Conjugated proteins (are those that have prosthetic groups attached, e.g.

, lipoproteins, glycoproteins,
phosphoproteins, hemoproteins, flavoproteins, metalloproteins, phytochromes, cytochromes and opsins.)
Chemical structure: apoenzyme (Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called
apoenzymes or apoproteins. An apoenzyme together with its cofactor(s) is called a holoenzyme (this is the
active form))



Ethology (elgesys)
Innate and Learned Behaviour


Learned Behavior
Habituation is learning to "ignore" stimuli that are unimportant, irrelevant, or repetitive. For
example, a puff of air on the cerci of a cockroach will cause the animal to scamper away. But
repeating the same stimulus over and over will lead to a decrease in the response and eventually to
no response at all. In some insect populations, widespread use of sex pheromone will disrupt mating
behavior. By making everything in the world smell like a virgin female, males become habituated to
the odor and stop responding to the signal. If a female cannot attract a mate, she will not produce
any offspring.
Classical Conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another, unrelated
stimulus. Honey bees, for example, learn to associate floral colors and fragrances with the presence
of nectar. They can be "trained" to collect sugar water from colored dishes on a feeding table. If a
blue dish with pure water sits next to a yellow dish with sugar water, worker bees will quickly learn
to associate "yellow" with "food" (even if the dishes are moved around). When solutions in the two
dishes are suddenly swapped (sugar to blue and water to yellow), the bees will ignore blue and
continue to forage at yellow until they eventually "learn" (by trial and error) to look for the blue dish.
Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex. Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors
Operant conditioning is a form of psychological learning during which an individual modifies the
occurrence and form of its own behavior due to the association of the behavior with a stimulus.
Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent
conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior".
Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior. Focuses on strengthening or
weakening voluntary behavior. Also called Instrumental Learning.
Latent Learning involves memory of patterns or events when there is no apparent reward or
punishment associated with the behavior. A sand wasp, for example, learns the location of her nest
site by taking a short reconnaissance flight each time she leaves the nest. She remembers the pattern
of surrounding landmarks to help her find the nest when she returns. Likewise, worker ants can
remember a series of landmarks along a trail and follow them (in reverse order) back home to the
nest site. Honey bees also show latent learning when they follow the waggle dance of a forager and
then use that information to find the reported nectar source.
Imprinting is a special case of programmed learning that occurs early in life and only within a short
time-window known as the "critical period". During this brief interval, the animal acquires an
indelible memory of certain salient stimuli in its "home" environment (taste of the host plant, smell
of the nest site, etc.). This memory is retained throughout life and recalled later when needed. Fruit
fly larvae, for example, will imprint on the taste and smell of their food. If reared on a diet that
contains apple extract, adult females will show a strong preference for apples when they eventually
search for a place to lay their own eggs. Not just any stimulus will do. Imprinting is apparently
regulated by an innate "neural template" that restricts what can be remembered.


Stereotyped behaviour: This behaviour shows fixed patterns of coordinated movements called fixed action
patterns(FAPs). Nest building in birds and the suckling response of newborn babies all contain FAPs.




Individual Organisms
- Unitary and modular organisms

The body plan of modular organisms is based on an indeterminate structure composed of iterated units or
modules arrayed at various levels of complexity (such as leaves, twigs, and branches). Examples of modular
organisms include plants and many sessile benthic invertebrates. In contrast, the body of unitary organisms
is a determinate structure consisting usually of a strictly defined number of parts (such as legs or wings)
established only during embryogenesis. Mobile animals are examples.
Modular organisms tend to be sessile or passively mobile and, as genetic individuals, have the capacity for
exponential increase in size.





Population structure
- dispersion, age, size and sex structure

A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at
some level. Such a collection of interacting populations of the same species is called a metapopulation

In-situ conservation is on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of
plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural populations of tree species. It is the
process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or
cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. It is applied to conservation of
agricultural biodiversity in agroecosystems by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming
practices..
Ex-situ conservation means literally, "off-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an
endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat; for example, by removing part
of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild
area or within the care of humans. Colony relocation, Zoos and botanical gardens are the most
conventional methods of ex-situ conservation.

Domain Archaea

Methanobacterium,
Halobacterium,
Thermoplasma,
Sulfolobus

Domain Bacteria

Agrobacterium,
Anabaena,

Bacillus
Escherichia

Rhizobium,

Salmonella,

Streptomyces


Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

D. Rhodophyta Chondrus

D. Phaeophyta (rudadumbliai) Sargassum

D. Bacillariophyta (titnagdumbliai) Navicula

D. Euglenophyta Euglena
D. Chlorophyta
Chlamydomonas,

Spirogyra, (mauragimb)

Chlorella

Ulothrix

Volvox (maurakulis)
P. Rhizopoda Amoeba
P. Zoomastigophora Trypanosoma
P. Ciliophora Paramecium


P. Apicomplexa Plasmodium


Kingdom Fungi

D. Zygomycota Mucor

D. Ascomycota
Claviceps

Penicillium,


Aspergillus

Saccharomyces

D. Basidiomycota Agaricus(pievagrybis)

Kingdom Plantae

D. Bryophyta (lapsamans)
Polytrichum (gegulinis)

Sphagnum

D. Hepatophyta (kerpsamans) Marchantia
D. Rhynophyta Rhynia

D. Lycopodiophyta (pataisai) Lycopodium

D. Equisetophyta (asikliai) Equisetum

D. Polypodiophyta (papariai) Pteridium
D. Ginkgophyta Ginkgo
D. Pinophyta Pinus

D. Cycadophyta Cycas

D. Magnoliophyta
C. Magnoliopsida (dviskiliai)
F. Magnoliaceae Magnolia

F. Ranunculaceae (vdrynaiediai)
Ranunculus

Pulsatilla (ilagl)

F. Rosaceae Rosa
Malus (obelis)

Prunus (slyva, vynios, abrikosai,
perskiai,migdolai)

F. Fabaceae Pisum (anktiniai)

F. Oleaceae (alyvmediai) Syringa
F. Fagaceae (bukiniai) Quercus (auolas)
F. Cactaceae Opuntia
F. Brassicaceae (bastutiniai) Brassica
(kopstas, brokolis)

F. Lamiaceae (notreliaiediai) Lamium

F. Solanaceae (bulviniai, pomidorai)
Solanum

F. Asteraceae (Astriniai, Graiaiediai)
Helianthus (saulgra)

C. Liliopsida
F. Liliaceae
Lilium

Allium (esnakas)

F. Orchidaceae (geguraibiniai) Orchis

F. Poaceae (migliniai, varpiniai)
Zea(kukurzai),
Triticum,

Bambusa (bambukai)
F. Arecaceae (palms) Cocos
F. Araceae (aroniniai, kalijos) Monstera


Kingdom Animalia

P. Porifera Euspongia
P. Cnidaria
C. Hydrozoa Hydra
C. Scyphozoa Aurelia
C. Anthozoa Corallium

P. Platyhelminthes
C. Turbellaria Polycellis

C. Trematoda Fasciola

C. Cestoda Taenia
P. Nematoda Ascaris, Trichinella
P. Mollusca
C. Gastropoda Helix (sraig), Arion (liuas)
C. Bivalvia Ostrea

Mytilus(midija)

C. Cephalopoda Sepia, Octopus
P. Annelida
C. Polychaeta Nereis

C. Oligochaeta Lumbricus
C. Hirudinea Hirudo

P. Arthropoda
SP. Crustacea Astacus (vys), Daphnia,
Cyclops
SP. Chelicerata
C. Arachnida Euscorpius, Araneus, Ixodes
SP. Myriapoda (imtakojai)
C. Chilopoda (lpakojai) Scolopendra

C. Diplopoda (dviporiakojai) Julus
SP. Hexapoda
C. Insecta
O. Thysanura (ereuodegiai) Lepisma
(cukrinis vyninukas)

O. Odonata (irgeliai) Libellula

O. Blattodea (tarakonai) Blatta

O. Phasmatodea Carausius (gyvalazd)
O. Isoptera Kalothermes (termitai)

O. Orthoptera (tiesiasparniai)
Gryllus (svirpliai)

Locusta (skriai)

O. Phthiraptera Pediculus (utl)

O. Hemiptera (blaks)
SO. Homoptera
Aphis
,
Cicada

SO. Heteroptera Gerris(vandens iuoikai),
Nepa,

Cimex (patalin blak)

O. Coleoptera (vabalai)
Calosoma (puikiaygiai)

Leptinotarsa

Ips(kinivarpa)

Tenebrio (didysis milius)

Dytiscus (dusios)

O. Diptera Anopheles, Drosophila, Musca

O. Lepidoptera
Papilio

Bombyx

O. Hymenoptera (plviasparniai)
Ichneumon (vytis)

Apis (bits- honey), Formica (skruzd)
O. Siphonaptera Pulex

P. Echinodermata
C. Asteriodia Asterias
C. Echinoidea Echinus
C. Holothuroidea Holothuria
P. Chordata
SP. Urochordata Ascidia

SP. Cephalochordata Branchiostoma
SP. Vertebrata



SC. Agantha Petromyzon
SC. Gnathostomata
C. Chondrichthyes Scyliorhinus,
Carcharodon
C. Osteichthyes
SC. Actinopterygii Acipenser, Clupea,
Salmo,
Carassius, Muraena
SC. Sarcopterygii Lepidosiren, Latimeria
C. Amphibia
O. Caudata Salamandra
O. Anura Rana, Bufo
C. Reptilia
O. Testudinata Testudo
O. Crocodylia Crocodylus
O. Squamata Lacerta, Vipera
C. Aves
O. Struthioniformes Struthio
O. Sphenisciformes Spheniscus
O. Ciconiiformes Ciconia
O. Anseriformes Anser
O. Falconiformes Falco
O. Galliformes Gallus
O. Columbiformes Columba
O. Strigiformes Strix
O. Piciformes Dryocopus
O. Passeriformes Parus, Passer
C. Mammalia
O. Monotremata Ornithorhynchus
O. Marsupialia Macropus
O. Insectivora Erinaceus, Talpa
O. Chiroptera Myotis
O. Rodentia Mus, Rattus
O. Carnivora Ursus, Canis, Felis
O. Proboscidea Elephas
O. Perissodactyla Equus
O. Artiodactyla Sus, Bos
O. Cetacea Delphinus
O. Primates Cebus, Macaca, Hylobates, Pan,
Gorilla, Pongo, Homo
Virales Bacteriophage
Lichenes Parmelia, Cladonia

Work with a stereomicroscope





A Cytological methods
1 Maceration and squash technique
2 Smear method
3 Staining of cells and slide preparation
B Methods to study plant anatomy and physiology
1 Dissection of plant flower and deduction of flower formula
2 Dissection of other plant parts: roots, stems, leaves, fruits
3 Free - hand sectioning of stems, leaves, roots
4 Staining (for example lignin) and slide preparation of plant tissues
5 Elementary measurement of photosynthesis
6 Measurement of transpiration
C Methods to study animal anatomy and physiology
1 Dissection of invertebrates.
Dissection of fish or parts or organs from vertebrates bred for the
consumption is allowed, too.
Animals being used, as dissection material should be dead before
being submitted to the students.
2 Whole - mount slide preparation of small invertebrates
3 Elementary measurement of respiration
D Ethological methods
1 Determination and interpretation of animal behaviour
E Ecological and environmental methods
1 Estimation of population density
2 Estimation of biomass
3 Elementary estimation of water quality
4 Elementary estimation of air quality

F Taxonomic methods
1 Use of dichotomous keys
2 Construction of simple dichotomous keys
3 Identification of the most common flowering-plant families
4 Identification of insect orders
5 Identification of phyla and classes of other organisms
IV Physical and chemical methods
1 Separation techniques: chromatography, filtration, centrifugation
2 Standard tests for monosaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids, protein
(Fehling, I2 in KI(aq), biuret)
3 Titration
4 Measuring quantities by drip and strip methods
5 Dilution methods
6 Pipetting, including use of micropipettes
7 Microscopy, including use of counting chambers
8 Determination of absorption of light
9 Gel electrophoresis
V Microbiological methods
1 Preparing nutrient media
2 Aseptic techniques (flaming and heating glass material)
3 Inoculation techniques
VI Statistical methods
1 Probability and probability distributions
2 Application of mean, median, percentage, variance, standard
deviation, standard error, T test, chi-square test
VII Handling equipment
Due to differences in the equipment between IBO member countries,
these skills can only be evaluated if the competitors have been informed
beforehand about the algorithm, how to use the equipment, how to
proceed with a particular experiment...