EEE481&EEE581 Homework 5 Solution due on 5-12-2007

Q1.

a) Find v
C
in terms of v
A
and v
B
if R = 47 K.
b) Find v
C
in terms of v
A
and v
B
if R = 47 K + 0.001*47 K
c) For case b) find A
dm
and A
cm
for this amplifier.
Assume opamps are ideal.

SOLUTION:
+
+
+
-
-
-
v
A

v
B

22
22
10
10
10
47
R
v
C

All
resistances
are in K
10000
10000



1
1 1
2 1
1 2
1 2
10
22 22
22 22 (1 ) 3.2 2.2
10 10 10
22 22
22 22 (1 ) 2.2 3.2
10 10 10
3.2 2.2 2.2 3.2 5.4( )
3.2 2.2 2.2 3.2
A B
A B
A A A B A B
A B
B B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B
v v
i
v v
v v i v v v v v
v v
v v i v v v v v
v v v v v v v v
v v v v v v v v

= + = + = + =

= = = + + = +
= + =
+ = + = +


1 1
2
1 2 2
1
2 2
1
1 2 2 2
2 1
2 1
10
10
1
10 10 10
1
47 47( )
10 10 10 10
47 47
(1 )
10 10 10
10 47 47
( )
10 10 10
C
e v
i
R
e e v
R
v R
i v
R
v R R
v e i v v
R R
R
v v
R
R
v v
R

=
= =
+
=
+
= + = +
+ +
= +
+
+
=
+


(a)
+
+
+
-
-
-
v
A

v
B

22
22
10
10
10
47
R
v
C

All
resistances
are in K
10000
10000
v
1

v
2

e
1

e
2

i
1

i
2

If R = 47 then
2 1
1 2
47 10 47 47
( )
47 10 10 10
47
( )
10
47
5.4( )
10
25.38( )
C
A B
A B
v v v
v v
v v
v v
+
=
+
=
=
=


(b)
If R = 47 + 0.0001*47 = 47.047 then
2 1
2 1
47.047 57 47
( )
57.047 10 10
4.7008238 4.7
4.7008238( 2.2 3.2 ) 4.7(3.2 2.2 )
25.381812 25.382636
C
A B A B
A B
v v v
v v
v v v v
v v
=
=
= +
= +


(c)
( )
2
( ) ( )
2 2
25.381812 25.382636
25.381812
2
25.382636
2
25.38
1
0.000824
1214
A B
C dm A B cm
cm cm
dm A dm B
A B
cm
dm
cm
dm
dm
cm
v v
v A v v A
A A
A v A v
v v
A
A
A
A
A
A
+
= +
= +
= +
+ =
=
=
= =




Q2.
Suppose the following filter-amplifier section is cascaded to the output of the amplifier
given above.
Assume opamps are ideal.

Find A
dm
and A
cm
for the overall amplifier if R = 47 K + 0.001*47 K. Also find the
passband of the amplifier.

SOLUTION:

In the passband
1 2 3
150 32.9
4.7
C
C
out C C
e v e e
v
v v v
= = =
= + =

Therefore passband gain is 32.9

In general
1 2 3
6
1
6
6
3.3 10 3.3
1
1 3.3
3.3 10
10
C C
e e e
jw
e v v
jw
jw

= =

= =
+
+

+
-
4.7
3300
v
C

All
resistances
are in K
1F
0.01
3300
v
out

150
e
1

e
2

e
3

3 1
1 8 3
3
3 8
3
8
3
3
8
3
3 5
1
(150 10 // )
10 4.7 10
1 1 3.3
(1 (150 10 // ))
4.7 10 10 1 3.3
1
150 10
1 3.3 10
(1 ( )
1
4.7 10 1 3.3
150 10
10
1 150 10 3.3
(1 ( )
4.7 10 150 10 1 1 3.3
31.92
(1
15
out
C
C
C
e
v e
jw
jw
v
jw jw
jw jw
v
jw
jw
jw
v
jw jw

= +

= +
+

= +
+
+

= +
+ +
= +
5
5
5
5
5
3.3
)
0 10 1 1 3.3
32.92 150 10 3.3
150 10 1 1 3.3
1 4.5565 10 3.3
32.92
1 150 10 1 3.3
C
C
C
jw
v
jw jw
jw jw
v
jw jw
jw jw
v
jw jw

+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ +


The high cutoff frequency is
5
1
2
150 10
H H
w f

= =

and
5
10
106.1
300
H
f Hz

= = .

The low cutoff frequency is
1
2
3.3
L L
w f = = and
1
0.048
6.6
L
f Hz

= = .

The passband gain is 32.9.

The overall gains of the whole amplifier are

25.38 32.9 835
0.000824 32.9 0.027
dm
cm
A
A
= =
= =









Q3.
Consider the three electrode isolated
ECG amplifier configuration on the
right. Assume that the instrumentation
amplifier has A
dm
and A
cm
as you have
found above in Q2.
The equivalent circuit is drawn below.
Assume that
2 1
10
in in
Z Z M = = ,
1
100
s
C pF = ,
2
100
s
C pF = ,
Z
e1
=20 K, Z
e2
=25 K,
ZRL=20K,
Z
iso
= 1/jwCiso
Ciso = 30 pF.
Find the output voltage due to the 220
V power line and also the output due
to the ecg signal.
Do not make any approximations.
a) Write the time waveform of the
output voltage in terms of a
cosinusoidal at 50 Hz and v.
How is 50 Hz interference comparable with v?
b) Write the time waveform of the output voltage in terms of a cosinusoidal at 50 Hz and
v if Z
e2
= 20 K also. How is 50 Hz interference comparable with v?


Earth
v
/2

1 s
C
2 s
C

220 V, 50 Hz
B
V
-
+
v
/2

Z
e1

Z
e2

Z
RL

+
-
+
-
+
-
out
v

Z
in1

Z
in2

v
1

v
2

A
dm
(v
1
-v
2
)+ A
cm
(v
1
+v
2
)/2
v is the
ecg signal
Instrumentation amplifier
Z
iso

Earth
1 s
C

2 s
C

220 V, 50 Hz
out
v

+
-
Assume that v is at frequency 10 Hz. This is necessary to find the impedances of the isolation
and stray capacitances when there is v only.

Solution:
We can use superposition:

If there is no ECG but only 220V input is present then the circuit is





If there is no 220V input but only ECG is present then the circuit is
Earth
1 s
C
2 s
C

220 V, 50 Hz
B
V
-
+
Z
e1

Z
e2

Z
RL

+
-
out
v

Z
in1

Z
in2

v
1

v
2

A
dm
(v
1
-v
2
)+ A
cm
(v
1
+v
2
)/2
v is the
ecg signal
Instrumentation amplifier
Z
iso



Call
1 2 in in in
Z Z Z = =
220 only
(a)
Define
1 2
//( ) //( )
RL e in e in
Z Z Z Z Z Z = + + (which is actually
RL
Z )
2
1 2
1
//( )
220 95.65
1 1
//( )
s
B
s s
Z Ziso
jwC
V V
Z Ziso
jwC jwC
+
= =
+ +


18
cm B
iso
Z
v V j mV
Z Z
= =
+


1
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 2
( ) 8.94
17.9
2
in
cm
e in
in
cm
e in
in in
cm
e in e in
cm
Z
v v
Z Z
Z
v v
Z Z
Z Z
v v v j V
Z Z Z Z
v v
v j mV

=
+
=
+
= =
+ +
+
=

Earth
v
/2

1 s
C
2 s
C

B
V
-
+
v
/2

Z
e1

Z
e2

Z
RL

+
-
+
-
+
-
out
v

Z
in1

Z
in2

v
1

v
2

A
dm
(v
1
-v
2
)+ A
cm
(v
1
+v
2
)/2
Instrumentation amplifier
Z
iso

( 8.94 ) ( 17.9 )
835 8.94 0.027 17.9
7.4649 0.4833
6.98
out dm cm
v A j V A j mV
j V j mV
j mV j
j mV

= +
= +
= +
=

(b)
0.48
out
v j V =

Ecg only
Solution with approximation:
(a)
835
out dm ecg ecg
v A v v =
(b)
835
out dm ecg ecg
v A v v =

Solution without approximation:

(a)
833.1
out ecg
v v =
(b)
833.3
out ecg
v v =

%Exact analysis of isolated ECG amplifier (loop analysis)
clear all;
close all;

A=zeros(4,4);
B=zeros(4,1);
Z=zeros(4,2);
for j=1:2
Adm=-835;
Acm=0.027;
if j==1
v=1;
vline=0;
Zs1=-i/(2*pi*10*100e-12);
Zs2=-i/(2*pi*10*100e-12);
Ziso=-i/(2*pi*10*30e-12);
else
v=0;
vline=220;
Zs1=-i/(2*pi*50*100e-12);
Zs2=-i/(2*pi*50*100e-12);
Ziso=-i/(2*pi*50*30e-12);
end;
Ze1=20e3;
Ze2=25e3;
Zin1=10e6;
Zin2=10e6;
ZRL=20e3;

A(1,1)=Ze1+Zin1+ZRL;A(1,2)=-ZRL;A(1,3)=0;A(1,4)=0;
A(2,1)=-ZRL;A(2,2)=Ze2+Zin2+ZRL;A(2,3)=-Ze2-Zin2;A(2,4)=0;
A(3,1)=0;A(3,2)=-Ze2-Zin2;A(3,3)=Ze2+Zin2+Ziso+Zs2;A(3,4)=-Zs2;
A(4,1)=0;A(4,2)=0;A(4,3)=-Zs2;A(4,4)=Zs1+Zs2;
B(1)=v/2;
B(2)=v/2;
B(3)=0;
B(4)=vline-v;

Y=inv(A)*B;
Z(:,j)=Y;
end
for j=1:2
e1(j)=Z(1,j)*Zin1;
e2(j)=(Z(3,j)-Z(2,j))*Zin2;
vout(j)=Adm*(e1(j)-e2(j))+Acm*(e1(j)+e2(j))/2;
end;


Conclusion:

We see that when there is no electrode impedance imbalance the interference is negligible
which is 0.48 V compared to 835 mV assuming that ecg is 1 mV.
However when there is electrode impedance imbalance the interference is 6.98mV which is
about 0.8% of ecg.