INTRODUCTION

The Indian Banking sector accounts a major portion of financial intermediation and
acknowledged as main vehicle for monetary policy signals, credit channel and facilitator for
payment systems. Commercial banks are the major player to develop the economy. In terms of
ownership, commercial banks can be grouped into nationalized banks, the State Bank of India
and its associate banks, regional rural banks and private sector banks (the old/new domestic and
foreign).

types of banks

State Bank of India and Associates 08
Nationalized Banks 19
Domestic Private Sector Banks 25
New Domestic Private Sector Banks 09
Foreign Banks 29
private sector banks
The private sector banks are split into two groups by financial regulators in India, old and new.
The old private sector banks existed prior to the nationalisation in 1969 and kept their
independence because they were either too small or specialist to be included in nationalisation.
The new private sector banks are those that have gained their banking license since the
liberalisation in the 1990s.

Old private-sector banks[edit]
The banks, which were not nationalized at the time of bank nationalization that took place during
1969 and 1980 are known to be the old private-sector banks. These were not nationalized,
because of their small size and regional focus.
[2]
Most of the old private-sector banks are closely
held by certain communities their operations are mostly restricted to the areas in and around their
place of origin. Their Board of directors mainly consist of locally prominent personalities from
trade and business circles. One of the positive points of these banks is that, they lean heavily on
service and technology and as such, they are likely to attract more business in days to come with
the restructuring of the industry round the corner.
New private-sector banks[edit]
The banks, which came in operation after 1991, with the introduction of economic reforms and
financial sector reforms are called "new private-sector banks". Banking regulation act was then
amended in 1993, which permitted the entry of new private-sector banks in the Indian banking s
sector. However, there were certain criteria set for the establishment of the new private-sector
banks, some of those criteria being:#The bank should have a minimum net worth of Rs. 200
crores.
1. The promoters holding should be a minimum of 25% of the paid-up capital.
2. Within 3 years of the starting of the operations, the bank should offer shares to public and
their net worth must increased to 300 crores.
[3]


Credit risk
Credit risk refers to the risk that a borrower will default on any type of debt by failing to make
required payments.
[1]
The risk is primarily that of the lender and includes lost principal and
interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or
partial and can arise in a number of circumstances.
[2]
For example:
A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of
credit, or other loan
A company is unable to repay asset-secured fixed or floating charge debt
A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due
A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due
A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment on a coupon or principal
payment when due
An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligation
An insolvent bank won't return funds to a depositor
A government grants bankruptcy protection to an insolvent consumer or business
To reduce the lender's credit risk, the lender may perform a credit check on the prospective
borrower, may require the borrower to take out appropriate insurance, such as mortgage
insurance or seek security or guarantees of third parties. In general, the higher the risk, the higher
will be the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt.
Credit risk can be classified as follows:
[3]

Credit default risk The risk of loss arising from a debtor being unlikely to pay its loan
obligations in full or the debtor is more than 90 days past due on any material credit
obligation; default risk may impact all credit-sensitive transactions, including loans,
securities and derivatives.
Concentration risk The risk associated with any single exposure or group of exposures
with the potential to produce large enough losses to threaten a bank's core operations. It
may arise in the form of single name concentration or industry concentration.
Country risk The risk of loss arising from a sovereign state freezing foreign currency
payments (transfer/conversion risk) or when it defaults on its obligations (sovereign risk);
this type of risk is prominently associated with the country's macroeconomic performance
and its political stability.