Chapter 5 The Straight Line

The Straight Line

Gradient (m)
m=



= tan



y= m x + c ax + by = c
by = - ax + c
y =
Equations
m=

The greater the value of m, the steeper is the slope of the straight line.

m=





y
x

h
v
O
y2 y1
x
2
x
1


O
y
x
O
y
x
(x
1
,y
1
)
(x
2
,y
2
)
x
2
-x
1

y
2
-y
1

y-intercept
x-intercept
O
y
m > 0
x
Inclined upward to
the right
O O O
y y

y

m < 0
x x

x

m = 0
m is underfined
Inclined downwards to
the right
Horizontal line
Vertical line
y

k
y =k
O
x
gradient
y-intercept
y

y

x

x

c
x = h
O
O

y=mx + c

x +

gradient
y-intercept
h
Intersection point of two lines Parallel lines
l
1
is parallel to l
2

if and only if
m
1
= m
2

The coordinates of point
A can be determined by:
Graphical method
Solving simultaneous
equations

O
y

x

A
l1
l2

y

x

O
l1

l2

Chapter 6 Statistics













Statistics
Grouped data
Interpret information and solve problems
Histogram

Ogive

Ungrouped data
Lower (L)
Frequency polygon

Limit Boundary
Lower (Lb)
Cumulative frequency table
Upper (Ub) Upper (U)
Size of class interval
Ub-Lb
Measure of dispersion
Range
=Highest value Lowest value
Interquartile range
= Third quartile First quartile
Modal class : Class with highest frequency
Mean =



Example:
Ub Cumulative
frequency
4.5 0
9.5 4
14.5 11
19.5 16

Grouped frequency table
Example:
Mass (kg) Frequency
Midpoint

Lb Ub
5 - 9 4

4.5 9.5
10 - 14 7 12 9.5 14.5
15 - 19 5 17 14.5 19.5

Chapter 7 Probability 1













Experiment
An operation or
process with
outcome(s).
Sample space
Set consisting of all the
possible outcomes of an
event.
Written in set notations.
Example:
S = {a, b, c, ..}
Probability
Probability of an event A, P(A) =



P(A) =

, 0 P(A) 1
If P(A) = 0, A does not occur.
If P(A) = 1, A is certain to occur.
Expected number of times event A occurs = P(A) Number of trials
Event
A set of outcomes that
fulfills a given
condition.
A subset of sample
space.
Chapter 8 Circles 3













Circles
Common tangents
Common tangents are of equal length. PQ = RS


The intersection point of the common tangent lies on the line joining the centres of
circle, ABT is a straight line.

Radii that pass through contact points of common tangents are parallel.
AP// BQ RA// SB

Tangent
A straight line which
touches a circle at
only one point.
Perpendicular to the
radius at the contact
point.


Angle between tangent
and chord

Properties of tangent
PQ = PR
QOP = ROP
QPO = RPO
POQ and POR are
congruent

Chapter 9 Trigonometry 2













Unit circle
In a unit circle,
sin =

= y- coordinate
tan =

cos =

= x- coordinate

Value of sin , cos and tan , 90 < < 360

Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent

Values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles
0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
sin 0

1 0 -1 0
cos 1

0 -1 0 1
tan 0

1

undefined 0 undefined 0

Quadrant II

sin = +sin
cos = -cos
tan = -tan

Quadrant III

sin = -sin
cos = -cos
tan = +tan



Quadrant IV

sin = -sin
cos = +cos
tan = -tan




Chapter 10 Angles of Elevation and
Depression













Angle of Elevation
And
Angle of Depression
Angle of Elevation

Solve problems involving angle of elevation and angle of
depression.
Use a diagram to present the situation.
Use trigonometry ratios of sine, cosine and tangent.
Angle of Depression

Chapter 11 Lines and Planes in 3-
Dimensions













Line and Planes in 3-
dimensions
Lines
A line that
Lies on a plane


Intersects a plane


Is normal to a plane

Angle between




Orthogonal projection
Orthogonal projection of a
line on a plane.

Planes
A plane is a flat surface.

Horizontal plane: ABCD
Vertical plane: EBCF
Inclined plane: AEFD
Line of intersection between two
planes

A line and a plane
Two planes