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Basic Computer Knowledge for IBPS PO

You need to possess knowledge on some topics like history of computers, software, hardware, keyboard
shortcuts, MS Ofce, Operating system. For attending online bank exams you must be good at the above topics for online
test on computer knowledge. In Computer Knowledge for IBPS P SBI P !!B Bank "xams you have to face this computer knowledge section.
Bank materials for online test on computer knowledge are provided in dis doc exclusively for beginners.. Practice more tests as you can because
you can test yourself where you are by practicing more.
C#P$%"!
Computer is an electronic device or programmable machine that manipulates information or data (input) and produces the result (output).
It has the ability of storing, retrieving and processing the data.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
The Computer devices are really made cheaper in rate, smaller in size, more powerful in consumption and more efficient in functioning
due to the random technical development and change of basic computer operations. Knowledge of ive generations of computers is also
essential to attempt online !ptitude Test in Computer "nowledge. #acuum Tubes in first generation were replaced by Transistors of
second generation. These transistors were replaced by third generation Integrated Circuits. ourth $eneration %icroprocessors replaced
these Integrated Circuits and the present ifth generation !rtificial Intelligence dominated these %icroprocessors
Sl.
&o.
'escription ("&"!)%I&S
*I!S% S"C&' %+I!' *$!%+ *I*%+
, Period ,-./0,-1- ,-1-0,-/1 ,-/10,-2, ,-2,0,-34 ,-34
onwards
5 #emory #agnetic
'rum
#agnetic
Core
#icro Chip Semi
Conductor
Semi
Conductor
6 Components
used
7acuum
%ubes
%ransistors Integrated
Circuits 8ICs9
7:SI #icro
Processor
$:SI #icro
Processor
. :anguages #achine CB:;
*!%!)&
*!%!)&;
P)SC):;
):(:;
B)SIC; CB:
C; C<<;
'base
)rtificial
intelligence
1 "xamples "&I)C;
"'7)C;
"'S)C;
$&I7)C;
IB#024,;
IB# = /14
IB# ,/54;
IB# ,.4,;
C'C 6/44
IB# 624;
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)C -444
)pple
#acintosh;
IB# PC
'esktops;
:aptop;
&otebook
*I!S% ("&"!)%I&> 87accum %ubes9
In irst $eneration of computers #accum tubes were used to store data in the form of propagating sound waves.
#emory> %agnetic Core is used as memory
Storage Place> &unch Cards
:anguage $sed> %achine 'evel
)'7)&%)("S>
Calculates the data in milliseconds
'IS)'7)&%)("S
(igh power consumption
'arge )ize with less storage capacity
$enerates heat very soon because of more number of vaccum tubes
)low processing
*on+&ortable
)ome of the computers from first generation are ,*I!C, ,-#!C, ,-)!C, .*I#!C, I/% 0 123, I/% 0 452
S"C&' ("&"!)%I& 8%ransistors9
In second generation of computers, vaccum tubes are replaced withtransistors
#emory> %agnetic Cores
Storage Place> %agnetic Tape
:anguages $sed> 67T76*, C6/6'
)'7)&%)("S>
)mall in size (/y replacing vaccum tubes with transistors)
Calculates data in micro seconds
&ortability
7eliability compared to first
7e8uired 'ess ,nergy
'ess &ower Consumption
'IS)'7)&%)("S>
(igh Cost
&unch cards are used
)ome of second generation computers are I/% 3492, I/% 3:23, C-C ;422
%+I!' ("&"!)%I& 8Integrated Circuits9
In this generation, Integrated Circuits are placed containing transistors, capacitors, resistors.
%icroprogramming, &arallel &rocessing, %ultiprogramming, time sharing was introduced in this generation
#emory> %icrochip
:anguages used> 67T7!*, &!)C!', !'$6', /!)IC, C6/6'
)'7)&%)("S>
)maller in )ize
/etter )peed
'ow Cost
Input devices li"e %ouse and Keyboards are used
'IS)'7)&%)("S>
!ir Conditioner is re8uired
)ome of third generation computers are I/% ;12, .*I#!C 332<, and .*I#!C !C =222
*$!%+ ("&"!)%I& 87:SI #icroprocessor9
In this generation #')I #ery 'arge )cale Integration were designed which reduces the size of the computer. It consists of millions of
integrated circuits in it.
$raphical .ser Interface (GUI), LAN, WAN was introduced in this generation
:anguages $sed> C, C>>, -base
)'7)&%)("S>
'ow Cost
#')I Technology
Internet Technology
&ipelining &rocess
'IS)'7)&%)("S>
'atest Technology is re8uired for manufacturing %icroprocessors
)ome of the fourth generation computers are !pple %acintosh and I/% &C
*I*%+ ("&"!)%I& 8$:SI #icroprocessor9
In this generation Artificial Intelligence technology is used. This computers wor" li"e a human behavior. )cientists are wor"ing still on
this stage. Computers of this generation will thin" li"e a human brain.
)'7)&%)("S>
?orld ?ide ?eb is introduced with some of applications li"e ,mail
*oteboo" Computers were introduced
*ew 6perating )ystems li"e ?indows =5@=<@A& and 'inuB are introduced
)ome of the fifth generation computers are -es"tops, 'aptop, *oteboo"
%?P"S * C#P$%"!S
)n "lectronic 'evice that accepts 8I&P$%9; processes; produces 8$%P$%9 and Stores 8S%!)("9 the data
is called C#P$%"! and this can be used to type documents; browse the Internet and to send e0mails in addition to attend
specific operations re@uired from time to time. It can store; retrieve and process the data. It can also be treated
as Common perational #achine Purposefully $sed for %eaching; "ntertainment and !esearch.
Computers are basically classified into 9 categories based on their &rinciple of 6peration and *ature of
Configuration. The computers categorized on 6perational &rinciple can be further divided into ; categories such as !nalog, -igital and
(ybrid Computers. )imilarly, the computers classified on Configuration nature can also be categorized into : Categories such as %icro,
%ini, %ainframe and )uper Computers.
)&):( C#P$%"!S
!nalog Computer wor"s on continuous range of varied values of &hysical 8uantities li"e Temperature, )peed, #oltage,
&ressure etc. and generates approBimate results.
'I(I%): C#P$%"!S
The -igital computer is designed with digital circuits in which there are two levels (logic 2 and logic 3) for an input and output signal.
This computer is very much useful to solve compleB problems in ,ngineering and Technology and hence it has increasing use in the field
of design, research and data processing. If this digital computer is used for any type of application, then it is called as $eneral &urpose
Computer and )pecial &urpose Computer when it is used for specific application@program.
+?B!I' C#P$%"!S
! computer used for automatic operations of complicated physical processes to transform the data into suitable form is called (ybrid
Computer. The conversion of analog data as digital and vice+versa is the advantage of this computer.
#IC! C#P$%"!S
The most commonly used computer by everybody at any place is called %icro Computer, in which %icroprocessor is the
maCor source of operation. -es"top Computers, 'aptops, noteboo" computers, &almtop computers, In+car Computers (Carputers),
(andheld $ame Consoles, &rogramme Calculators, Table Computers, )mart &hones, )mart /oo"s, &ersonal -igital !ssistants (&-!s)
etc. are the eBamples for this computer.

DESKTOP COMPUTER
LAPTOP COMPUTER
IPAD COMPUTER


#I&I C#P$%"!
The multi+user midrange Computer that wor"s in between smallest multi+user systems and largest single+user system is called as %ini
Computer.
MINI COMPUTER
#)I&*!)#" C#P$%"!
The computer capable for processing large amount of data very 8uic"ly to service multiple users from the smaller and single user
machine is called as %ainframe Computer. These computers are used in 'arge 6rganizations@,stablishments such as $overnment,
/an"s, Corporations etc. They respond to upto 322s of millions of users at a time and measured in %I&) (%illion Instructions per
)econd).

MAINFRAME COMPUTER
S$P"! C#P$%"!
!n eBtremely fast computer capable to perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second is called )uper Computer.
These computers are used for applications of intensive numerical computations such as ?eather forecasting, )toc" %ar"et !nalysis,
)cientific Calculations, !nimated $raphics, 7esearch !nalysis etc.

SUPER COMPUTER
%he entire description is abridged here under for ready referenceD
C

#
P
$
%
"
!
S
P!I&CIP:" *
P"!)%I&
)&):(
C#P$%"!S
A Computers used to
measure variable @uantities
like 7oltage; %emperature;
Pressure; Speed etc.
'I(I%):
C#P$%"!S
("&"!):
P$!PS"
C#P$%"!
Computer used to process
general
programsBapplications.
SP"CI):
P$!PS"
C#P$%"!
Computer used to process
data for a specific
purposeBapplication
+?B!I'
C#P$%"!S
A Computer used to convert
analog0to0digital and
digital0to0analog data for a
specialiCed task.
&)%$!" *
C&*I($!)%I&
#IC!
C#P$%"!S
'"SK%P
C#P$%"!
) Single0user Personal
Computer for individual use
of small application
re@uirements.
:)P%P
C#P$%"!
) Single0user Portable &ote
Book Computer allowed to
use anywhere because of its
small siCe.
+)&'+":'
C#P$%"!
) Single0user Small pen
based Personal 'igital
)ssistant 8P')9 with touch
screen facility.
#I&I
C#P$%"!S
A #ulti0user Computers with
less Speed and Storage
Capacity.
#)I&*!)#"
C#P$%"!S
A )n expensive very high
speed Computers used in
!ailways; Banks; )irlines
etc.
S$P"!
C#P$%"!S
A )n )dvanced and most
expensive Computers used
for intensive numerical
computations such as
Deather *orecasting; Stock
#arket )nalysis etc.
COMPUTER
It is composed of hardware and software in it.
*unctioning
Input 'evices = !ccess the data
Central Processing $nit 8CP$9 = &rocess the data
utput 'evices0 &roduces the result
Storage 'evices 8!)#9 = )tores the result
(opeEE Fou understood this concept how computer access the data (input) and provides the output using some maCor components.
,Bplanation is given for each and every component at below
+)!'D)!"
Term hardware refers to physical components or elements of the computer li"e "eyboard, %ouse, %onitor, &rinter, -is" and Chips
S*%D)!"
S*%D)!"
Term )oftware refers to set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
)oftware will be loaded from -is" to 7!% (7andom !ccess %emory)
)ome of the eBamples are $ames, web browsers and word processors such as %icrosoft word
Can a computer run without softwareEEE
G Fes, it is possible ./ut if u wants to create some documents and power points you need some softwareHs.
G or eBample if you want to create a document you need word processor
G )oftware will give some additional capabilities to your computer
ConfusedEEEEEEEE
To prepare the ood, #egetables are re8uired and to preserve the #egetables, a 7efrigerator is essential. )imilarly to run a program
)oftware is re8uired and to establish the )oftware, (ardware is essential.
(ope you understood this. 'etHs move to hardware components

+)!'D)!" C#P&"&%S
Internal hardware components
G C&.
G %other /oard
G 7!%
G )ound Card
G #ideo Card
G (ard -rive
G -#-
"xternal +ardware components
G Keyboard
G %ouse
G &rinter
G )canner
G %onitor
G )pea"ers
Input 'evices 8accesses the data9
-evices which helps us to interact with computer is nothing but input devices
,BD Keyboard and %ouse
utput 'evices 8provides the output9
-evices which sends bac" the information to you is nothing but 6utput -evices
,BD %onitor and &rinter
Central Processing $nit 8processes the data9
Central Processing $nit 8CP$9
Central &rocessing .nit is also called as the I/rain of the ComputerJ or %ain &rocessor which controls all the systems
inner functions.
It is very easy to replace because it is inserted into the soc"et and is not soldered onto the motherboard
! computer may contain more than one C&. which is nothing but %.'TI&76C,))I*$
Two main parts of C&. are
!rithmetic 'ogic .nit (!'.)
Control .nit (C.).
)rithmetic :ogic $nit 8):$9> !'. is also called as basic building bloc"s of Central &rocessing .nit, which performs all arithmetic
and logical operations li"e addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
Control $nit 8C$9> Control .nit controls the entire processing. It helps in the communication between %emory and !'.
#emory 8stores the result9
! place where we can store the data or set of instructions to access them while performing the operations
There are two types of memories (storage devices)
7!% (7andom !ccess %emory)
76% (7ead 6nly %emory)
!)# 8!andom )ccess #emory)
7!% (7andom !ccess %emory) is one of the storage devices which performs both read and write operations. /ut 7!% is #olatile in
nature it loses the data when there is no power supply. It is fast while programming when compared to 76%
There are two types of 7!%
-7!% (-ynamic 7andom !ccess %emory)
)7!% ( )tatic 7andom !ccess %emory)
!# 8!ead nly #emory9
%ain advantage of 76% is that we can easily alter the data or reprogrammable. !dvantage of 76% is *on 0#olatile in nature which
does not loses any data when there is no power supply. %otherboard may consist of more than one 76% chips.
%ypes of !#
76%+ 7ead only %emory
&76%+ &rogrammable 7ead only %emory
,&76%+ ,rasable &rogrammable 7ead only %emory
,,&76%+ ,lectrically ,rasable &rogrammable 7ead only %emory
lash ,,&76% memory
!)&'# )CC"SS #"#!?8!)#9 !")' &:? #"#!?8!#9
#olatile *on+#olatile
/oth 7ead and ?rite 6nly 7ead
-ata is Temporary -ata is &ermanent(7eusable)
aster ?hile &rogramming )lower
(igh Cost 'ow Cost
'arger in )ize )maller in )ize



P"!)%I&( S?S%"#S 8S9
6perating )ystem is a type of software that allows computer hardware to communicate with software. ! computer without 6) is a mere
machine
,BD -6) (-is" 6perating )ystem), 'inuB, )olaris
%ypes of operating systems
(raphical $ser Interface 8($I9
$.I is an interface, which allows us to interact with electronic devices li"e mobiles, gaming devicesand %p; players using some
graphical icons
"x>?indows =<, ?indows C,, )ystem 1.A
#ulti0user operating system
!pplication software which allows multiple users to access the computer with time sharing system
,BD 'inuB, .*IA, ?indows 9222
#ultiprocessor operating system
!n operating system which supports the utilization of two or more processors on single computer ,BD 'inuB, .*IA, ?indows 9222
#ulti0%asking
!n operating system which supports multiple processes at the time ,BD .niB, ?indows 9222
#ultithreading
This operating system will allows the software to perform some parts of program to run concurrently
"x> 'inuB, .*IA, ?indows 9222
%ypes of keys in Keyboard
Keyboard was invented by Christopher :atham Sholes. Keyboard is an input device, used for entering data with the help of numbers,
letters and symbols provided on the "eyboard. There are many types of "eys on the "eyboard they are.
Typewriter Keys (!lpha numeric, &unctuation, )pecial Keys)
unction Keys (3, 9, ;KKK.39)
,nter Keys (,nter)
)ystem Keys ( &rint )creen, Caps 'oc" and *um 'oc")
*umeric Keys (2, 3, 9K..=)
!pplication Key
Cursor Control Key ('eft, 7ight, .p, -own !rrows)
Some Important Keyboard Shortcuts
Ctrl > & +L &rint the current page
?in +L 6pen or close start menu
?in > - +L -isplay the -es"top
?in > % +L %inimize all ?indows
?in > , +L 6pen my computer
?in > +L ind or )earch boB
?in > ' +L 'oc" the "eyboard
?in > 7 +L 6pen 7un at startup menu
Ctrl > C +L Copy
Ctrl > # +L &aste
Ctrl >A +L Cut
Ctrl > M +L .ndo
Ctrl > C +L Copy
Ctrl > $ +L $o to
Ctrl > ) +L )ave
Ctrl > ? +L Close window or tab
Ctrl > * +L *ew ?indow
Ctrl > ! +L )elect all
)hift > -elete +L -eleteHs permanently
(ome +L Top of the page
,nd +L /ottom of the &age
Browsing shortcut keys
Ctrl > = )witch to 'ast Tab
Ctrl > Tab )witch to *eBt Tab
Ctrl > )hift > Tab )witch to &revious Tab
Ctrl > ? Close the Current Tab
Ctrl > ind on &age
Ctrl > T 6pen *ew Tab
Ctrl > * 6pen *ew /rowser ?indow
!lt > : Close the Current ?indow
Ctrl > ( 6pen (istory
Ctrl > / 6pen /oo"mar"s
Ctrl > & &rint &age
!lt > (ome $o to (ome &age
(ome $o to Top of the &age
,nd $o to /ottom of the &age
Ctrl > N 6pen -ownload (istory
Ctrl > - /oo"mar" the Current ?ebsite
Ctrl > ) )ave the Current &age on your Computer
Ctrl > . 6pen )ource Code for Current &age
Ctrl > 6 6pen a file from your computer
5 7eload
/ac"space , !lt > 'eft !rrow /ac"
)hift > /ac"space, !lt > 'eft !rrow orward

MI!OSOF" OFFI#
MS Word Shortcut Keys List
Ctrl < 4 )dds or removes / pts of spacing before a
paragraph
Ctrl < ) Select all contents of the page
Ctrl < B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl < C Copy selected text
Ctrl < ' pen the font preferences window
Ctrl < " )ligns the line or selected text to the center of
the screen
Ctrl < * pen find box
Ctrl < I Italic highlighted selection
Ctrl < F )ligns the selected text or line to Gustify the
screen
Ctrl < K Insert ink
Ctrl < : )ligns the line or selected text to the left of
the screen
Ctrl < # Indent the paragraph
Ctrl < P pen the print window
Ctrl < ! )ligns the line or selected text to the right of
the screen
Ctrl < % Create a hanging indent
Ctrl < $ $nderline the highlighted selection
Ctrl < 7 Paste
Ctrl < H Cut selected text
Ctrl < ? !edo the last action performed
Ctrl < I $ndo :ast )ction
Ctrl < Shift < : Juickly create a bullet point
Ctrl <Shift < * Change the font
Ctrl < Shift < K Increase selected font <,pts up to ,5pt and
then increases font <5pts
Ctrl < L Increases selected fonts <,pts
Ctrl <Shift < M 'ecrease selected font 0,pts if ,5pt or lower;
if above ,5 decreases font by <5pt
Ctrl < N 'ecrease selected font 0,pts
Ctrl < B < C Insert a cent sign
Ctrl <Shift < O 7iew or hide non printing characters
Ctrl < Mleft arrowK #oves one word to left
Ctrl < Mright arrowK #oves one word to right
Ctrl < Mup arrowK #oves to the beginning of the line or
paragraph
Ctrl < Mdown arrowK #oves to the end of the paragraph
Ctrl < 'el 'eletes word to the right of cursor
Ctrl < Backspace 'eletes word to the left of cursor
Ctrl < "nd #oves the cursor to the end of the
documents
Ctrl < +ome #oves the cursor to the beginning of the
document
Ctrl < Spacebar !eset highlighted text to the default font
Ctrl < , Single0space lines
Ctrl < 5 'ouble0space lines
Ctrl < 1 ,.10line spacing
Ctrl < )lt < , Changes text to heading ,
Ctrl < )lt < 5 Changes text to heading 5
Ctrl < )lt < 6 Changes text to heading 6
)lt < Ctrl < *5 pen new document
Ctrl < *, pen the task pane
Ctrl < *5 'isplay the print preview
Ctrl < Shift < K Increases the highlighted text siCe by one
Ctrl < Shift < M 'ecreases the highlighted text siCe by one
Ctrl < Shift < */ pens to another open #icrosoft Dord
'ocument
Ctrl < Shift < *,5 Prints the document
*, pen help
*. !epeat the last action performed 8Dord
5444<9
*1 pen the find; replace; and go to the window
in #icrosoft Dord
*2 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text
or document
*,5 Save as
Shift < *6 Change the text in #icrosoft word from
uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter at
the beginning of the every word
Shift < *2 !uns a %hesaurus check on the word
highlighted
Shift < *,5 Save
Shift < "nter Create a soft break instead of new paragraph
Shift < Insert Paste
Shift < )lt < ' Insert the current date
Shift < )lt < % Insert the current time
Click ;hold and drag Selects text from where you click and hold to
the point you drag and let go
'ouble0click If double0click a word; selects the complete
word
%riple click Selects the line or paragraph of the text the
mouse triple0clicked
MS Excel Shortcut eys List
*5 "dit the selected cell

*6 )fter a name has been created *6 will paste
names

*1 (o to a specific cell. *or example; C/

*2 Spell check selected text or document

*,, Create chart from selected data

Ctrl < Shift < P "nter the current time

Ctrl < P "nter the current date

)lt < Shift < *, Insert new worksheet

Shift < *6 pen the "xcel formula window

Shift < *1 Bring up search box

Ctrl < ) Select all contents of the worksheet

Ctrl < B Bold highlighted section

Ctrl < I Italic highlighted section

Ctrl < K Insert link

Ctrl < $ $nderline highlighted section

Ctrl < , Change the format of selected cells

Ctrl < 1 Strike through highlighted section

Ctrl < P Bring up the print dialogue box to begin
printing

Ctrl < I $ndo last action

Ctrl < *6 pen "xcel &ame #anager

Ctrl < *- #inimiCe current window

Ctrl < *,4 #aximiCe currently selected window

Ctrl < */ Switch between open work books or windows

Ctrl < Page up #ove between "xcel work sheets in the same
"xcel document

Ctrl < page down #ove between "xcel worksheets in the same
"xcel document

Ctrl < %ab #ove between two or more open "xcel
document

)lt < Q Create a formula to sum all of the above cells

Ctrl < R Insert the value of the above cell into cell
currently selected

Ctrl < Shift < S *ormat number in comma format

Ctrl < Shift < T *ormat number in currency format

Ctrl < Shift < U *ormat number in date format

Ctrl < Shift < V *ormat number in percentage format

Ctrl < Shift < W *ormat number in scientific format

Ctrl < Shift < X *ormat number in time format

Ctrl < )rrow key #ove to the next selection on text

Ctrl < Space Select entire column

Shift < Space Select entire row

Ctrl < 0 'elete the selected column or row

Ctrl < shift < Q Insert a new column or row

Ctrl < +ome #ove to cell ),

Ctrl < Y Switch between showing "xcel formulas or
their values in cells

MS Po!er Poi"t Shortcut
Keys


MS Outloo Shortcut Keys
Ctrl > ! 0 )elect all Items
Ctrl > / 0 /old (ighlighted )ection
Ctrl > C 0 Copy )elected TeBt
!lt > ) 0 )end the e+mail
Ctrl > A 0 Cut
Ctrl > & 0 &rint
Ctrl > $ 0 $o to -ate
Ctrl > % 0 )end and 7eceive !ll
!lt> ) 0 )end
Ctrl > . 0 .nderline (ighlighted
)ection
Ctrl > 7 0 7eply to an ,mail
Ctrl > K 0 Insert (yperlin"
Ctrl > ' 0 !lign 'eft
Ctrl > 7 0 !lign 7ight
Ctrl > , 0 !lign Center
Ctrl > T 0 &ost 7eply
Ctrl > 0 orward an ,mail
Ctrl > * 0 Create a *ew ,mail
Ctrl > F 0 $o to another older
Ctrl > )hift > ! 0 Create a new
appointment to your calendar
Ctrl > )hift > 6 0 6pen the 6utboB
Ctrl > )hift > I 0 6pen the InboB
Ctrl > )hift > K 0 !dd a *ew Tas"
Ctrl >)hift >4 $o to previous presentation window
Ctrl > 4 $o to neBt presentation window
!lt > 32 %aBimize power point application window
Ctrl > 32 %aBimize presentation window
Ctrl > 5 7estore presentation to previous size
/ac"space -elete character left
Ctrl > /ac"space -elete word left
-elete -elete character right
Ctrl > -elete -elete word right
Ctrl > A Cut
Ctrl > C Copy
Ctrl > # &aste
Ctrl > M .ndo
Ctrl > * 6pen new presentation
Ctrl > 6 6pen eBisting presentation
Ctrl > ? Close
Ctrl > ) )ave
39 )ave as
Ctrl > & &rint
Ctrl > O ,Bit power point
Ctrl > F 7edo
Ctrl >- -uplicate
Ctrl > ind
Ctrl > ( 7eplace
Ctrl > )hift > 1 .pdate lin"s
Ctrl > $ )how guides
)hift > Clic" view button )witch to master view
Ctrl > % Create new slide
Ctrl > )hift > % Create new slide without new slide dialog
!lt> )hift > - !dd date
!lt > )hift > & !dd page number
!lt > )hift > T !dd time
Ctrl > T ormat character
Ctrl > , Center paragraph
Ctrl > N Nustify paragraph
Ctrl > ' 'eft align paragraph
Ctrl > 7 7ight align paragraph
'eft arrow 6ne character left
7ight arrow 6ne character right
.p arrow 6ne line up
-own arrow 6ne line down
Ctrl > left arrow 6ne word left
Ctrl > right arrow 6ne word right
,nd To end of line
(ome To beginning of line
Ctrl > up arrow .p one paragraph
Ctrl > down arrow -own one paragraph
Ctrl > end To end of page
Ctrl > (ome To start of page
)hift > Tab To previous obCect
Tab To neBt obCect
)hift > : 7epeat find or go to
Ctrl > )hift > C 0 Create a *ew Contact
Ctrl > )hift > N 0 Create a *ew Nournal ,ntry
Ctrl > )hift > # 0 %ove older
Ctrl > M 0 .ndo 'ast !ction
,sc 0 Close an 6pen %enu
Ctrl > ,nter 0 )end the e+mail
Ctrl > 3 0 )witch To %ail
Ctrl > ; 0 )witch To Contacts
Ctrl > 1 0 )witch to )hortcuts
Ctrl > ,sc 0 -isplay the )tart %enu
9 0 7ename older
; > Ctrl > , 0 $o to )earch /oB
STORAGE DEICES

?e can simply say that the storage devices are the places where the computer stores the data. If we want to save the files, they can also
be saved in hard dis"s. If you want to store the information in another computer, what is the storage device usedPP 'etHs start our topic
storage devices.
)torage -evices are basically divided into three categories+&rimary, )econdary and Tertiary -evices.
6ne of the &rimary storage devices is !andom )ccess memory 87!%) and it cannot store data permanently (7olatile in &ature).
(ard dis"s are secondary storage devices, which are used to store the data permanently (&on07olatile in nature).
Tertiary storage devices are removable mass storage devices that are used to transfer the data on different computers (Portable in
&ature).
/est eBample is .niversal serial /us (.)/). 'et see the detailed eBplanation of storage devices
Pri!ar" #t$rage De%ice#& &rimary )torage -evice is small in capacity, located inside the computer and lost its storage when the
Computer is turned off. 7!% is the main type of memory in &rimary )torage -evice.
!andom )ccess memory 8!)#9> 7!% is often called as I&rimary storage deviceJ. It is volatile because data is wiped out when
power is turned off. !ccess rate in 7am is very high as it is located very nearer to C&.. 7!% is very eBpensive device. %ain advantage
is it performs both read and writes operations. -ata moved from secondary storage to primary storage is nothing but Internal %emory or
%ain %emory.
"xample> )uppose if you open a program or a file, data stored in the secondary memory will be moved to primary memory. ?hile you
turned off your computer, data will be wiped off. Fou can say best eBample as /rowsing. ?hile you are browsing, data will be stored
temporarily in primary storage devices and you may lose the entire data while Computer is turned off.
!ead only #emory 8!#9> 76% performs only read operations. -ata stored in 76% is permanent and it cannot be edited. This
devise is used for storing the data for life time without any modifications.
/I6) and Cache is also other &rimary )torage -evice.
Cache #emoryD 6ne of the primary storage devices with high speed data access.
Binary Input utput System (BIS)D /I6) is one of the important devices stored on the 76%. /I6) is responsible for chec"ing the
devices at &ower on Time called &6)T ( &ower 6n )elf+Test). !ny malfunctioning in computer will receive the error messages.
Sec$n'ar" St$rage De%ice#: )econdary )torage -evice is higher in capacity than &rimary -evice, located in the computer and stores the
data permanently such as software. +ard 'isk 'rive is one of the main types of memory in )econdary )torage -evices. )econdary
storage is also called as"xternal #emory or )uxiliary Storage.
+ard 'isk> (ard dis" is a )econdary storage device which is abbreviated as (- or (--. This is the main storage device that stores the
data permanently, until it is deleted. -is" controller is responsible for performing all actions in hard dis". These hard dis"s are made up
of !luminum coated on both sides with magnetic material. Compared to primary storage devices, these devices are much costlier to use.
*owadays these devices are used to store personal data.
Tertiar" St$rage De%ice# are removable mass storage devices mainly useful for storing the data in other computers, with portability in
nature. ?e can .)/ as great eBample which accesses and saves the data very easily. )torage capacity varies for based on the device
used. "xternal +ard 'rive; *loppy 'isk; C'B'7' 'isk and S' Card are also considered as %ertiary Storage 'evices.
These types of devices are also called as off0line storage devices.
Fou"ders #"d Their I"$e"tio"s
ounder of !pple Computers 0 )teve Nobs
ounder of !rtificial Intelligence 0 Nohn %cCarthy
ounder of /luetooth 0 ,ricsson
ather of Computer 0 Charles /abbage
ather of QCH 'anguage 0 -ennis 7itchie
ather of QC>>H language 0 /Carne )troustrup
ounder of ,mail 0 )hiva !yyadurai
ounder of $oogle 0 'arry &age and )ergey /rin
ounder of Internet 0 #int Cerf
ather of QNavaH+ Names $osling
ather of NOuery 0 Nohn 7esig
ounder of Keyboard 0 Christoper 'atham )holes
ounder of 'inuB 0 'inus Torvalds
ounder of %icrosoft 0 /ill $ates and &aul !llen
ounder of %obile &hones 0 %artin Cooper
ounder of %ouse 0 -ouglas ,ngelbart
ounders of 6racle 0 ,d 6ates, 'arry ,llison, /ob %iner
ounder of &hp 0 7asmus 'erdorf
ounder of .)/ 0 !Cay #./hatt
ounder of ??? 0 Tim /erners+'ee
ounder of Fahoo 0 Nurry Fang and -avid ilo
Co%&uter A''re$i#tio"s List
D( ) DUR*A (AD+A,
)
)):+ !T% !daption 'ayer
)C:+ !ccess Control 'ist
)'+ !ctiveA -ata 6bCects
)'S:+!symmetric -igital )ubscriber 'ine
)'%+ !bstract -ata Type
):(:+ !lgorithmic 'anguage
):$0 !rithmetic and 'ogical .nit
)&SI+ !merican *ational )tandard Institute
)!P+ !ddress 7esolution &rotocol
)!P)+ !ddress and 7outing &arameter !rea
)!P)+ !dvanced 7esearch &roCects !gency
)!P)&"%+ !dvanced 7esearch &roCects !gency *etwor"
)S+ !ccess )erver
)SCII+ !merican )tandard Code for Information Interchange
)S#+ !lgorithmic )tate %achine
)SP+ !ctive )erver &ages
)SP0 !pplication )erver &rovider
)%0 !ccess Time
)%+ !ctive Terminology
)%#+ !synchronous Transfer %ode
)7C+ !dvanced #ideo Coding
)7I+ !udio #ideo Interleaved
)D%+ !bstract ?indow Tool"it
B
B):+ /asic !ssembly 'anguage
B)SIC+ /eginners !ll &urpose )ymbolic Instruction Code
BC'+ /inary Coded -ecimal
BC&*+ /oyce+codd *ormal orm
B"!+ /it ,rror 7ate
BI&+ /inary
BI&)C+ /inary !utomatic Computer
BIS+ /asic Input 6utput )ystem
B:B+ /inary 'arge 6bCect
B&C+ /ayonet *eill+Concelman
BPS+ /its per )econd
C
C)'0 Computer !ided -esign
C)#+ Computer !ided %anufacturing
C)%+ Computer !ided Translation
C)S"+ Computer+!ided )oftware ,ngineering
C'#)+ Code -ivision %ultiple !ccess
C'0!#+ C- 7ead 6nly %emory
CI*S+ Common Internet ile )ystem
CISC0 CompleB Instruction )et Computer
C:!+ Common 'anguage 7untime
C#S0 Complementary %etal+6Bide )emiconductor
CB:+ Common /usiness 6riented 'anguage
C#+ Component 6bCect %odel
C!B)+ Common 6bCect 7e8uest /ro"er !rchitecture
CPS+ Characters per )econd
CP$+ Central &rocessing .nit
C!C+ Cyclic 7edundancy Chec"
'
')C+ -igital to !nalog Converter
')+ -ata !ccess 6bCects
')P+ -irectory access protocol
'B)+ -ata /ase !dministrator
'CCP+ -atagram Congestion Control &rotocol
'C:+ -ata Control 'anguage
'C#0 -istributed Component 6bCect %odel
''"+ -ynamic -ata ,Bchange
'"S+ -ata ,ncryption )tandard
'*'+ -ata low -iagram
'*S+ -istributed ile )ystem
'+CP+ -ynamic (ost Configuration &rotocol
'+%#:+ -ynamic (yper TeBt %ar"up 'anguage
'#)+ -irect %emory !ccess
'#:+ -ata %anipulation 'anguage
'&S0 -omain *ame )ystem
'#0 -ocument 6bCect %odel
'oS+ -enial of )ervice
'!)#+ -ynamic 7andom !ccess %emory
'S':+ -ocument )chema -efinition 'anguages
'S:+ -igital )ubscriber 'ine
'S:+ -omain )pecific 'anguage
'7'+ -igital #ideo -isc
'7'0!# 0 -#- 7ead 6nly %emory
'7I+ -igital #ideo Interface
'7!+ -igital #ideo 7ecorder
"
")I+ ,Btensible !uthentication &rotocol
"B#:+ ,Btensible /inary %eta 'anguage
""P!#+ ,lectronically ,rasable &rogrammable 7ead 6nly %emory
"*I0 ,Btensible irmware Interface
":#+ ,lectronic %ail
"*+ ,nd of ile
":+ ,nd of 'ine
"$C+ ,Btended .*IA Code
"H%+ ,Btended ile )ystem
*
*)P+ 67T7!* !ssembly &rogram
*)%0 ile !llocation Table
*)J+ re8uently !s"ed Ouestions
*''+ loppy -is" -rive
*''I+ iber -istributed -ata Interface
*'#)0 re8uency -ivision %ultiple !ccess
*"C+ orward ,rror Correction
*+S+ ile system (ierarchy )tandard
*I*+ irst in irst out
*!%!)&0 ormula Translation
*PS+ loating &oint )ystem
*S#+ inite )tate %achine
*%%P+ iber to the &remises
*%P+ ile Transfer &rotocol
*HP+ ile ,Bchange &rotocol
(
(B+ $iga /yte
(I*0 $raphic Interchange ormat
(I(+ $arbage in $arbage 6ut
(I#P+ $*. Image %anipulation &rogram
(#:+ $eography %ar"up 'anguage
($I0 $raphical .ser Interface
*WT- Google Web Toolkit
+
+B)0 (ost /us !daptor
+''+ (ard -is" -rive
+' '7'+ (igh -efinition -#-
+':+ (ardware -escription 'anguage
+I'0 (uman Interface -evice
+P0 (ewlett+&ac"ard
+P*S+ (igh &erformance ile )ystem
+%#0 (ierarchical Temporal %emory
+%#:0 (yper TeBt %ar"up language
+%%P+ (yper TeBt Transfer &rotocol
+C+ (ertz
I
IC+ Integrated Circuit
IC"+ In circuit ,mulator
IC#P+ Internet Control %essage &rotocol
ICP+ Internet Cache &rotocol
I'"+ Integrated -evelopment ,nvironment
I':+ Interface -efinition 'anguage
I"""+ Institute of ,lectrical and ,lectronics ,ngineering
I(!P+ Integrated $ateway 7outing &rotocol
I:0 Intermediate 'anguage
I#+ Instant %essenger
I#)P0 Internet %essage !ccess &rotocol
IP+ Internet &rotocol
IPC0 Inter &rocess Communication
IP:+ Initial &rogram 'oad
IPP0 Internet &rinting &rotocol
IPH+ Internet &ac"et ,Bchange
IS)+ Instruction )et !rchitecture
IS'&+ Integrated )ervices -igital *etwor"
IS+ International 6rganization for )tandardization
ISP+ Internet )ervice &rovider
F
F5""0 Nava 9 ,nterprise ,dition
F5S"+ Nava 9 standard ,dition
F'BC+ Nava -atabase Connectivity
F'K+ Nava -evelopment Kit
F*C+ Nava oundation Classes
F#S+ Nava %essage )ervice
F&'I+ Nava *aming and -irectory Interface
F&I+ Nava *ative Interface
FP"(0 Noint &hotographic ,Bperts $roup
F!"+ Nava 7untime ,nvironment
FS+ Nava )cript
FSP+ Nava )erver &ages
F7#+ Nava #irtual %achine
K
KB+ Kilo /yte
K+C+ Kilo (ertz
KBPS+ Kilo /ytes &er )econd
:
:)&0 'ocal !rea *etwor"
:C'+ 'i8uid Crystal -isplay
:C!+ 'east Cost 7outing
:"'+ 'ight ,mitting -iode
:I*+ 'ast in irst 6ut
:C+ 'ines of Code
#
#)C+ %edia !ccess Control
#)&+ %etropolitan !rea *etwor"
#)&"%0 %obile !d+(oc *etwor"
#')0 %ail -elivery !gent
#IB0 %anagement Information /ase
#IC!+ %agnetic In" Character 7ecognition
#I'I+ %usical Instrument -igital Interface
#I#'+ %ultiple Instruction %ultiple -ata
#I#+ %ultiple Input %ultiple 6utput
#IPS+ %illion Instructions &er )econd
#S*"%+ %etal+6Bide )emi+conductor ield ,ffect Transistor
#P"(+ %otion &ictures ,Bpert $roup
#%)+ %ail Transfer !gent
#H+ %ail ,Bchange
&
&)CK0 *egative !c"nowledgement
&)%+ *etwor" !ddress Translation
&*S0 *etwor" ile )ystem
&S+ *etwor" 6perating )ystem
&$#)+ *on+.niform %emory !ccess
&7!+ *etwor" #ideo 7ecorder
&7!)#+ *on+#olatile 7andom !ccess %emory

)SIS0 6rganization for the advancement of )tructured Information )tandards


'BC+ 6pen -ata /ase Connectivity
:)P+ 6nline !nalytical &rocessing
:"+ 6bCect 'in"ing and ,mbedding
:%P+ 6nline Transaction &rocessing
P0 6bCect 6riented &rogramming
P#:+ 6utline &rocessor %ar"up 'anguage
!B+ 6bCect 7e8uest /ro"er
SI+ 6pen )ystems Interconnection
P
P)&0 &ersonal !rea *etwor"
P)P+ &assword !uthentication &rotocol
P')+ &ersonal -igital !ssistant
P'*+ &ortable -ocument ormat
P"!:+ &ractical ,Btraction and 7eporting 'anguage
P+P+ &(&+(yperteBt &reprocessor
PPI+ &iBels per Inch
P7!+ &ersonal #ideo 7ecorder
J
J)0 Ouality !ssurance
JS+ Ouality of )ervice
!
!)#0 7andom !ccess %emory
!'B#S0 7elational -ata /ase Connectivity
!'#+ 7elational -ata %odel
!'S+ 7emote -ata )ervice
!IP+ 7outing Information &rotocol
!#I+ 7emote %ethod Invocationn
!#+ 7ead 6nly %emory
!PC0 7emote &rocedure Call
S
SaaS+ )oftware as a )ervice
S)&+ )torage !rea *etwor"
S)H+ )imple !rea for A%'
SC)')0 )upervisory Control and -ata !c8uisition
SCI'+ )ource Code in -ata /ase
S'++ )ynchronous -igital (ierarchy
S'K+ )oftware -evelopment Kit
S#S+ )hort %essage )ervice
S#%+ )imultaneous %ultithreading
S&%P+ )imple *etwor" Time &rotocol
S)+ )ervice+6riented !rchitecture
S)P+ )imple 6bCect !ccess &rotocol
SP)!C+ )calable &rocess !rchitecture
SJ:+ )tructured Ouery 'anguage
%
%CP+ Transmission Control &rotocol
%CPBIP+ Transmission Control &rotocol@ Internet &rotocol
%'#)+ Time -ivision %ultiple !ccess
$
$'P+ .ser -atagram &rotocol
$+*+ .ltra (igh re8uency
$I+ .ser Interface
$#:+ .nified %odeling 'anguage
$PS+.ninterruptible &ower )upply
$!:+ .niform 7esource 'ocator
$SB+ .niversal )erial /us
7
7B)0 #irtual /asic or !pplication
7BS0 #isual /asic )cript
7*S+ #irtual ile )ystem
7+*+ #ery (igh re8uency
7:)&+ #irtual 'ocal !rea *etwor"
7:*+ #ery 'ow re8uency
7#+ #irtual %achine
7oIP+ #ideo over Internet &rotocol
7P$+ #irtual &rocessing .nit
7S)#+ #irtual )torage !ccess %ethod
D
D)*S0 ?eb !rea ile )ervices
D)&+ ?ide !rea *etwor"
D)P+ ?ireless !ccess &oint
Di#)H+ ?orld ?ide Interoperability for %icrowave !ccess
D:)&+ ?ireless 'ocal !rea *etwor"
D#7+ ?indows %edia #ideo
DP)+ ?i+i &rotected !ccess
DDD+ ?orld ?ide ?eb
H
H)#:+ ,Btensible !pplication %ar"+up 'anguage
H+%#:+,Btensible (yper TeBt %ar"+up 'anguage
HS:+ ,Btensible )tyle sheet 'anguage
I
II*0 Mero Insertion orce
II+ Mero 6ne Infinity
$%% "&# '#S" F!()S*.+++
!#,$!)S
-)urga .adha/ *

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