Whaling - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Eighteenth-century engraving showing Dutch whalers
hunting bowhead whales in the Arctic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Whaling is the hunting of whales primarily for meat
and oil. Its earliest forms date to at least circa 3000
BC.
[1]
Various coastal communities have long histories
of subsistence whaling and harvesting beached whales.
Industrial whaling emerged with organized fleets in the
17th century; competitive national whaling industries in
the 18th and 19th centuries; and the introduction of
factory ships along with the concept of whale harvesting
in the first half of the 20th century.
As technology increased and demand for the resources
remained, catches far exceeded the sustainable limit for
whale stocks. In the late 1930s, more than 50,000
whales were killed annually
[2]
and by the middle of the
century whale stocks were not being replenished. In
1986, the International Whaling Commission (IWC)
banned commercial whaling so that stocks might recover.
While the moratorium has been successful in averting the extinction of whale species due to overhunting,
contemporary whaling is subject to intense debate. Pro-whaling countries, notably J apan, wish to lift the ban on
stocks that they claim have recovered sufficiently to sustain limited hunting. Anti-whaling countries and
environmental groups say whale species remain vulnerable and that whaling is immoral, unsustainable, and
should remain banned permanently.
1 History of whaling
2 Modern whaling (since about 1986)
2.1 Canada
2.2 Faroe Islands
2.3 Greenland
2.4 Iceland
2.5 Indonesia
2.6 J apan
2.7 Norway
2.8 Philippines
2.9 Russia
2.10 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2.11 South Korea
Whaling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling
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A modern whaling vessel
2.12 United States
2.13 Threats
3 Controversy
4 2010 IWC meeting
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Whaling began in prehistoric times and was initially confined to (near) coastal waters. Early whaling affected
the development of widely disparate cultures such as Norway and J apan.
[3]
Although prehistoric hunting and
gathering is generally considered to have had little ecological impact, early whaling in the Arctic may have
altered freshwater ecology.
[4]
The development of modern whaling techniques was spurred in the 19th century
by the increase in demand for whale oil,
[5]
sometimes known as "Train Oil" and in the 20th century by a
demand for margarine and later meat.
Whale oil is little used today
[6]
and modern commercial
whaling is done for food. The primary species hunted are
the common minke whale and Antarctic minke whale, two
of the smallest species of baleen whales. Recent scientific
surveys estimate a population of 103,000 in the northeast
Atlantic. With respect to the populations of Antarctic minke
whales, as of J anuary 2010, the IWC states that it is "unable
to provide reliable estimates at the present time" and that a
"major review is underway by the Scientific Committee."
[7]
International cooperation on whaling regulation began in
1931 and culminated in the signing of the International
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) in 1946. Its aim is to:
provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of
the whaling industry.
[8]
The International Whaling Commission (IWC) was set up under the ICRW to decide hunting quotas and other
relevant matters based on the findings of its Scientific Committee. Non-member countries are not bound by its
regulations and conduct their own management programs.
The IWC voted on J uly 23, 1982, to establish a moratorium on commercial whaling beginning in the 198586
season. Since 1992, the IWC's Scientific Committee has requested that it be allowed to give quota proposals for
some whale stocks, but this has so far been refused by the Plenary Committee.
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Young butchered beluga on the beach of the inuit
village of Salluit, Quebec.
Killed pilot whales on the beach in Hvalba, Faroe
Islands
Canada
Canadian whaling is carried out in small numbers by various
Inuit groups around the country and is managed by Fisheries
and Oceans Canada. Harvested meat is sold through shops and
supermarkets in northern communities where whale meat is a
component of the traditional diet,
[9]
but typically not in
southern, more urban cities such as Vancouver, Toronto, or
Montreal. The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society says:
"Canada has pursued a policy of marine mammal
management which appears to be more to do with
political expediency rather than conservation."
While Canada left the IWC in 1982, the only species currently
harvested by the Canadian Inuit that is covered by the IWC is the bowhead whale.
[10]
As of 2004, the limit on
bowhead whale hunting allows for the hunt of one whale every two years from the Hudson Bay-Foxe Basin
population, and one whale every 13 years from the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait population.
[11]
This is roughly one
fiftieth of the bowhead whale harvest limits in Alaska (see below).
Faroe Islands
Around 950 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melaena)
are caught each year, mainly during the summer. Other
species are not hunted, though occasionally Atlantic
white-sided dolphin can be found among the pilot whales. The
hunt is known as the Grindadrp.
Faroese whaling is regulated by Faroese authorities but not by
the IWC, which does not regulate the catching of small
cetaceans.
Most Faroese consider the hunt an important part of their
culture and history and arguments about the topic raise strong
emotions. Animal-rights groups criticize the hunt as being
cruel and unnecessary and economically insignificant. Hunters
claim that most journalists lack knowledge of the catch methods used to capture and kill the whales.
Greenland
Greenlandic Inuit whalers catch around 175 whales per year, making them the third largest hunt in the world
after J apan and Norway, though their take is small compared to those nations, who annually averaged around
730 and 590 whales respectively in 19982007.
[12][13]
The IWC treats the west and east coasts of Greenland as
two separate population areas and sets separate quotas for each coast. The far more densely populated west
coast accounts for over 90 percent of the catch. In a typical year around 150 minke and 10 fin whales are taken
from west coast waters and around 10 minkes are from east coast waters. In April 2009 Greenland landed its
first bowhead whale in nearly forty years after being given a quota by the IWC in 2008 for two whales a year
until 2012.
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Icelandic whaling vessels
Minke whale meat kebabs, Reykjavik
The Inuit already caught whales around Greenland since the years 12001300. They mastered the art of whaling
around the year 1000 in the Bering Strait. The technique consists of spearing a whale with a spear connected to
a blown up seal bladder. The bladder would float and exhaust the whale when diving, and when it surfaces; the
Inuit hunters would spear it again, further exhausting the animal until they were able to kill it.
Vikings on Greenland also ate whale meat, but archaeologists believe they never hunted them on sea.
[14]
Iceland
Iceland did not object to the 1986 IWC moratorium. Between 1986
and 1989 around 60 animals per year were taken under a scientific
permit. However, under strong pressure from anti-whaling countries,
who viewed scientific whaling as a circumvention of the moratorium,
Iceland ceased whaling in 1989. Following the IWC's 1991 refusal to
accept its Scientific Committee's recommendation to allow
sustainable commercial whaling, Iceland left the IWC in 1992.
Iceland rejoined the IWC in 2002 with a reservation to the
moratorium. Iceland presented a feasibility study to the 2003 IWC
meeting for catches in 2003 and 2004. The primary aim of the study
was to deepen the understanding of fishwhale interactions. Amid
disagreement within the IWC Scientific Committee about the value of
the research and its relevance to IWC objectives,
[15]
no decision on
the proposal was reached. However, under the terms of the convention
the Icelandic government issued permits for a scientific catch. In 2003
Iceland resumed scientific whaling which continued in 2004 and
2005.
Iceland resumed commercial whaling in 2006. Its annual quota is 30
minke whales (out of an estimated 174,000 animals in the central and
north-eastern North Atlantic
[16]
) and nine fin whales (out of an
estimated 30,000 animals in the central and north-eastern North Atlantic
[16][17]
). For the 2012 commercial
whaling season, starting in April and lasting six months, the quota was set to 216 minke whales.
[18]
Indonesia
Lamalera, on the south coast of the island of Lembata, and Lamalera on neighbouring Solor are the two
remaining Indonesian whaling communities. The hunters obey religious taboos that ensure that they use every
part of the animal. About half of the catch is kept in the village; the rest is bartered in local markets. In 1973, the
United Nations's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) sent a whaling ship and a Norwegian whaler to
modernize their hunt. This effort lasted three years, and was not successful. According to the FAO report, the
Lamalerans "have evolved a method of whaling which suits their natural resources, cultural tenets and
style."
[19]
Japan
When the commercial whaling moratorium was introduced by the IWC in 1982, J apan lodged an official
objection. However, in response to US threats to cut J apan's fishing quota in US territorial waters under the
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terms of the Packwood-Magnuson Amendment, J apan withdrew its objection in 1987. According to the BBC,
America went back on this promise, effectively destroying the deal.
[20]
Since J apan could not resume
commercial whaling, it began whaling on a purported scientific-research basis. Australia, Greenpeace, the Sea
Shepherd Conservation Society and other groups dispute the J apanese claim of research as a disguise for
commercial whaling, which is banned.
[21][22]
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has attempted to disrupt
J apanese whaling in the Antarctic since 2003.
The stated purpose of the research program is to establish the size and dynamics of whale populations. The
J apanese government wishes to resume whaling in a sustainable manner under the oversight of the IWC, both
for whale products (meat, etc.) and to help preserve fishing resources by culling whales. Anti-whaling
organizations claim that the research program is a front for commercial whaling, that the sample size is
needlessly large and that equivalent information can be obtained by non-lethal means, for example by studying
samples of whale tissue (such as skin) or feces.
[23]
The J apanese government sponsored Institute of Cetacean
Research (ICR), which conducts the research, disagrees, stating that the information obtainable from tissue
and/or feces samples is insufficient and that the sample size is necessary in order to be representative.
J apan's scientific whaling program is controversial in anti-whaling countries. Countries opposed to whaling
have passed non-binding resolutions in the IWC urging J apan to stop the program. J apan claims that whale
stocks for some species are sufficiently large to sustain commercial hunting and blame filibustering by the
anti-whaling side for the continuation of scientific whaling. Deputy whaling commissioner, J oji Morishita, told
BBC News:
The reason for the moratorium [on commercial whaling] was scientific uncertainty about the number of
whales. ... It was a moratorium for the sake of collecting data and that is why we started scientific
whaling. We were asked to collect more data.
[24]
This collusive relationship between whaling industry and the J apanese government is sometimes criticized from
pro-whaling activists who supports local, small type coastal whalers such as Taiji dolphin hunters.
[25]
On March 31, 2014 the International Court of J ustice ruled that J apan's killing, taking, and treating of whales in
the Antarctic were not for "scientific research", revoking their authorization for whaling. Due to the court
ruling, whale hunting by J apanese fishermen in the Antarctic is now banned.
[26][27]
J apanese narrative screen showing a whale hunt off Wakayama
Norway
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Norwegian catches (19462005) in red
and quotas (19942006) in blue of
Minke Whale, from Norwegian official
statistics.
Boy in Bequia in the Grenadines
carrying meat of a humpback whale
(2007)
A traditional whaling crew in Alaska
Norway registered an objection to the International Whaling
Commission moratorium and is thus not bound by it. Commercial
whaling ceased for a five-year period to allow a small scientific catch
for gauging the stock's sustainability and resumed 1993. Minke
whales are the only legally hunted species. Catches have fluctuated
between 487 animals in 2000 to 592 in 2007. For the year 2011 the
quota is set at 1286 Minke whales.
[28]
The catch is made solely from
the Northeast Atlantic minke whale population, which is estimated at
102,000.
[29]
Philippines
Whaling in the Philippines has been illegal since 1991 under Fisheries
Administrative Order 185. The provision bans the catching, selling, or
transporting of dolphins. The provision was amended in 1997 to
include all Cetaceans including whales.
[30]
The calls for ban on
whaling and dolphin hunting in the Philippines were raised by both
domestic and international groups after local whaling and dolphin
hunting traditions of residents of Pamilacan in Bohol were featured in
newspapers in the 1990s. As compromise for residents of Pamilacan
who were dependent on whaling and dolphin hunting, whale and
dolphin watching is being promoted in the island as a source of
tourism income.
[31]
Despite the ban, it is believed that the whaling
industry in the Philippines did not cease to exist but went
underground.
[30]
Russia
Russia had a significant whaling hunt of orcas and dolphins along
with Iceland and J apan. In 1970, a study published by Bigg M.A.
following photographic recognition of orcas found a significant
difference in the suspected ages of whale populations and their actual
ages. Following this evidence, the Russians continued a scientific
whale hunt, though the verisimilitude of the intentions of the hunt
over the last 40 years are questioned.
[32][33]
Currently Russians in
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East are permitted
under IWC regulation to take up to 140 gray whales from the
North-East Pacific population each year.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Natives of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on the island of Bequia have a quota from the International
Whaling Commission of up to four humpback whales per year using traditional hunting methods and
equipment.
South Korea
6 of 12 7/31/2014 11:55 PM
Season
Catch
[39]
2003 48
2004 43
2005 68
2006 39
2007 63
All catches in 20032007 were Bowhead whales.
In early J uly 2012, during IWC discussions in Panama, South Korea said it would undertake scientific whaling
as allowed despite the global moratorium on whaling. South Korea's envoy to the summit, Kang J oon-Suk, said
that consumption of whale meat "dates back to historical times" and that there had been an increase in the
minke whale population since the ban took place in 1986. "Legal whaling has been strictly banned and subject
to strong punishments, though the 26 years have been painful and frustrating for the people who have been
traditionally taking whales for food." He said that South Korea would undertake whaling in its own waters. New
Zealand's Commissioner Gerard van Bohemen accused South Korea of putting the whale population at risk. He
also cited J apan as having not contributed to science for several years despite undertaking scientific whaling.
New Zealand's stated position may be seen by its media as less solid than Australia's on the matter given that its
indigenous people are pushing forward with plans, unopposed by the government, to recommence whaling
there.
[34]
The people of Ulsan have also traditionally and contemporarily eaten whale meat.
[35]
South Korea's
representative at the IWC said that "this is not a forum for moral debate. This is a forum for legal debate. As a
responsible member of the commission we do not accept any such categorical, absolute proposition that whales
should not be killed or caught."
[36]
United States
In the United States of America, whaling is carried out by nine different indigenous Alaskan communities. The
whaling program is managed by the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission which reports to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The hunt takes around 50 bowhead whales a year from a population
of about 10,500 in Alaskan waters. Conservationists fear this hunt is not sustainable, though the IWC Scientific
Committee, the same group that provided the above population estimate, projects a population growth of 3.2%
per year. The hunt also took an average of one or two gray whales each year until 1996. The quota was reduced
to zero in that year due to sustainability concerns. A future review may result in the gray whale hunt being
resumed. Bowhead whales weigh approximately 510 times as much as minke whales.
[37]
The Makah tribe in Washington State also reinstated whaling in 1999, despite protests from animal rights
groups. They are currently seeking to resume whaling of the gray whale,
[38]
a right recognized in the Treaty of
Neah Bay.
Threats
The World Wide Fund for Nature says that 90% of all
northern right whales killed by human activities are from
ship collision, calling for restrictions on the movement of
shipping in certain areas. Noise pollution threatens the
existence of cetaceans. Large ships and boats make a
tremendous amount of noise that falls into the same
frequency range of many whales.
[40]
By-catch also kills
more animals than hunting.
[41]
Some scientists believe
pollution to be a factor.
[42]
Moreover, since the IWC moratorium, there have been several instances of illegal
whale hunting by IWC nations. In 1994, the IWC reported evidence from genetic testing
[43]
of whale meat and
blubber for sale on the open market in J apan in 1993.
[44]
In addition to the legally permitted minke whale, the
analyses showed that the 1025% tissues sample came from non minke, baleen whales, neither of which were
then allowed under IWC rules. Further research in 1995 and 1996 shows significant drop of non-minke baleen
whales sample to 2.5%.
[45]
In a separate paper, Baker stated that "many of these animals certainly represent a
bycatch (incidental entrapment in fishing gear)" and stated that DNA monitoring of whale meat is required to
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Dominoes made from whale
bones
adequately track whale products.
[46]
It was revealed in 1994 that the Soviet Union had been systematically undercounting its catch. For example,
from 1948 to 1973, the Soviet Union caught 48,477 humpback whales rather than the 2,710 it officially reported
to the IWC.
[47]
On the basis of this new information, the IWC stated that it would have to rewrite its catch
figures for the last forty years.
[48]
According to Ray Gambell, then Secretary of the IWC, the organization had
raised its suspicions with the former Soviet Union, but it did not take further action because it could not
interfere with national sovereignty.
[49]
Key elements of the debate over whaling include sustainability, ownership,
national sovereignty, cetacean intelligence, suffering during hunting, health
risks, the value of 'lethal sampling' to establish catch quotas, the value of
controlling whales' impact on fish stocks and the rapidly approaching
extinction of a few whale species.
At the 2010 meeting of the International Whaling Commission in Morocco,
representatives of the 88 member states discussed whether or not to lift the 24-year ban on commercial whaling.
J apan, Norway and Iceland have urged the organisation to lift the ban. A coalition of anti-whaling nations has
offered a compromise plan that would allow these countries to continue whaling, but with smaller catches and
under close supervision. Their plan would also completely ban whaling in the Southern Ocean.
[50]
More than
200 scientists and experts have opposed the compromise proposal for lifting the ban, and have also opposed
allowing whaling in the Southern Ocean, which was declared a whale sanctuary in 1994.
[51]
Opponents of the
compromise plan want to see an end to all commercial whaling, but are willing to allow subsistence-level
catches by indigenous peoples.
[50]
Harpoon
flensing, processing of caught whales.
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Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Whaling.
^ Kirby, Alex. Right whales face extinction.
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/806343.stm) BBC
News. J une 27, 2000.
42.
^ Baker, Scott. Report to the International Whaling
Commission (1994)
43.
^ Baker, C. S.; Palumbi, S. R. (1994). "Which Whales
are Hunted? A Molecular Genetic Approach to
Monitoring Whaling". Science 265 (5178):
15381539. doi:10.1126/science.265.5178.1538
(http://dx.doi.org
/10.1126%2Fscience.265.5178.1538).
PMID 17801528 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
/pubmed/17801528).
44.
^ Palumbi, S. R.; Cipriano, F. (1998). "Species
identification using genetic tools: The value of
nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences in whale
conservation" (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu
/oceanography/courses_html/OCN331
/Palumbi&Cipriano.pdf) (PDF). The Journal of
Heredity 89 (5): 459464. doi:10.1093/jhered
/89.5.459 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1093%2Fjhered%2F89.5.459). PMID 9768497
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9768497).
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^ Clapham, P. J . & Baker, C. S. (2002). "Modern
Whaling" (http://whale.wheelock.edu/archives/ask03
/att-0087/01-whalingemm.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved
2006-12-03.
46.
^ Angier, Natalie (1994-09-13). "DNA Tests Find
Meat of Endangered Whales for Sale in J apan". The
New York Times.
47.
^ Hearst, David (1994-02-12). "Soviet Files Hid
Systematic Slaughter of World Whale Herds".
Gazette (Montreal).
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^ Williams, David (1994-02-23). "We Didn't Know
About the Whale Slaughter". Agence Fr. Presse.
49.
^
a

b
David J olly (J une 21, 2010). "Under Pressure,
Commission Discusses Lifting Whaling Ban"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/world
/22whale.html). The New York Times.
50.
^ "Whaling ban must stay, say 200 scientists"
(http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article
/ALeqM5iPUjGuZokfP3tyEKCC8pXzfvgnVg). AFP.
J une 22, 2010.
51.
Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/whaling
/player/) An American Experience Documentary
"Old Whaling Days" (http://books.google.com/books?id=uOQDAAAAMBAJ &pg=PA787&
dq=popular+mechanics+1930+aircraft&hl=en&ei=K_4aTczQDdOcnweLw7TEDg&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&
q=popular%20mechanics%201930%20aircraft&f=true), Popular Mechanics, November 1930
On the Water: Fishing for a Living (http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/3_1.html)
Online museum exhibition on maritime history from the Smithsonian's National Museum of American
History.
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Eighteenth-century engraving showing Dutch whalers

hunting bowhead whales in the Arctic

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