Rubberized Cocrete

Civil Engineering Department SATI 2012
1 | P a g e

ABSTRACT
In recent years, there has been a considerable interest in resolving one of the important
environmental problems like the solid waste management. Out of the variety of common
solid waste, the disposed waste tyre parts, abundantly found in the landfill, has been found
as a non-biodegradable type. However, it is known that the reinforced rubber material
shows the hysteresis behaviour under cyclic loading and offers a possibility for its re-usage
as a filler material whenever high damping is required. In this report an effort has been
made to study experimentally the feasibility of using the waste tyre parts as coarse
aggregate in cement concrete. The present investigation has been started with the
consideration of M20 grade vibrated concrete as control mix or reference mix. A test
program has been carried out to identify the necessary information about the mechanical
properties of rubberized concretes. Tyre rubber chips have been used as coarse aggregate
in the production of Rubberized concrete mixtures by partially replacing the coarse
aggregate with rubber. In order to keep the brevity, five designated rubber contents varying
from 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% by total aggregate volume have been used in the present
investigation. Experiments have been conducted for compressive test, split tensile strength
test, flexural strength test, determination of the Youngs modulus, determination of Dynamic
modulus of elasticity, Static ultrasonic pulse velocity test, the Dynamic ultrasonic test and
Rebound hammer test etc. in accordance with the IS standards. Using this grade of

2 | P a g e

concrete a set of 250250100 mm size tiles have been prepared as a possible example of
the application part.
It has been observed from the results that the concrete containing rubber aggregate has
improved workability, requiring less amount of water for same mix design and a reduction in
mechanical properties (Compressive strength)


3 | P a g e

CONTENTS
TITLE
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
1.2 Objectives of the Project
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Review of relevant research
2.3 Scope of the Project Work
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF
MATERIAL
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cement
3.3 Scrap Tyre Rubber
3.4 Aggregate
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Material Testing
4.3 Mixing and Casting of samples
4.4 Experimental Setup
CHATER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Fresh Concrete Properties
(a) Workability
(b) Compressive Strength
5.2 Hardened Concrete Properties

PAGE NO.
7
7
8
9
9
9
16

17
17
17
17
20
23

24
24
27
27
27

31

31


4 | P a g e

(a) Compressive Test
(b) Strain
5.3 Closing Remarks
5.4 Discussion
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
6.1 Conclusions
6.2 Future Scope
REFERENCES

34
35

36
37
38


5 | P a g e

LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.

Table 3.2.1: Physical Properties of Portland Pozzolana Cement 18
Table 3.2.2: Chemical Composition of Portland Pozzolana Cement (%) 19
Table 3.3.1: Typical constituent materials of tyre. 21
Table 3.4.1: Physical properties of materials 23
Table 4.3.1: Mix considered for Rubberized concrete. 25
Table 4.3.2: Test Samples Details.. 27
Table 5.2.1: 28 days Strength of Cube (IN Mpa).................................. 32
Table 5.2.2: 28 days Strength of cylinder (IN Mpa).............................. 33
Table 5.3.3: Strain Comparison : for cylindrical specimens ............... 33


6 | P a g e

List of Figure
Table No. Page No.

Figure 3.3.1: Chipped rubber samples... 22
Figure 4.3.3: Casting of Concrete Block 26
Figure 4.5.1: Compressive test of a cement Cube using UTM...... 28
Figure 4.5.2: Compressive test of a concrete Cube using UTM 29
Figure 4.5.3: Compressive test of a Cylinder using UTM 30


7 | P a g e

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Solid waste management has gained a lot of attention to the research community in recent
days. Out of the various solid waste, accumulated waste tyres, has become a problem of
interest because of its non-biodegradable nature [Malladi, 2004]. Most of the waste tyre
rubbers are used as a fuel in many of the industries such as the thermal power plant,
cement kilns and brick kilns etc. Unfortunately, this kind of usage is not environment friendly
and requires high cost. Thus, the use of scrap tyre rubber in the preparation of concrete has
been thought as an alternative disposal of such waste to protect the environment. It has
been observed that the rubberized concrete may be used in places where desired
deformability or toughness is more important than strength like the road foundations and
bridge barriers. Apart from these the rubberized concrete having the reversible elasticity
properties may also be used as a material with tailorable damping properties to reduce or to
minimize the structural vibration under impact effects [Siddique et al. (2004)].
The difficulties associated to the theoretical investigations to identify the mechanical
properties of the rubberized concrete have necessitated the need for the experimental
investigations on rubberized concrete. Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to
identify the various properties necessary for the design of concrete mix with the coarse tyre
chips as aggregate in a systematic manner. Properties of rubberized concretes, in the
present experimental investigation, the M20 grade concrete has been chosen as the

8 | P a g e

reference concrete specimen. Coarse tyre rubber chips, has been used as coarse
aggregate with the replacement of conventional coarse aggregate.
1.2 Objectives of the Project
To investigate the mechanical properties associated to the rubberized concrete (using the
Portland slag cement), the following items have been kept as the objective.
1. Study the feasibility of incorporating coarse tyre rubber chips as coarse aggregate in
concrete mixes and determine the change in the properties after the incorporation of the
rubber into the concrete mix.
2. Experimental verification of the published results on rubberized concrete, various
relevant standards, various properties of rubberized concrete, and their relationship to
plain concrete.
3. Investigation on the influence of the rubber content on the mechanical properties of
rubberized concrete starting with the 0% rubber content (i.e., without rubber) and up to
15% rubber content in the M20 grade concrete (i.e., with a partial replacement of the
coarse aggregate by 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% by volume of the total coarse
aggregate material). For convenience, the mix design for M20 grade concrete has been
done according to IS: 10262(1982).
4. Measurement/determination of the mechanical properties (Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, and Youngs Modulus) of all concretes.
5. Conduct the non-destructive tests like Rebound hammer test of the rubberized concrete
and conventional specimens.

9 | P a g e

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
There are numerous research reports available on the mechanical and chemical properties
of cement concrete. However, the research works carried out for the rubberized cement
concrete are found to be limited. The available results indicate that the influence of the size,
proportion, and surface texture of rubber particle on the strength of concrete contaminating
tyre rubber is significant. For the sake of brevity, only the relevant works concerning the
influence of rubber on the mechanical behaviour of the rubberized concrete have been cited
in the chapter.
2.2 Review of relevant research
Zheng et al. (2008) worked on rubberized concrete and they replaced the coarse aggregate
in normal concrete with ground and crushed scrap tyre in various volume ratios. Ground
rubber powder and the crushed tyre chips particles range in size from about 15 to 4 mm
were used. The effect of rubber type and rubber content on strength, modulus of elasticity
were tested and studied. The stress-strain hysteresis loops were obtained by loading,
unloading and reloading of specimens. Brittleness index values were calculated by
hysteresis loops. Studies showed that compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of
crushed rubberized concrete were lower than the ground rubberized concrete.


10 | P a g e

The reduction in strength explains below:
(a) The replacement of coarse aggregate by softer rubber particle resulted in quantity
reduction of strong load carrying material.
(b) The weak bond between the rubber particles and cement paste.
(c) Stress concentration was more at the boundaries of rubber aggregate.

While increasing the percentage of rubber contents the compressive strength, static
modulus of elasticity and dynamic modulus of elasticity of the rubberized concrete
decreases. When ground rubber used in concrete the value of compressive strength and
the modulus of elasticity will be more compare to crushed rubber chips. The rubberized
concrete had a higher ductility performance than the normal concrete.

Taha et al. (2008) used chipped tyre rubber and crumb tyre rubber to replace the coarse
and fine aggregate respectively in the concrete at the replacement levels of 25%, 50%, 75%
and 100% by volume. The tyre rubber was chipped in two groups of size 5 to 10 mm and 10
to 20 mm. The crumb tyre rubber of size 1 to 5 mm was used. These were mixed with a
ratio of 1:1.
The results showed that
(a) Workability increase with the increase in rubber content in the concrete.
(b) The strength of concrete showed better result when using crumb tyre rubber in concrete.


11 | P a g e

The compressive strength of concrete was reduced with the increasing of rubber
percentage. The three main reasons responsible for reduction in strength are:
(1) The deformability of rubber particles compared with the surrounding cement paste,
which results in initiating cracks around the rubber particles.
(2) Due to the weak bond between rubber particles and cement paste.
(3) Due to the possible reduction of the concrete matrix density which depends on the
density, size, and hardness of the aggregate.

In this paper the authors concluded that the larger the size of the tyre rubber particles,
lower the compressive strength of rubberized concrete. hardened properties of concrete
using different types of tyre rubber particle as a replacement of aggregate in concrete. The
different types of rubber particles used were tyre chips, crumb rubber and combination of
tyre chips and crumb rubber. These particles were used to replace 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and
50% of the total mineral aggregate by volume. The results showed that the fresh rubberized
concrete had lower unit weight and workability compared to plain concrete. Result showed
large reduction in strength and modulus of elasticity in concrete when combination of tyre
rubber chips and crumb rubber were used as compared to that when these were used
individually. It was found that the brittle behavior of concrete was decreased with increased
rubber content. The maximum toughness index indicated the post failure strength of
concrete occurred with 25% rubber content. Ganjian et al. (2008) investigated the
performance of concrete mixture incorporating 5%, 7.5%, and 10% tyre rubber by weight as
a replacement of aggregate and cement. Two set of concrete mix were made. In the first set

12 | P a g e

chipped rubber replaced the coarse aggregate and in the second set scrap tyre powder
replaced cement. The durability and mechanical test were performed. The result showed
that up to 5% replacement in both sets no major changes occurred in concrete
characteristic. The reasons for reduction in the compressive strength of concrete when
rubber was used: (1) The concrete containing rubber particles is much softer than hardened
concrete without rubber. The cracks would rapidly develop around the rubber particles
during loading. (2) Due to lack of proper bonding between rubber particles and the cement
paste. The continuous and integrated matrix is not available against load; hence the applied
stresses are not uniformly distributed in the concrete matrix. (3) The compressive strength
of concrete will be depending on physical and mechanical properties of materials, but the
part of the aggregate was replaced by rubber particles so that the volume of aggregate was
reduced. ompared to traditional aggregates. The presence of rubber particles in concrete
reduced mass stiffness and also reduced its load bearing capacity. As the lower specific
gravity of rubber and lack of bonding, the rubber particles tend to move toward the top
surface of the mould during casting and vibrating test specimens, so that the concentration
of rubber particles is more at the top layer of specimens.

Bakri et al. (2007) replaced the coarse aggregate by waste tyre rubber to produce early age
concrete. Two different concrete mix viz. Rubberized concrete and rubber filler in concrete
were used. In rubberized concrete they replaced the coarse aggregate with the rubber. It
was suggested that the compressive strength and density of concrete depend on the

13 | P a g e

amount of rubber added in the concrete. In the rubberized concrete containing little amount
of added rubber, the density and compressive strength were reduced to nearly 80%, as
compared to ordinary concrete. Huang et al. (2004) prepared a rubberized Portland cement
concrete with a portion of aggregate replaced by tyre rubber particles. Preliminary
experiment was conducted to determine the mechanical properties of concrete. A
parametric analysis was conducted using finite element analysis. It was found that
rubberized concrete had very high toughness. However its strength decreased when the
rubber content increased. The rubberized concrete was treated as a multiphase particulate
filled composite material.

It was found that the strength of rubberized concrete could be increased by reducing the
rubber chip size, using stiffer coarse aggregate, employing uniform coarse aggregate size
distribution and using a hard cement mortar if it is a high strength or using softer cement
mortar if it is good at ductility. adi (2004) had performed the experimental investigation on
the rubberized cement concrete and had carried out the mechanical properties of fresh and
hardened concrete. He replaced the fine aggregate by rubber fiber and rubber crumb.
Three main group of tests were carried out, in the first group fine aggregate was replaced
by rubber fiber in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, in the second group fine aggregate
was replaced by rubber crumb in proportions of 1%, 10%, 20%, 30% and in the third group
fine aggregate was replaced by rubber crumb and rubber fiber treated with 0.1 NaOH in the
proportions of 10% for both by weight of fine aggregate. It was found that the workability,
density and water absorptions decreased with the increase in rubber content. Strength of

14 | P a g e

concrete for rubber fiber was reduced by 37% with replacement of 20% of fine aggregate. In
the case of rubber crumb, the loss of strength was 37% with 30% replacement of fine
aggregate. It was shown that the strength of concrete was decreased when rubber content
was increased but the modulus of elasticity was increased with the increase in rubber
content. The rubberized concrete having rubber treated with NaOH increased the
compressive strength up to 18% as compared to that of untreated rubberized concrete.

Li et al. (2004) tried to improve the strength and stiffness of used rubberized concrete by
using large size chipped rubber fibres (approximately 25mm, 50mm and 75mm long and
5mm thick) and rubber treated with NaOH solution. They concluded that such fibre rubbers
give better result compare to chipped rubbers, but the NaOH surface treatment does not
work for larger sized chipped tyres.

Hernandez-Olivares et al. (2002) investigated the dynamic characteristics of rubberized
concrete material. Because of the unique elasticity properties of rubber material, the
rubberized concrete showed potential advantages in reducing or minimizing vibration and
impact effect. He influence of adding two kinds of rubber crumb and chipped. They made
three groups of concrete mixtures,
In group A: crumb rubber was used to replace fine aggregate, in group B: chipped rubber
was used to replace coarse aggregate and in group C both types of rubber were used in

15 | P a g e

equal volumes. All the three groups had eight different rubber contents in the range of 5
100%. It was found that the there was a decrease in slump with increase in rubber content
and mixtures made with fine crumb rubber were more workable than those with coarse tyre
chips or a combination of tyre chips and crumb rubber. They reported that when the rubber
content was increased, rubberized concrete specimens tend to fail gradually and failure
mode shape of the test specimen was either a conical or columnar. The decrease in
compressive strength of concrete with the addition of coarse rubber-chips was more as
compared to the decrease in the strength with the addition of fine crumb rubber. Because of
low specific gravity of rubber particles, unit weight of mixtures containing rubber decreased
with the increase in the percentage of rubber content. Increase in rubber content increased
the air content, which in turn reduced the unit weight of the mixtures.

Fattuhi and Clark (1996) have suggested that rubberized concrete could possibly be used in
the following areas: Where vibration damping was needed, such as in foundation pad for
rotating machinery and in railway stations. For trench filling and pipe bedding, pile heads,
and paving slabs and where resistance to impact or blast was required such as in railway
buffers, jersey barriers and bunkers.


16 | P a g e

2.3 Scope of the Project Work
The scope of present investigation is the study of recycling of rubber waste generated in the
form of discarded tyres and possibility of using waste tyre rubber as partial replacement of
coarse aggregate in order to produce rubberized concrete. The purpose of this investigation
is to see the effect on properties of concrete with different proportions of coarse tyre rubber
chips. The methodology is to replace different proportions of the coarse aggregate with
coarse rubber chips and test the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Further Non
destructive tests also will be conducted.


17 | P a g e

CHAPTER 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIAL

3.1 Introduction
The present chapter concentrates on the characterization of basic material of concrete e.g.
cement, sand, aggregate and chipped Tyre rubber.
3.2 Cement
The cement used in the project is MYCEMs fly ash based Portland Pozzolana Cement. It
conformed to the requirements of Indian standard specification IS: 1489 (Part-I) 1991. The
results are given in Table-1. The tests on cement were carried out as per IS: 4031(1988).
Vicat Apparatus and Le-Chaterlier flasks are used to find out Consistency and specific
gravity of cement respectively.


18 | P a g e

Table 3.2.1: Physical Properties of Portland
Characteristics Experimental results IS 455 :1989 Requirements
Consistency (%) 37%
Setting Time (Min.)
(i) Initial Setting Time 88 Min. 30 min, (Minimum)
(ii) Final Setting Time 620Min. 600 min, (Maximum)
Comp. Strength (M.Pa)
(i) 3 days 23.4 16 Mpa (Minimum)
(ii) 7 days 28.8 22 Mpa (Minimum)
(iii) 28 days 36.12 33 Mpa (Minimum)


19 | P a g e

Table 3.2.2: Chemical Composition of Portland Pozzolana
Cement (element by %)
(As Per IS: 1489 (Part-I) 1991)
S.
No.
Characteristic Requirement
(% by Mass)
Method of
Test Ref. to IS
Code
1. LOSS on ignition 5.0 4032 : 1985
2. Magnesia ( MgO ) 6.0 4032 : 1985
3. Sulphuric Anhydride(SO3) 3.0 4032 : 1985
4. Total Chloride (Cl) 0.1 4032 : 1985
5. Insoluble material X + 4.09(100-x)/100 4032 : 1985


20 | P a g e

3.3 Scrap Tyre Rubber
The classification of scrap tyre:

Tyre may be divided into two types- car and truck tyres. Car tyres are different from truck
tyres with regard to constituent materials (e.g. natural and synthetic rubber). Usually three
main categories of discarded tyre rubber have been considered such as chipped, crumb
and ground rubber.

(1) Chipped or shredded rubber is used to replace the gravel. To produce this rubber, in the
first stage the rubber has length of 300430 mm long and width of 100230 mm wide. In the
second stage its dimension changes to 100150 mm by cutting. If the shredding is further
continued particles of about 1376 mm in dimension are produced.

(2) Crumb rubber is used to replace the sand. This rubber is manufactured by special mills
where big rubbers change into smaller particles. In this procedure particles of about 0.425
4.75 mm in dimension are produced.

(3) Ground rubber is used to replace the cement. In this category particles of about 0.075
0.475 mm in dimension [Ganjian et al. (2008)].

The typical constituent material of tyre is shown in Table-3.3.1.

21 | P a g e

Table 3.3.1: Typical constituent materials of tyre
[http://www.rma.org/scrap_tires].

Composition weight (%) Car tyre Truck tyre
Natural rubber 14 27
Synthetic rubber 27 14
Black carbon 28 28
Fabric, filler accelerators, and anti zonants 16-17 16-17
Steel 14-15 14-15

In the present study the old rubber from heavy vehicles, such as truck tyre was used. The
chipped rubber samples were obtained by cutting the tyre manually. The tyre chips 20 mm
sieve passing were used in this study.. Tyre particles were not pre-treated before their
incorporation into the concrete mixture. The chipped tyre rubber used in this investigation is
shown in Figure-3.3.1.


22 | P a g e

Figure: 3.3.1
Chipped rubber samples


23 | P a g e

3.4 Aggregate
Natural river sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm was used as fine aggregate. Crushed
stone with a maximum size of 20 mm was used as coarse aggregate. It was tested as per
Indian Standard specification IS: 383(1970). The physical properties of aggregate were
tested according IS: 2386(1963). The physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate are
presented in Table-3.4.1. The particle gradation curves of fine and coarse aggregate are
shown in Figure-3.4.1 conforming to zone II as per IS: 383(1970).
Table 3.4.1: Physical properties of materials

Property Material
Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1731 1547
Specific gravity 2.5 2.88
Fineness modulus 3.17 5.6
Water absorption (%) 3.4% 1.4%


24 | P a g e

Result and Discussion
Testing of samples
(7 days and 28 days)
Testing of samples
(7 days and 28 days)
Curing of Samples
Material Characteristics
(Physical and ChemicalProperties)
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
4.1 Introduction
The present chapter focuses to study the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate
by coarse tyre rubber chips on the fresh concrete property (e.g. slump test) and hardened
concrete properties e.g. compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity,
flexural strength, dynamic ultrasonic pulse velocity and NDT test (rebound hammer and
static ultrasonic pulse velocity). Experimental investigation was carried out in five stages as
shown in Figure-4.1.1.

First stage

Second stage

Third stage

Fourth stage

Fifth stage

Figure-4.1.1


25 | P a g e

4.2 Material Testing
The material properties for all ingredient of concrete are given in Chapter 3.

4.3 Mixing and Casting of samples
4.3.1 Mix proportion
There were six type of mix considered; of which One control mixture MC-00 (without rubber)
was designed as per Indian Standard Specification IS: 10262(1999) (1: 1.34: 2.49, W/C
ratio = 0.42) to achieve 28 days strength 25 MPa. The other five concrete mixes were made
by replacing the coarse aggregate with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% of discarded tyre rubber
by weight.

The details mixture proportions are given in Table 4.3.1.

Mix Identity Mix Proportions
MC -00 M20 concrete with 100% coarse aggregate
MCR-01 M20 concrete with 99% coarse aggregate + 1% tyre rubber

4.3.2 Procedure
The control mix was M25 designed as per the design mix in the IS: 10262(1982).
For all other mixes the proportions of cement, sand and water remained constant
with various proportions of coarse aggregate was replaced by coarse rubber chips.
All replacement was carried out by volume.
Normal tap water was used for casting and curing.
Workability of fresh concrete was measured by slump test immediately after mixing.

26 | P a g e

The test specimen was cast in steel moulds and dimension of specimen is as per the
standard specimen. All specimens are compacted by using needle vibrator.
All specimens were removed from moulds after 24 hours.
All measurement was made by weight and mechanical mixing of the concrete is done.
The testing of specimens was carried after specimens were surface dry.
Tests carried out for compressive strength, flexural strength, Split tensile strength,
modulus of elasticity, soundness of concrete with help of ultrasonic pulse velocity,
workability.
For each test three specimens was used.
Figure:4.3.3


27 | P a g e

4.3 Test Sample Details
The information about the tests, size of specimens, and number of specimens used in this
investigation is shown in Table-8. The picture of casting of specimens is shown in
Figures-4.3.2, and 4.3.3.
Table 4.3.2: Test Samples Details
Tests Sample size No.
7 days Compressive strength 150 150 150 mm (Cube) 3
28 days Compressive strength & NDT 150 150 150 mm (Cube) 3
28 days Compressive strength 300 150 mm (Cylinder) 3

4.4 Experimental Setup:
Compressive strength test on cubes and cylinder were carried out using the universal
testing machine. Compressive test were carried out on cubes of dimensions 150150150
mm after 7 days and 28 days and on Cylinder of dimensions 300 mm length and 150 mm
diameter after 28 days only. For each test and for each mix three specimens were tested.
The compressive strength was computed using the expression c = P/A for cubes and Fc =
P/r2 where Fc is the compressive stress in MPa, P is the maximum applied load in
Newton and r is the radius of the cylinder in mm. The compressive strength test setup for
cubes and cylinders is shown in Figures: 4.5.1, and 4.5.2.


28 | P a g e

Figure 4.5.1

Figure: Specimens after testing

29 | P a g e

Figure 4.5.2


30 | P a g e

Figure:4.5.3


31 | P a g e

CHATER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Fresh Concrete Properties
(a) Workability
The replacement of coarse aggregate by waste tyre rubber was effect on the workability of
concrete. The workability of rubberized concrete showed a increase with increases of waste
tyre rubber content of total aggregate weight.
Concrete Mix Slum Value (in mm)
MC00 45
MCR01 47
MCR02 56
MCR03 53
MCR04 67
MCR05 71

5.2 Hardened Concrete Properties
(a) Compressive Test
The compressive tests were carried out after 7 days and 28 days for cube and after 28 days
for cylinders. Compression test specimens, 150 mm cubes and 150/300 mm cylinders were
casted according to IS: 516(1959). These specimens were cast in steel forms and wet
cured. Compression test according to IS: 516(1959) was carried out on cubes and cylinder.

32 | P a g e

The specimens were loaded at a constant strain rate until failure. The compressive strength
is decreased with an increase in the percentage of the tyre rubber chips. It can be seen that
the compressive strength of cubes at 28 days curing for control mixture (MC-00) achieved
33.71 MPa. Mixes MCR-1, MCR-2, MCR-3 shows a increase of 7.4%, 1.14% and 0.03%
while MCR-4 and MCR-5 showed reduction of 15.96% and 40.30% respectively, in
comparison with the control mix (MC-00), but mix MCR-3 gives better result than the control
mix. The ratio of cylinder compressive strength and cube compressive strength for normal
concrete (MC-00) is 0.72, which is close to the commonly accepted cylinder/cube
compressive strength ratio for normal concrete. For rubberized concrete at rubber content
of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, the ratio became 0.72, 0.71, 0.64, 0.58, and 0.66 respectively.

Table Representation of Strength Comparison :
Table 5.2.1
28 days Strength of Cube (IN Mpa)
MC00 33.71
MCR01 36.44
MCR02 34.10
MCR03 33.80
MCR04 28.33
MCR05 19.91


33 | P a g e

Table 5.2.2
28 days Strength of Cylinder (Mpa)
MC00 24.32
MCR01 26.30
MCR02 24.40
MCR03 22.00
MCR04 16.44
MCR05 13.33

(b) Strain Comparison : for cylindrical specimens
Table 5.3.3
MC 00 0.10
MCR01 0.15
MCR02 0.16
MCR03 0.18
MCR04 0.24
MCR05 0.27


34 | P a g e

5.2 Closing Remarks
The following observations were made based on the present study for the replacement of
Chipped tyre rubber in place of coarse aggregate.
Workability is increased as the percentage of replacement of chipped tyre rubber
increased.
The compressive strength is increasing up to replacement of 3% rubber and then it is
decreasing on the further replacement of rubber.


35 | P a g e

5.3 Discussion
The reasons for reduction in the strength of concrete when rubber was used.
These factors include:
Due to a lack of proper bonding between rubber particles and the cement paste as
compared to cement paste and aggregates,
Due to replacement of the aggregates by rubber particles, the volumes was reduces. On
the other hand, compressive strength of concrete depends on physical and mechanical
properties of the materials.
During casting and vibrating of test specimens, the rubber particles tend to move toward
the top surface of the mould. The high concentration of rubber particles at the top layer of
the specimens. This is because of the lower specific gravity of the rubber particles.
Due to non-uniform distribution of rubber particles in the concrete produce no
homogeneous samples and results in reduction in concrete strength.
The stiffness of rubber is lower as compared to stiffness of coarse aggregate, the
presence of rubber particles in concrete is reduce concrete mass stiffness and also
decreases load bearing capacity of concrete.


36 | P a g e

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusions
The workability generally increased with the increase in rubber content.
The compressive strength of the rubberized concrete increased up to 3% replacement and
decreased after it.
Compressive strength of concrete depended on two factors: grain size of the replacing
rubber and percentage added. In general, compressive strength was increased with small
amount of rubber replacement in concrete.


37 | P a g e

6.2 Future Scope
Determine the effect of rubber on concrete with the replacement of combination of coarse
and fine aggregate.
Replacement of coarse aggregate with the waste tyre rubber chip having centre
anchorage hole must be studied in various percentages.
Replacement of coarse and fine aggregate with rubber aggregate in different water-
cement ratio.
Though the study stopped with the 5% rubber replacing coarse aggregate, higher
replacement percentage may be carried out.
In the present study the Portland slag cement was used. Further its mechanical properties
can be compared by using ordinary Portland cement.
Replacement of coarse aggregate with the treated waste tyre rubber chip must be studied.
The durability experiments may be performed on rubberized concrete.


38 | P a g e

References
IS: 516 (1959). Indian Standard methods of tests for strength of concrete. Bureau
of Indian standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002.
IS: 5816 (1999). Indian Standard Splitting tensile strength of concrete methods of
test. Bureau of Indian standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New
Delhi 110002.
IS: 2386 (1963). Indian Standard methods of test for aggregates for concrete.
Bureau of Indian standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002.
IS: 455 (1989). Indian Standard Specification for Portland slag cement. Bureau of
Indian standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
IS: 4031 (1996). Indian Standard method of physical tests for hydraulic cement.
110002.
IS: 456 (2000). Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.
110002.
IS: 383 (1970). Indian Standard Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from
Natural Sources for Concrete (Second Revision). Bureau of Indian standards,
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.


39 | P a g e

IS: 10262 (1982) (Reaffirmed 2004). Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix
110002.
IS: 13311 (part -1) (part -2) (1992). Indian Standard Methods Non-destructive
testing of Concrete-methods of test. Bureau of Indian standards, Manak Bhavan, 9
Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002.
Bakri, A. M. M. A., Fadli, S. A. S. N., M. D., Bakar, M. D. A., and Leong, K. W.,
(2007).
Comparison of Rubber as Aggregate and Rubber as Filler in Concrete. 1
st

international Conference on Sustainable Materials 2007, Penang.
Fattuhi, N. I., and Clark, L. A. (1996). Cement-based materials containing Shredded
scrap truck tyre rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 10(4), 229-236.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. http://www.siliconfareast.com/FTIR.htm
Ganjian, E., Khorami, M., Maghsoudi, A. K. (2008). Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement
for aggregate and filler in concrete. Construction and Building Materials.
Ghambhir, M. L. (2003). Concrete Technology (2nd edition), Huang, B., Li, G., Pang,
S., and Eggers, J., (2004). Investigation into Waste Tire Rubber- Filled Concrete.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(3), 187-194.
Hernandez-Olivares, F., Barluenga, G., Bollati, M., and Witoszek, B. (2002). Static
and dynamic behaviour of recycled tyre rubber-filled concrete. Cement Concrete
Research, 32, 15871596.


40 | P a g e

Thesis on WASTE TYRE RUBBER AS COARSEAGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN
CEMENT CONCRETE presented by Mr. Kamlesh Ahirwar in IIT Kharagpur.


41 | P a g e

Mix design for M20 grade concrete in accordance to IS: 10262(1982)

1. Design Parameters
a) required at 28 days (MPa) fck 25 N/mm2
b) 28 days strength of cement 33.74 N/mm2
c) Workability 0.85 compacting factor
d) Degree of quality control Good
e) Type of exposure Mild
2. Test data for materials
a) Cement Portland pozzolana cement(31.9-36.8 N/mm
2
)
b) Specific gravity
a. Cement 3.15
b. Coarse aggregate 2.88
c. Fine aggregate 2.537
c) Volume of entrapped air (cum/cum of concrete) 2.0 %
d) Standard Deviation (S) (MPa) 5.3
e) Maximum size of aggregate 20mm
f) Grading zone for fine aggregate II
g) Water content per cubic meter 186
h) Sand content as percentage of total 35.00
aggregate by absolute volume


42 | P a g e

3. Target Mean Strength of Concrete
For a tolerance factor of 1.65, the target mean strength for the specified
Characteristics cube strength is as below:
Ft= Fck+st
= 25 + 1.65 x 5.3
= 27.6 N/mm2
4. Selection of Water Cement Ratio
From figure 2 of the IS: 10262(1982),
The water cement ratio = 0.42
5. Selection of Water Content and Fine to Total Aggregate Ratio
[From table 4 of the IS: 10262(1982)]
For 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate and sand conforming to grading of zone II.
Water content per cubic meter = 186 Kg/m3
Cement = 186/.42= 442.857 Kg/m
3
Sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35
6. Calculation of Aggregate Content
Absolute volume of fresh concrete (V) = Gross volume volume of entrapped air
V = 1- 0.02 = 0.98 %
For fine aggregate
V=(W+C/Sc+(1/p)Fa/Sfa)x 1/1000
For Coarse Aggregate
V=(W+C/Sc+(1/1-p)Ca/Sca)x 1/1000

43 | P a g e

Where
V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete.
W= Mass of water kg/m3 of concrete.
C= Mass of concrete kg/m3 of concrete
Sc= Specific gravity of cement.
P= Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by volume.
Fa, Ca = Total masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate kg/m3 of concrete
respectively.
Sfa, Sca = Specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
respectively
From Above Formulas.
Fa=594.603 Kg/m
3
Ca=1104.408 Kg/m
3

Mix proportion
Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
Weight (Kg/m3) 186 442.408 594.603 1104.408
Ratio .42 1 1.34 2.49


44 | P a g e

Thank You

Rubberized Cocrete

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rubberized Cocrete

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Civil Engineering Department SATI 2012

You might also like