International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)

Volume 1 Issue 5, June 2014, ISSN 2348 8050

135
www.ijete.org
Optimal Sizing Calculationof Auto-Switched Capacitor Bankfor
Electrical Substation in TPP Distributed Power Network
Sumit Singh* ParikhaChawla**
*M.Tech Scholar, CBS Group of Institutions, Jhajjar
**Asst. Prof. ECE Deptt.,CBS Group of Institutions, Jhajjar
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a proposed technique to solve the
optimal placement and sizing problem offixed
capacitor banks in distributed power networks in smart
grid environment. The objective isto monitor and
regulate the network voltage centrally, regarding the
overall voltage profile or improvement of overall
power factor in thepower system for the construction
process of Thermal Power Plant (TPP).Thus, it is
essential to build a database that providesthe optimal
location and sizing of capacitor units for different
loading conditions. This databasecan be used in a
subsequently steps for construction power network
using power factors of various machines & motors.
Uses of various algorithm makes it time taking process
with tedious work. So with the help of some
commonly known factors sizing can be done.
Keywords: Distribution systems, fixed capacitor
placement, Smart grids, TPP.
1. INTRODUCTION
The transit of a strong reactive component of the
current in an electrical linecauses power losses,
voltage drop and thus areduction of the line
powertransmission. Compared to transmission lines,
the distribution ones have a lowvoltage and high
currentThe RI
2
loss (up to13%) in distribution systems
is thansignificantly high. To improve the line power
transmission and to avoid turning toinvestments in new
distribution lines, the power utilities are firstly forced
toreduce the losses in distribution systems. To achieve
power and energy lossreductions as well as voltage
correction, shunt capacitor banks are widely used. The
capacitor installation techniques can be classified in
several groups among ofwhich we note; the analytical
methodswhich are easy to understand andgives
detailed mathematical models, the numerical methods
which areiterative and with or without constraints, the
heuristic methodsdeveloped through intuition and
experience.
Fig1 Power diagram[8].
P = Active power
Q= Reactive power
S=Apparent power
Later works based on heuristic search, although they
do not make anysimplifying assumptions, tacklethe
problem by initially identifying the possible nodes
candidate to carry capacitorbanks, then determining
their optimal sizes[2].Among optimizations of reactive
power are minimizations of total active power losses
and control of voltage in the real-time. This can be
achieved by placing the optimal value of capacitor at
proper locations in electrical distribution systems[10].
2. OPTIMAL PLACEMENT METHODOLOGIES
Fig. 2.1 an optimal placement method in orderto sizing
and sitting of capacitor banks in IEEE 33 bus
testsystem. One of the algorithms for optimization
isSimulated Annealing (SA) [2]. The proposed
objective functionconsiders active power losses of the
system and the voltageprofile in nominal load of
system.
Fig2.1 IEEE 33 bus study system with tie lines in ref
[2].
In order to use of simulatedannealing algorithm, at
first, placement problem is written asan optimization
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 5, June 2014, ISSN 2348 8050
136
www.ijete.org
problem which includes the objective functionand
constraints, and then to achieve the most desirable
results, simulated annealing method is applied to
solvethe problem.
Fig Reactive power compensation unit [5]
Reactivepower compensation is necessary in order to
voltage profilecorrection and reduction of active and
reactive loss power. Therefore, the capacitor banks can
have intricately effect onthe power-flow, voltage
profile, stability and quality of powersupply for
customers and electricity suppliers [2].
Fig.2.2 The principal of automatic compensation
control.
Since the target is to achieve full automated operation,
the capacitor locations must be monitored and hence,
APFC relays has to be installed in these locations to
facilitate the switching on and off process. Thus,
according to the voltage violation levels and loading
conditions, the capacitor units will be switched on or
off automatically[3].
Fig.2.1 Number of capacitors required for each loading
condition [3]
In paper [10] the proposed methodology was an
intelligent fuzzy-ant approach of critical buses
detection for optimal placement and sizing of capacitor
banks in electrical distribution systems the critical
nodal has determiner using fuzzy controller and the
sizing of capacitor banks has been obtained based on
ant colony system. Calls up to the ant colony system
which are uses for complexes combinatorial problem
minimizes the cost function. Voltage constraints were
also considered. The proposed fuzzy-ant approach was
evaluated on 25 and 30 buses. Mathematical modeling
was done on the below block diagram as
Fig Block diagram of intelligent fuzzy-ant
approach[10].
Selection of APFC relay
For switching the capacitor automatic power factor
correction (APFC) relays are used. The APFC is
basically sensed the current which acts as reflection of
load on feeder. The selection of APFC relay is basedon
the following parameters: CT ratio, accuracy class, no.
of steps, operating temperature, Auto manual operation
&programming[9].
Fig 63PFC power factor control relay (Property of
CELEC

Enterprises)
3. SIZING CALCULATIONS FOR CAPACITOR
BANKS
The optimal sizing calculation is done with the help of
various proposed mathematical models & procedures
[1]-[10]. We can calculate the size of capacitor bank
for given electrical substation as mentioned. 1 is the
lowest power factor of the total construction power
network which is to be improving up to [2].
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 5, June 2014, ISSN 2348 8050
137
www.ijete.org
Fig Vector diagram for compensated kvar.
The sizing calculation is done on the basis of example
below.
For 630kVA Substation, let us consider maximum load
current is 1250A & power factor of source which is a
630kVA transformer is 0.8. First step is to calculate
the initial power factor. For this we have consider that
the load on the substation is consist of motors&
welding machines. We will take the average power
factor from the table 1 & 2[2].
Table 1
Typical Motor Power Factors
Power
(hp)
Speed
(rpm)
Power Factor
1/2
load
3/4
load
full
load
0 - 5 1800 0.72 0.82 0.84
5-20 1800 0.74 0.84 0.86
20 - 100 1800 0.79 0.86 0.89
100 - 300 1800 0.81 0.88 0.91
Average P.f = 0.765 0.85 0.875
1 hp = 745.7 Watt
As per table 1, the values of power factor vs load chart
is given. On the basis of that we will calculate the
average power factor for the typical motor loads. In
table 2 shows welding machine from various
manufacturers with model no & power factor.
The initial power factor is taken as 0.76 against the
lowest average power factor is 0.765 (Cos 40.536
0
).
Table 2
Welding Machine
Vendor Model p.f Reference links
Weld-man
TIG160S 0.73
http://www.wel
dman.in/62.htm
l
TIG200S 0.73
TIG250S 0.73
TIG300S 0.73
ELECTR
A
MIG200 0.85 http://electrawel
ding.com/invert
erweldingmach
ines.
Html
MIG250 0.93
WELDAR
C
IGBT
MIG 350
0.87
http://www.wel
darcindia.com/
Afzal%20
%20weldarc/zip
1/MIG%20SER
IES%20350.pdf
IGBT
MIG 500
0.87
Average P.f = 0.805
Calculation:
Total output of source
kW = kVA * p.f
kW = 630kVA * 0.8
kW = 504kW
For improved power factor upto 0.95 (Cos 18.195
0
)
Compensated kVAR = kVAR1-kVAR2
= kW tan 1 kW tan 2
= kW [tan1 tan 2]
= 504 [tan 40.536
0
tan 18.195
0
]
= 504 x 0.526
= 265.1 kVAR.
Hence 265.1kVAR capacitor bank is sufficient. So the
customer must be choosing equal or more than 265.1.
The nearly available capacitor bank is 270kVAR.
4. CONCLUSION
The optimal sizing calculation is done with the
knowledge of various parameters like capacity of
substation, power factor of overall plant. Welding
machines & motors are widely used for construction
process of Thermal Power Plant (TPP). With the
knowledge of technical parameters of various
switchgears one can find out the initial & operated (or
improved) power factor or the operated power factor
can also be included as the part of technical
specification of distributed power network of TPP. The
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE)
Volume 1 Issue 5, June 2014, ISSN 2348 8050
138
www.ijete.org
sizing of capacitor bank is purely depending upon the
minimum power factor of the load.
REFERENCES
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