EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Casablanca oilfield is a virgin field, about to start undergoing

development, in order to commence production of oil and gas for high
return on investment values on money spent during development. During
exploration stage of this field, data and facts about the oilfield were taken
by geoscientist, and passed on to engineers in order to help support and
influence decisions taken, and choose certified equipments fit for use
during the field development phase. The data details are shown below:
ield !ocation "# kilometres away from nearest land fall$
ield %ater Depth &## feet deep$
'umber of wells planned ( wells$
)ate *redicted for *roduction &#,### bbls oil quantity per day$
ield life Duration expected +# years$
Depth of reservoir +,,### feet$
-nitial *ressure ",### psia
*ressure of oil bubble point &,(## psia
.uality of Crude /our 0 1# Degrees 2*-
rom the data taken by geologist, seismic survey information were
acquired with the most important and a little bit disturbing one being the
presence of sour crude as the quality of crude to be produced during
development. /our crude simply means that the crude contains high
amount of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphuric compounds, which
gives it a sour smell. *resence of this have tendencies of causing
problems and therefore treatment would have to be undertaken on all
produce 34il, 5as, %ater6 to prevent future problems with the
government.
2lso occurring flow assurance issues like 2sphaltene *recipitation,
%ax formation etc. are expected during development so prevention
methods would be placed to prevent this from occurring and causing
obstruction of fluids flow from well heads to their final point of export or
sales point.
!astly, a preferred option is recommended for the progress of this pro7ect
and all of this would be discussed as development planning is carried out.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
898C:T-;8 /:<<2)=......................................................................&
-'T)4D:CT-4'..............................................................................(
+.+ 2ims of this report..................................................................(
+., 4b7ectives of this report..........................................................."
+.& 2ssumptions taking during Development...................................."
/8CT-4' 2:....................................................................................>
,.# 2nalysis for ield Development..................................................>
,.+ %ell ?ead:.............................................................................@
,., <anifold.................................................................................@
,.& /eparator:.............................................................................@
,.1 5as /crubber:........................................................................A
,.( Compressor:..........................................................................A
,." 5as Conditioning :nit:.............................................................A
,.> <eters:................................................................................+#
,.@ *umps:................................................................................+#
,.A ?ydrocyclones:.....................................................................++
,.+# %ater DeBgassing Drum:......................................................++
,.++ ?eater Treater:...................................................................+,
,.+, /torage Tank:.....................................................................+,
,.+& /C<:.................................................................................+,
,.+1 /huttle Tankers:..................................................................+,
/8CT-4' 2 *art ,:.........................................................................+&
&.# Tie Cack Development............................................................+&
&.+ /ubsea *roduction Template:..................................................+&
&., /ubsea Tree:........................................................................+&
&.& :nderwater <anifold..............................................................+&
&.1 <ultiB*hase <eters:...............................................................+&
&.( )isers:.................................................................................+1
&." low !ines:...........................................................................+1
&.> :mbilical Cables:...................................................................+1
/8CT-4' C...................................................................................+1
1.# low assurance issues faced by Casablanca and <orella facility....+1
1.+ ?ydrates ormation:..............................................................+1
1., Corrosion:............................................................................+(
1.& *araffin %axes:.....................................................................+(
1.1 2sphaltene *recipitation:........................................................+(
1.( Technical 2dvantages of Casablanca and <orella *latform...........+"
1." Technical Disadvantages of Casablanca and <orella *latform.......+"
1.> Commercial 2dvantages of Casablanca and <orella *latform.......+>
1.@ Commercial Disadvantages of Casablanca and <orella *latform.. .+>
/ection C:....................................................................................+@
(.+ )ecommendation of *referred option........................................+@
INTRODUCTION
Page 2
2s a field consultant, - am commencing the development of a new oil
field that - have been assigned to, create a flow diagram for superiors to
propose on structures to be followed and carried out ensuring that
equipments installed are fit of use and operation working conditions. 2lso
perform a tieback operation to a preBexisting facility located nearby called
<orella with distance of approximately +#km choosing most appropriate
means with less production risk.
1.1 Aims of this report
+6 To prepare a plan, for the successful development of the
Casablanca oil field.
,6 To show <r <ike )obinson, - do understand all concepts up to an
adequate level of all the information he has been passing in class
sections.
&6 To further students knowledge from that of the course notes by
means of web and publication searches.
1. O!"e#ti$es of this report
+6 To learn how to prepare a flow diagram so as to help give some
structure of development for Casablanca oil field.
,6 To know the functions of how various 8quipments utilised in
development stage work e.g. the roles played by a separator.
&6 To know how water treatment is carried out before being
discharged into the environment.
16 To give recommendation, and discuss a preferred option with
reasons why it was selected from both development concepts.
1.% Ass&mptio's t()i'* +&ri'* De$e,opme't
+6 <inimal amount of sand present, due to lack of high water cuts so
sand cyclones are not installed in development.
,6 ?igh viscosity crudes present so heater treater would be needed in
development.
&6 luid coming in from the wellhead comes in at very high pressure
and therefore a three stage 3multi6 separator is needed to step
down fluid pressure.
Page 3
16 <orella platform is producing above, 1(,### stock tank barrel oil
per day and this is going to take some years to decline to 1(,###
stock tank barrel oil.
(6 *resence of acidic gases 3?ydrogen sulphide and Carbon dioxide6
in crude, so gas sweetening is carried out.
"6 'o presence of 'itrogen in acidic gases so gas sweeting would not
be carried out on it using Cryogenic removal process.
>6 <inimal and acceptable amount salt present when oil is been
separated so electrostatic deBsalters are not installed.
@6 ?ealth and /afety requirement of oil in water before disposal is
1#ppm maximum, for the region where oilfield is located.
SECTION A-
.. A'(,/sis for Fie,+ De$e,opme't
Page 4
2s the field development consultant working for )5 8D*, in charge of
developing the Casablanca oil field a flow diagram has been prepared
shown in igure +.# below to help give structure on the processes and
steps that would be taken for successful development of this new oil field.
Fi*&re 1..- A pro#ess f,o0 s#hem(ti# +i(*r(m +es#ri!i'* the
pro#ess steps re1&ire+ for the +e$e,opme't of C(s(!,('#( fie,+.
.1 2e,, 3e(+- During production, fluids from reservoir flow to the top
of the earth surface, and are being produced at the wellhead. The
Page 5
wellhead helps provide a pressure containment interface for production
activities carried out. The quality and quantity of reservoir fluids
produced are dependent on three main factors, which are composition of
hydrocarbon present, characteristics of the reservoir produced from and
lastly the field development scheme set in place. The earlier first two,
aforementioned factors are controlled by <other 'ature itself and the last
mentioned are manipulated within the constraints of technological and
market value. 3rank Eahn, et.al$ pg ,&", ,#+&6.Chemical -n7ection is
provided at the wellhead to prevent issues occurring due to flow
assurance.
. M('ifo,+- *roductions gotten from wellheads are connected through
flow lines to a tubular steel structure called manifold. This manifold acts
as a focal point and gathering centre for all flow lines attached to various
wellheads, in which the stream of fluids from each wellhead are
commingled together and fluid production now starts here for all
wellheads. This process saves time and unnecessary expenses of
producing from each wellhead independently. -n7ection of demulsifiers
occurs here to prevent an emulsion from occurring between the oil and
water interphase. This makes the oil soluble in water so there would 7ust
be a single flow phase and not multiple flows because oil floats on water
due to its density difference. luids then flow from the manifold into a
separator, passing through a choke valve installed on the flow line, which
causes the first pressure drop of fluid during production.
.% Sep(r(tor- 'ormally referred to as the heart of processing facilities
during production. -t separates the fluids into phases gas, oil, and water,
and help to support accurate metering of it during production. %hen fluid
flows from the manifold through the choke valve into the separator
system, it comes in at a highBpressure rate and then a pressure drop
occurs as it goes through each of the various phases of separation
installed. 2s fluids enter the separator, it hits an inlet diverter, which
causes a change in flow direction and velocity of the fluid. -nitial gross
separation in the separator, occurs at this point first with water going to
bottom, oil in the middle and gas at the top. -n the separator, gravity
Page 6
forces cause the heavier liquid droplets to fall out of the gas stream to
the bottom where the liquid is collected. The liquid phase holds the liquid
until an appropriate residence time required to allow the entrained gas
break out of the oil and rise to the gas phase, and they do so under
buoyancy forces. -n addition, how easy the gases breaks out of the liquid
is determined by the viscosity of the liquid present, as liquid with high
viscosities imply longer residence times.
.4 5(s S#r&!!er- 2s the gas, flows out of the separator it passes a
mist extractor, which acts as a barrier and causes small drops of liquid
that were difficult to be separated by gravity to fall back into the liquid
phase. The gas then flows into a gas scrubber, whose function is to
restrict and trap condensed liquids 3i.e. water and hydrocarbons6 from
the gases as it leaves the separators. This function of the gas scrubber
helps prevent liquids from getting into the suction of the compressor
thereby disrupting functionality and causing erode on compressor
rotating blades.
.6 Compressor- 2s gas moves through the processing stages, a drop in
pressure accompanies it and energy would need to be imparted into it to
cause an increase in pressure, before it can be transported to the next
processing stage. -n this scenario, three separators are used in stepping
down the pressure, so the gas pressure escaping the first separator is not
same with the gas pressure escaping the second and the third separator,
so in such a compressor is used to increase the gas pressure of the
second and third separator to be in range with the first separator.
.7 5(s Co'+itio'i'* U'it- Cefore the gas is made use of as fuel or
flared, it goes through the condition unit, which ensures water vapour is
absent in gases, as this can lead to hydrate formation and cause
corrosion in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. -t
also ensures that contaminants like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide
are removed, as hydrogen sulphide is toxic.
To prevent such hindrances, two processes are undertaken which are:
Page 7
i. 5(s Deh/+r(tio'- This simply means removal of water vapour
present in gases.
ii. 5(s S0eete'i'*- This means the removal of hydrogen sulphide
and carbon dioxide 3acid gases6 that are present.
These two processes are performed together using absorption technique
in a contact tower or absorber. Chemical solvents such as
<onoethanolamine and TriBethylene glycol are combined together in the
contact tower, then the gases are bubbled as heat is being applied
slightly above atmospheric pressure. -n the contact tower, the glycol
reduces the water contents sufficient to prevent water dropout from the
gases, and allows for efficient removal of the hydrogen sulphide and
carbon dioxide by the <onoethanolamine in the gases. This help remove
possibilities of hydrate formation, which causes corrosion and blockages.
.8 Meters- %hen produce such as oil and gas, are ready for export
from the production installation, it goes through meters, which are used
to manage and monitor the volume and quantity of produce 3oil and gas6
transported out of the production installation from one party to another.
/pecialised meters are used to perform this process, to measure the gas
:ltrasonic meters are used and for the oil turbine meters are used.
rom the diagram in igure +.#, the water at the bottom leaves the
separator through water dump valves installed below, which are
controlled accordingly by the water level controller at the side of the
separator as water changes are sensed. %ater flows out of the separators
and heater treater as shown in figure +.#, to the hydrocyclones and due
to pressure drops already occurred, pumps are used for the second and
third separator independently to boost its flow to the hydrocyclones.
.9 :&mps- This are devices which work similar to gas compressors,
with the ma7or difference being that they are used to impart pressure on
the fluids and not gases, in order to increase flow rate, and prevent
occurrence of slippage during production.
Page 8
.; 3/+ro#/#,o'es- %hen water enters the hydrocyclones, it removes
the oil contents from the water before sent out to sea. This process is
known as DeBoiling.
i. De<Oi,i'*- This simply means the removal of oil concentration
from water. There are many deBoiling techniques e.g. skimming
tank, corrugated interceptor, gas floatation unit etc... Cut
hydrocyclones are used, due to itFs the most common technique
used offshore, and is capable of producing oil in water disposal
standards of less than 1#ppm or 1#ppm which falls in line with
regulatory health and safety requirements of region, before it is
allowed to be discharged to sea.
The way hydrocyclones works is it relies on centrifugal forces to separate
the light oil particles left in the water phase as it passed through
processing stages, leaving the water to rest at the bottom and oil on top
of the water in the equipment. %ater then gets collected in the water deB
gassing drum.
.1. 2(ter De<*(ssi'* Dr&m- 2s the water is collected here, it
performs another effective process, by removing the gases still present
even as fluid has gone through various processing stages, before the
water is discharged to sea. This process is known as DeBgassing.
i. De<5(ssi'*- This simply means the removal of gas concentration
from water. 2 deBgassing drum is used in this development for that
purpose.
The way the deBgassing drum works is, as water enters the deBgassing
drum dispersed gases slowly rise out of it and by floatation, the gases
pull along with it remaining droplets of oil to the surface that were not
separated by the hydrocyclones. The surface oil film is drained out and
channelled back to the heater treater for dehydration, and produced now
treated water is now discharged to sea through a skim pipe. ?ydrogen
sulphide and Carbon dioxide are also treated here as explained earlier by
making use of the <onoethanolamine solvent to remove its presence.
-n igure +.#, you would have a view of the process through which the oil
flows in the separator. The oil seats in the middle between the gas phase
Page 9
and water phase then it leaves the separator through oil dump valves
installed below, which are controlled accordingly by the oil level controller
at the side of the separator as oil changes are sensed from the weir
located in the separator. The oil then flows out into a heater treater.
.11 3e(ter Tre(ter- %ith the assumption of high viscosity crudes,
heater treater is installed in order to promote separation and fast break
out of the gas from the liquid phase. 2s high viscosity, fluids have
tendencies of taking longer retention time to break out the liquid phase.
This gives stabiliGation and dehydration of the oil before it goes to the
storage tank and then later transport. 2s it is necessary for fluids to be
stabiliGed during transport, and gas to be dehydrated to its dew point to
prevent liquid drop out during transportation.
.1 Stor(*e T(')- %hen the oil comes into the storage tank, it does
so with the support of a pump to impart pressure into the liquid to
prevent occurrence of slippage due to the pressure dropped already
occurred in process. This device simply stores oil produced from the fluid
after it has gone through all processing stages available and is now
awaiting exportation. );* is carried out on the oil using )eid bomb
apparatus before transportation to ensure true vapour pressure is within
range of +#B+, psia required for transport by shuttle tankers. This
process ensures vapour is not too high, as it is flammable and gives rise
to explosion haGards if escaped to atmosphere.
.1% SBM- %hen the oil stored in the storage is now ready to be
transported, this provides the tankers with support during extraction as
the tanker is tied up to the /C< and through it, the tankers have the
ability to rotate around and accommodate the weather conditions present
at time of export.
.14 Sh&tt,e T(')ers- They simply are the boats, which come and take
the oil away to the storage facility when it is ready for export.
Page 10
SECTION A :(rt -
%.. Tie B(#) De$e,opme't
or tieback in this development, it can be performed by either introducing
a new 7acket, and making use of a linking bridge to link both facilities, 4r
by making use of subsea equipments for the development of the tie back.
This - believe to be a better option as the distance of +#km between both
facilities is quite much for use of a linking bridge though it cost less, the
risk involved if problems were to occur are very high. /ubsea tiebacks
equipments utilised are:
%.1 S&!se( :ro+&#tio' Temp,(te- This support production activities to
be carried out, acting as the base foundation for other subsea structures
to be installed upon. Construction is carried out nearby, and taken to
seabed location when constructed, in which it is gently lowered unto the
seabed using a crane barge, and pile drivers installed on it are loosened,
and piled into the bottom of the seabed to hold template in place and
promote stability of the equipment.
%. S&!se( Tree- This equipment is placed at the bottom of the sea to
seat on the template that seats on the seabed. -t is required as the final
step taken for completion of a well to make it viable for production startB
up. -t helps control and support the fluid flow from the Casablanca field
providing safe conduit through it and the flow lines into the manifold.
%.% U'+er0(ter M('ifo,+- 2s described earlier this has the same
function, acts as a gathering centre and focal point for production of
fluids. -t connects all series of wells together through flow lines, while
also seating on the subsea template.
%.4 M&,ti<:h(se Meters- 2lso described earlier, as meters are used for
many reasons e.g. government, personal files, court cases etc. it is used
to know the quantity and volume of produce been sent out from one
party to another party.
Page 11
%.6 Risers- This is a large steel pipe diameters installed, and the
function it plays is, it serves as a drill string conduit raising and collecting
fluids gathered at the seabed manifold installed below and then sends it
upwards for processing through the subsea flow lines installed.
%.7 F,o0 Li'es- This plays the part of conveying and transportation of
oil, gas, and all other constituents around installations, and also from the
Casablanca facility to the preBexisting <orella facility.
%.8 Um!i,i#(, C(!,es- These are offshore underwater cables installed
and deployed into the seabed to ensure safe transfer of electrical or
hydraulic energy to equipments used subsea.
SECTION B
4.. F,o0 (ss&r('#e iss&es f(#e+ !/ C(s(!,('#( ('+ More,,(
f(#i,it/.
Coth platforms face few common flow assurance issues likely to occur,
though they may occur at different areas, they do still occur. <oreover,
some have low tendencies of occurring due to presence of <editerranean
climate. oreseen issues on both platforms are:
4.1 3/+r(tes Form(tio'- 4ccurs due to physical bonding of lighter
constituents and water present in gases, and is visible to human eyes in
the form of iceberg structures. They are formed in conditions of high
pressure and low temperature, and the risk of it occurring here are low
due to <editerranean climate but they can still occur. -f it were to occur,
on the Casablanca field it would occur on wellheads and flow lines. Then
on <orella, it would also occur on flow lines and available equipments.
These plug equipments and pipelines there by obstructing flow and
causing blockage to flow of fluids.
Co'tro, Me(s&res- -f it occurred, its controlled with use of TriB8thylene
glycol solvent in which performs water dehydration present in gases.
Page 12
4. Corrosio'- 4ccurs from the hydrates formed, but in the presence of
acid gases 3?ydrogen sulphide and Carbon dioxide6. Corrosion leads to
many problems such as contamination of fluids, structural failure, rusting,
and operation shutdown. 4n both fields they can occur on flow lines and
equipments used in the presence of hydrates.
Co'tro, Me(s&res- Can be controlled by making use of corrosion
resistant pipes, and through chemicals solvents such as corrosion
inhibitors like <onoethanolamine and -modaGolines
4.% :(r(ffi' 2(=es- These are crystalline in nature, and are formed at
temperatures below cloud point. 2lso it has low tendency of occurring
due to <editerranean climate. -f waxes were to occur, they would cause
production choking. 4n both platforms, if it occurred it would occur in
flow lines.
Co'tro, Me(s&res- -f it occurred, its controlled by in7ection of paraffin
inhibitors such as, 8thylene vinyl acetate or 2lkyl phenols or ;inyl
*olymers or through insulation of flow lines.
4.4 Asph(,te'e :re#ipit(tio'- ormed through oxidation, in the
presence of impurities along with resins and aromatics in the crude oil,
giving rise to metallic looking molecular substances 32sphaltene6. -n both
platforms they can occur in flow lines, and cause the flow lines to have
depositional tendencies. 2lso causes reduction in diffusion rate.
Co'tro, Me(s&res- Can also be controlled through in7ection of
2sphaltene inhibitors such as 2romatic solvents or Dodecyl benGene
/ulphuric 2cid.
Page 13
4.6 Te#h'i#(, A+$('t(*es of C(s(!,('#( ('+ More,,( :,(tform.
C(s(!,('#( :,(tform >F:SO? More,,( :,(tform >Tie!(#)?
+ Decommissioning of the well once
depletion has occurred in reserves
is easily done, as */4 are floating
structures that can be easily
moved from Casablanca field to a
new location.
-nstallation of the tieback from
Casablanca would stop <orella
reservoir reserves from depleting
in coming years and give
maximiGation and extension of the
reservoir life span.
, They have capacities to handle
more variable and large production
streams due to the availability of
storage and offloading equipments
installed onBboard vessels.
4.7 Te#h'i#(, Dis(+$('t(*es of C(s(!,('#( ('+ More,,( :,(tform.
C(s(!,('#( :,(tform >F:SO? More,,( :,(tform >Tie!(#)?
+ During exportation of produced
fluids to the facility, it is done by
use of shuttle tankers, in which are
constrained to weather conditions
at time of export.
2t a combined production rate it
would produce above >(,###
barrels per day and its more than
the required capacity. This means
a delay in start date of production
, During offloading of produce, there
is risk of spillage occurring on
surface when offloading from */4
into shuttle tankers.
2s subsea equipment are utiliGed,
it is at a ma7or financial
disadvantage, as equipments
needed for subsea operations are
very expensive to purchase.
& *resence of flow assurance issues
are likely to occur such as
2sphaltene *recipitation
2fter the purchase of equipments,
it is very difficult to carry out
interventions or equipment
maintenance processes if problems
are to occur.
4.8 Commer#i(, A+$('t(*es of C(s(!,('#( ('+ More,,( :,(tform.
Page 14
C(s(!,('#( :,(tform >F:SO? More,,( :,(tform >Tie!(#)?
+ !ess extra added cost involved
during processing as all
requirements needed for
processing, storage and
transportation are installed upon
vessels.
-t cost a lot less to acquire as
*/4 are very expensive to rent,
and also do take longer duration to
construct one together.
, -t can be recycled thereby
reducing cost. 2s at the end of its
life span, it can be converted to a
tanker used in transportation of
produce 3oil and gas6 to locations.
Compared to the */4 this
requires a lower initial capital
investment to be used in
development planning stage.
4.9 Commer#i(, Dis(+$('t(*es of C(s(!,('#( ('+ More,,(
:,(tform.
C(s(!,('#( :,(tform >F:SO? More,,( :,(tform >Tie!(#)?
+ !esser allocation of sales returned
back from the <orella facility after
sale of produce, since they possess
sweet crude and we possess sour
crude so we are is contaminating
the sweet crude in their facility.
/ince subsea equipments are
utiliGed, staffs would have to be
trained to achieve required
competent skills in order to be able
to manage subsea equipments.
, *remium would still be paid to the
<orella facility for processing of
the sour crude in the Casablanca
facility.
)eduction of produce value will
occur from this operation, due to
the mixture of the sweet crude in
this facility with the sour crude in
the Casablanca facility, as the sour
would contaminate the sweet
crude.
Se#tio' C-
6.1 Re#omme'+(tio' of :referre+ optio'
Page 15
2fter careful assessment of all field development options, - do
recommend the use of option + that is the wellhead 7acket and */4
structure over option , for four main reasons, which are:
i. */4 are very flexible structures, can be used on subsequent
upcoming pro7ects immediately after decommissioning of one, and
even can be used on tieback development as well.
ii. -n option ,, there would be a delay in cash flow, because engineers
would have to wait for a couple of years before production can
commence at its full capacity, or they can decide to start
production and later on choke wells. 'evertheless, this has effects
on the flow of cash.
iii. rom option ,, there would be a decrease in revenue when making
use of it, because measuring meters are not +## percent accurate
iv. :se of option ,, has technological requirements as subsea
expertise and costly subsea interventions are needed.
Refere'#es
Page 16
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