The max- mse
criterion that minimizes the maximum MSE among all
subcarriers present the best compromise complexity /
error rate. In sum, the MIMO -COFDM systems will
certainly play a major role in future communication
systems. The Joint beamforming is very simple but its
Achilles heel is the need of the knowledge of channel
transmission which limits its application to local systems
or limited mobility. His "competitor", the space-
frequency coding, does not require this knowledge
which enables the also consider for cellular mobile
systems.
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