PHY13L E403 CONCLUSION QUESTIONS

1) Give at least three differences between converging and diverging lenses.

2) Suppose an object is placed at a distance x from a screen and a converging lens of focal length f is
placed between the object and the screen. What is the minimum separation distance x (in terms of f)
for a real image to be formed on the screen? Support your answer with either a figure or a solution.
3) Is it possible to form a real image using a combination of concave/diverging lenses? Support your
answer with a solution.
Conclusion:
A converging lens is thicker at the center than at the edges; a diverging lens thinner at the center than
at the edges. Converging lenses has positive focal lengths while diverging lens have negative focal
lengths. Converging lens can form real and virtual images, enlarged and diminished images; diverging
lens can only form virtual and diminished images 2) 4f 3)















Fraunhofer microscope
With conventional microscopy, if a scientist wishes
to obtain a high-resolution image of a relatively
broad area, they typically have to use a
microscope that scans across that area in a grid
pattern, recording many images one point at a time.
Those images are then joined together to form one
complete picture. Such systems take a long time to
perform a scan, so both the microscope and the
subject must be held still while it's taking place.
Researchers from Germany's Fraunhofer Institute
for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, however, have created a thin, handheld
microscope that can reportedly obtain similar-quality images in less than one second.
Unlike a scanning microscope, that records many single images one after the other,
the Fraunhofer microscope uses an array of tiny lenses to record a comparable number of
images all at once. As with the scanning microscope, these are subsequently combined to form
one complete image.
The new microscope's imaging system consists of three glass plates, stacked one on top of the
the other like pancakes. Each plate is covered with a matrix of the tiny lenses, both on its top
and bottom surfaces. Looking down through the plates from above, each tiny lens lines up both
with its counterpart on the other side of its plate, and with the other lenses that occupy the same
location on the other plates. Microscopic details are therefore imaged through a stack of six tiny
lenses, along with two achromatic lenses. These stacks of lenses are called channels, and it is
the images produced by the multiple channels that are digitally joined together, side-to-side and
top-to-bottom, to create the complete picture.
Because it has an optical length of just 5.3 millimeters, the microscope is able to maintain a very
flat profile.
To make the lenses, the scientists start by coating a glass plate with photoresistant emulsion,
covering it with a mask in the pattern of the lens matrix, then exposing it to UV light. Emulsion
exposed to the light hardens, while the emulsion protected by the mask washes away when
exposed to a special solution. This leaves a matrix of tiny cylinders, which are then heated. This
causes them to partially melt, and form into spherical lenses. The lens-covered plate is then
used to create a die, which in turn can be used for mass production - glass substrates are
coated with a clear liquid polymer, the lens die is pressed down into that, the polymer takes on
the shape of the lens array, and is then hardened using UV light.
Scientists have created a thin handheld microscope
that can obtain high-quality images in a fraction of the
time required by traditional scanning microscopes
The microscope is currently still in the prototype stage, and probably won't go into production for
at least one or two years. Once it does, it could be used to examine suspicious skin blemishes,
check documents for authenticity, or various other applications. It is currently capable of imaging
of objects the size of a matchbox, in one pass.
Source:http://www.gizmag.com/thin-microscope-faster-than-scanning/18717/