Do An Tot Nghiep Tran Quoc Tuan

GVHD: PGS.TS.
on Quang Vinh n tt nghip

SVTH: Nguyn c Hi Lp 09D3 Trang: 1
GVHD: PGS.TS. on Quang Vinh n tt nghip
LI NI U
#include <18F4431.h>
#include <def_18f4431.h>
#device *=16 ADC=10
#device high_ints=1
#FUSES NOWDT, H4,PUT, NOPROTECT, NODEBUG, BROWNOUT, NOLVP,
NOCPD, NOWRT,
#use delay(clock=40MHZ)
const int16 sinewave[200]= {
0,31,63,94,126,157,188,219,251,282,313,344,375,406,436,467,497,528,558,588,618,
648,677,707,736,765,794,823,852,880,908,936,964,991,1018,1045,1072,1098,1124,
1150,1176,1201,1226,1250,1275,1299,1323,1346,1369,1392,1414,1436,1458,1479,15
00,
1521,1541,1561,1580,1599,1618,1636,1654,1672,1689,1705,1721,1737,1753,1768,17
82,
1796,1810,1823,1836,1848,1860,1871,1882,1892,1902,1912,1921,1929,1937,1945,19
52,
1958,1965,1970,1975,1980,1984,1988,1991,1994,1996,1998,1999,2000,2000,1999,19
98,1996,
1994,1991,1988,1984,1980,1975,1970,1965,1958,1952,1945,1937,1929,1921,1912,19
02,
1892,1882,1871,1860,1848,1836,1823,1810,1796,1782,1768,1753,1737,1721,1705,16
89,
1672,1654,1636,1618,1599,1580,1561,1541,1521,1500,1479,1458,1436,1414,1392,13
69,
1346,1323,1299,1275,1250,1226,1201,1176,1150,1124,1098,1072,1045,1018,991,964
,
936,908,880,852,823,794,765,736,707,677,648,618,588,558,528,497,467,436,406,375
,
344,313,282,251,219,188,157,126,94,63,31,0};
int8 i=50,j=0,k,kt,so,TEXT1=5,t;//////////////////
int16 tg,x,value,value1;//////////////////////////
float KP=0,VOL_SV,VOL_PV=510,Er=0,VOL1,VOL2,c,d;//
float tem,duty=50;////////////////////////////////
int8 kt1,inter;///////////////////////////////////
signed long Er2=0;/////////////////////////////// cai dat vao ra
#int_EXT2
void EXT_isr(void)
{
if(kt1==3) i=so;//khi say ra ngat thi tuong ung voi goc pha theo tinh toan khoag 22 do
if(k==0)
{
disable_interrupts(INT_PWMTB);// tat ngat pwm de tranh ngat cao
enable_interrupts (int_timer1 ) ;
set_timer1(0);
rc0=0;
rc1=0;
ext_int_edge(h_TO_l );// chon ngat xuong de tinh do rong xung
enable_interrupts(INT_EXT2_h2l);
KT1=2;
}
if(k==1)
{
x=get_timer1();
t=x*0.8;
tg=(t-10000)/2;
so=tg/50;
KT1=3;
rc0=0;
rc1=0;
ext_int_edge(l_TO_h );// chon ngat len
}
if(kt1==2)kt1=1;
}
void shutdown_s()////tat he thong
{
re1=1;//bat chuog
rc4=1;//tat sg2525
ra5=1;//tat ir2110
disable_interrupts(INT_PWMTB);
}
void restart_s()// khoi dong lai he thong
{re1=0;//tat chuog
rc4=0;//bat sg2525
ra5=0;//bat ir2110
enable_interrupts(INT_PWMTB);
}
#int_pwmtb fast
void interrupt_timer2() // thiet lap d rong xung moi
{

if(j==0)
{kt=0;
value=sinewave[i]*Er;
value1=(2000-value);
if(value1>2000) value1=2000;
set_power_pwm2_duty(2000);
set_power_pwm0_duty(value1);
}
if(j==1)
{kt=1;
value=sinewave[i]*Er;
value1=(2000-value);
if(value1>2000) value1=2000;
set_power_pwm0_duty(2000);
set_power_pwm2_duty(value1);

}
i++;
if(i==100)
{
set_adc_channel(1);// do ap phan hoi
delay_us(1);
VOL1=read_adc();
VOL2=read_adc();
VOL_SV=(VOL1+VOL2)/2;
IF((VOL_SV<VOL_PV)&&(TEXT1==1))
{
KP=KP+0.000001;
IF(VOL_SV>VOL_PV){TEXT1=2;Kp=0.6*kp;}

}

Er2=VOL_PV-VOL_SV;
Er=Er+Kp*Er2;// thuat toan p de on dinh dien ap
if(Er>510)Er=510;
IF(Er<0)Er=0;

}
if(i==200)
{
if(kt==1) {j=0;i=0;}
if(kt==0) {j=1;i=0;}
}
}
#int_timer5
void interrupst()// khoi dong lai he thong nen bao loi tiep thi tat hoan toan
{ // he thong
inter=inter+1;
restart_s();
}
void main()
{
set_tris_c(0x00);
portc=0x00;
trisa=0b11111111;
porta=0x00;
trisb=0x00;
portb=0x00;;
trisd=0x00;
portd=0x00;
trise=0x00;
porte=0x00;
RE1=0;//chuong
rc1=0;//relay1
rc0=0;//relay1
rc2=0;//fan
rc4=0;//tat sg3525
re1=0;//
ra5=0;//bat ir2110
delay_ms(50);
re1=0;
SETUP_ADC(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL);
SETUP_ADC_PORTS(sAN1); // dien ap ac phan hoi
SETUP_ADC_PORTS(sAN2); // do nhiet do
SETUP_ADC_PORTS(sAN4); // do dong ac
SETUP_ADC_PORTS(sAN3); // do ap ac hoa dong bo
setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_16,255,1);
setup_ccp2(CCP_PWM);
set_pwm2_duty(duty);// dieu khien toc do quat
ext_int_edge(h_TO_L );// chon ngat len
enable_interrupts(INT_EXT_h2l); //du ap nghich luu
enable_interrupts(INT_EXT2_h2l); // dongpha
setup_power_pwm_pins(PWM_COMPLEMENTARY,PWM_COMPLEMENTARY,
PWM_OFF,PWM_OFF);
setup_power_pwm(PWM_CLOCK_DIV_4|PWM_FREE_RUN,1,0,499,0,1,10);
ext_int_edge(l_TO_h);// chon ngat len
setup_timer_1(T1_INTERNAL|T1_DIV_BY_8);
setup_timer_5(T5_INTERNAL|T5_DIV_BY_8);
disable_interrupts(int_ext2);
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
delay_ms(10);
////////// ket thog qua trinh cai dat
while(1)
{
set_adc_channel(2);// do nhiet do
c=read_adc();
if((c>206) &&(c<400))
{
duty=duty+50;
if(duty>1023)duty=1023;
}
set_adc_channel(4);// do dong dc
d=read_adc();
if((c>400)||(d>615))
{
shutdown_s();
enable_interrupts(INT_timer5);
set_timer1(0);
}
if(inter==2)
{
shutdown_s();
disable_interrupts(global);
}
}

}
CHNG 1: C S L THUYT V NNG LNG GI

1.1. Khi qut tim nng nng lng gi Vit Nam
Gi l hin tng t nhin thng gp, n hot ng khp ni trn tri t. Tuy
nhin tnh cht gi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau v phn b khng u trn
cc vng. Ti bin ng khu vc o Trng Sa, Bch Long Vvn tc gi trung
bnh khong 6m/s, mt cng sut vng ny khong 200W/m
2
n 300W/m
2
.
1.2. Mc tiu ca vn nng lng gi trong chng trnh nng lng mi
Vic pht trin ngun nng lng gi l mt trong nhng vn trng tm ca
chng trnh nng lng mi, nng lng ti to khuyn khch pht trin ngun
in s dng nng lng ti ch, nng lng mi v ti to cung cp in cho vng
nng thn, min ni v hi o.
Mc tiu ca chng trnh nghin cu s dng nng lng gi l gii quyt vn
nhim mi trng nh hng n sc khe con ngi. Sau tin ti khai thc
nng lng gi v ph cp vic ng dng cc thit b s dng nng lng gi trong
nn kinh t quc dn mt cch kinh t nht.
1.3. Tnh hnh s dng nng lng gi trn cc nc v Vit Nam
1.3.1. cc nc trn th gii
Hin nay cc nc trn th gii tin hnh nghin cu s dng nng lng gi
rt nhiu v mang li hiu qu kinh t tng i cao, gp phn gii quyt kinh t nng
lng ca quc gia v vn cn kit nng lng ca th gii.
Ngoi nhng nc nh M, n , c, Ty Ban Nha v ang pht trin rt
mnh phong in, mt s nc khc cng c k hoch pht trin phong in nh
Trung Quc d kin tng cng sut lp t phong in ln khong 30.000MW vo
nm 2030 v n anwnm 2050 cng sut dt phong in t mc 1,5 triu MW, sn
lng 4.092 TWh.
1.3.2. Vit Nam
Tng tim nng in gi ca Vit Nam c t 513.360MW tc l hn 200 ln
cng sut ca thy in Sn La v hn 10 ln tng cng sut d bo ca ngnh in
vo nm 2020.
Cc d n v ang xy dng ti Vit Nam:
- D n in gi gi ti C Lao Chm 1,5KW, Qung Nam
- D n in gi Phng Mai 500MW, Bnh nh
- D n in gi Cn o 7,5MW, B Ra Vng Tu.
- D n in gi Xun Ha, Xun Hi 45MW, Ph Yn.
- D n in gi ln nht ng Nam ti Tuy Phong 30MW, Bnh Thun
pht in ha li Quc gia.
1.4. Gii thiu cc loi h thng gi, cc hng gi
1.4.1. Cc loi h thng gi
1.4.1.1. H thng gi Brid
Vng b bin thng c gi bin i theo chu k ngy-m mt cch c h thng
m ngi ta gi l gi brid bin ban ngy v brid t lin vo ban m. Gi brid
bin to thnh mt hon lu khp kn v chnh lch nhit gia bin v t lin.
c bit vo u ma h, nhit mt bin tng i thp nhiu vng, trong khi
trn t lin bc x mt tri ban ngy khin cho mt t nng ln. Bc x mt tri gy
nn s t nng trn mt t v khng kh st mt t khin khi lng khng kh nh
i v bc ln cao. Khng kh trn cao to thnh mt dng chy ra bin v lng xung
to thnh mt ng khp kn. Dng tr v bin trn cao khong 0,5 km n 4 km
trn mt t. Gi brid xm nhp vo t lin dng li khi s mt ln vo ban tra lm
ngng chnh lch p sut gia bin v lc a. Tc gi brid ln nht thng
thy cao 10m, hng gi ni chung vung gc vi b bin, nhng thng b lch
vo ban ngy, i theo xoy nghch do lc crilit. Cng v s xm nhp vo t
lin ca gi brid ty thuc vo s n nh ca kh quyn. Khi lp kh quyn bt n
nh, h thng gi brid thng l yu.
1.4.1.2. H thng gi ni
Ni c tc ng ln n dng kh quyn. vng ni, ngi ta thng thy c loi
gi ni v gi thung lng. Ban ngy bc x mt tri t nng sn ni, lm khng kh
n ni nng hn khng kh thung lng, khng kh nh hn trn theo sn ni ln
cao to thnh gi thung lng. V ban gy xy ra qu trnh ngc li hnh 1.1. Trng
gi thung lng ni chung c cng yu hn trng gi brid. Tuy nhin mt ni
kt hp hai loi gi ny vi nhau to thnh gi kh mnh ti a phng.

Hnh 1 S minh ha gi ni v thung lng
1.4.2. Cc cp gi
Trong t nhin c tt c 12 cp gi theo th t nh sau: Lng gi, gi thong, gi
nh, gi tng i nh, gi bnh thng, thanh phong, cng phong, gi mnh, i
phong, lit phong, c phong, bc phong, rt mnh.

1.5. Hin tng gia tc dng khng kh
Khi dng khng kh ci qua vt cn th tc s tng ln li gn nh ca vt cn,
nh hng ngy cng ln khi a hnh ca vt cn ngy cng trn tru, gia tc l tng
khi dc khong 16
0
hoc khi dng chy xung thung lng.
1.6. Nng lng gi
Gi chnh l kt qu ca s chuyn i th nng ca khng kh thnh ng nng
ch yu qua cng ca p lc.
Cng sut ng nng ca dng khng kh chuyn ng tnh trong mt giy:

( )V
2
=
V
3
()
T cng thc ny ta thy rng:
+ Cng sut t l thut vi khi lng ring khng kh
+ Cng sut t l thun vi din tch n gi
+ Cng sut t l vi lp phng vn tc gi
Kt lun chng 1
Nng lng gi l mt dng nng lng ti to v tn vi tr lng ln. l mt
trong cc ngun nng lng ti to quan trng nht m thin nhin ban tng cho hnh
tinh chng ta. Nng lng gi c th ni l v tn. Tuy nhin, khai thc, s dng
ngun nng lng ny cn phi bit cc c trng v tnh cht c bn ca n.
Chng 1 gii thiu c cc vn :
- Cu trc ca gi v c im ca ngun nng lng gi.
- Cc phng php khai thc, s dng nng lng gi hin nay.
Xut pht t nhng vn l thuyt nu,chng 2, chng 3 gii thiu mt
trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca ngun nng lng ny, l thit k mch
ng lc v mch iu khin cho h thng ngun nng lng gi.

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I PHONG
IN SANG IN XOAY CHIU
Mt h thng nng lng phong in c nh ngha l mt t hp ca cc thnh
phn sau y:
- My pht phong in.
- B tch tr in nng.
- Cc thit b iu khin, bin i in, to cn bng nng lng trong h thng.
- Cc ti (thit b) tiu th in

Hnh 2.1. S khi mch ng lc
B chuyn i 2 trng thi s dng mt b chuyn i DC-DC (1chiu - 1 chiu)
thch nghi vi mc in p v in tr t my pht phong in v mt b bin i
DC-AC (1chiu - xoay chiu) hnh sin thc hin kt ni li 230V v 50Hz. in
p +9V v 18V c cung cp cho b chuyn i DC-DC v b chuyn i DC-AC.
c im k thut Gi tr
DC-DC in p vo 50 V - 90 V
DC-DC in p ra 350 V
DC-AC in p ra 230 Vac
Cng sut ra danh nh 600W
DC-AC chuyn i tn s 20 kHz
DC-DC chuyn i tn s 27 kHz
in p li 230 V +/- 20%
Tn s li 50 Hz

Bng 2.1: c im k thut ca h thng

Da trn yu cu ca ti ta c 2 phng php chuyn i nh sau:
+ DC ( thp ) AC ( thp ) AC ( cao )
+ DC ( thp ) DC ( cao ) AC ( cao )
Hin nay, a s cc b bin i in hin i u s dng phng php chuyn
i t DC ( thp ) DC ( cao ) AC ( cao ) vi khu trung gian l in mt
chiu in p cao.u im ni bc ca phng php ny l vic tng p t DC ( thp )
DC ( cao ) s dng my bin p cao tn gn nh (li Ferit), cng sut ln, khng
cng knh v t tin nh cc loi bin p chuyn mch tn s thp trc y.
Nn phng n c a ra thc hin b chuyn i gm hai khu l :
+ Khu tng p DC ( thp ) DC ( cao ) vi tn s chuyn mch cao
+ Khu nghch lu DC ( cao ) AC ( cao ) vi k thut iu bin SPWM
Sau y l cc phng php bin i:
2.1. Bin i DC DC :
Ty vo cu to my bin p m chuyn i DC-DC cng c chia thnh ba loi:
+ Flyback
+ Forward
+ Push-pull
Mi loi trn u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau. Nn ty theo yu cu ca
ngun m ta chn mt trong cc kiu nh trn. Sau y l nguyn tc hot ng ca
tng loi :
2.1.1. B chuyn i kiu FLYBACK :
S dng b converter flyback cch ly v cc dng sng ch n nh.
Mch hot ng nh sau: Khi transistor Q
1
dn, dng in s cp bt u tng trong
cun s cp, tch tr nng lng. Do s b tr ngc cc tnh gia cc cun dy ng
vo v ng ra ca bin p, nn khng c nng lng ra ti do diode D b phn cc
ngc.
Khi transistor ngng dn, cc tnh ca cun dy c i ngc li do t thng
gim. By gi diode D dn, np vo t C v cp dng I
L
ra ti.
y l kiu ngun xung truyn cng sut gin tip thng qua bin p. Cho in
p u ra ln hn hay nh hn in p u vo. T mt u vo c th cho nhiu in
p u ra.
S nguyn l nh sau :

Hnh 2.2: S nguyn l mch chuyn i DC-DC kiu Flyback

Hnh 2.3: S dng sng
2.1.2. B chuyn i kiu FORWARD:
Phn t cch ly trong b converter forward l bin p, phn t tch tr nng
lng l cun dy L yu cu phi c ng ra mch hot ng tt hn v hiu sut
cao hn. Dy qun cun s cp v th cp c cng cc tnh. Hot ng ca mch nh
sau: khi Q
1
dn, dng in tng dn trong cun s cp, tch tr nng lng. V cun
dy s cp v th cp c cng cc tnh nn nng lng ny c chuyn ra ng ra v
c tch tr trong cun L thng qua diode D
2
c phn cc thun. Diode D
3
phn
cc ngc. Khi Q
1
ngng dn, in p trn cun dy bin p o chiu lm phn cc
ngc D
2
. By gi diode D
3
c phn cc thun dn dng in ng ra cung cp n
ti thng qua cun dy L.
Cun dy th 3 v diode D
1
cung cp t trng cho bin p khi Q
1
ngng dn tr nng
lng qua bin p ra ng ra DC.

Hnh 2.4: S nguyn l mch chuyn i DC-DC kiu Forward

Hnh 2.5: S dng sng

2.1.3. B chuyn i kiu PUSH-PULL :
B converter push-pull tht s l 2 b converter forward ghp li v lm vic
ngc pha nhau. Mi na b converter push-pull cung cp cng sut ra ti trong na
chu k.
T dng sng chng ta c th thy rng v c 2 b transistor chuyn mch v
diode ng ra nn dng in trung bnh qua mi phn c gim i mt na so vi b
converter forward. Ch rng khong thi gian gia hai transistor dn th diode D1 v
D2 dn ng thi nn khng cn phi c diode flywheel.

Hnh 2.6: S nguyn l mch chuyn i DC-DC kiu Push-Pull
Cng thc tnh cho ngun Push-Pull :
Vout = V
in
x (n2/n1) x f x (T
on1
+ T
on2
)
Vi:
- V
out
= in p u ra V
- V
in
= in p u vo V
- n
2
= cun dy th cp Vng
- n1=Cun dy s cp Vng
- f = Tn s ng ct Hz
- T
on1
= thi gian m Van Q1 s
- T
on2
= thi gian m Van Q2 s
Mt s lu khi dng ngun y ko:
+ Trong 1 thi im th khng c c hai van Q1 v Q2 cng dn. Mi van ch c
dn trong 1 na chu k. Khi van ny m th van kia phi ng v ngc li
+ Thi gian m cc van phi chnh xc, gia 2 van cn phi c thi gian cht m
bo cho hai van khng dn cng.
+Trong cc dng ngun cch ly trn th ngun y ko hay Push-Pull thng to c
cng sut cao hn so vi cc dng khc nhng km hn so vi cc dng ngun khng
cch ly.

Hnh 2.7 : dng sng tng ng
2.2. Bin i DC AC :
Mt s s nghch lu ngun p :
2.2.1. S na cu:
Ta dng hai tip im linh kin bn dn mc theo s di y

Hnh 2.8 : S nghch lu ngun p dng na cu

S+ v S- lun phin nhau dn in, S+ dn dng t a qua b, S- dn dng t b qua a.

Dng sng in p v dng ra trn ti R ph thuc vo ti nh sau :
Bn k 1 : S+ dn , S- ngng dn Vout =Vin /2
Bn k 2 : S- dn , S+ ngng dn Vout = - Vin/2
-u im ca mch :
+ t bng bn dn hn so vi s cu
-Nhc im :
+ in p ra c bin ch bng mt na in p u vo
2.2.2. S cu :
Cc transistor T1, T3 v T2, T4 lun phin nhau dn in, mi i dn trong 1 bn
k

Hnh 2.9: S nghch lu ngun p dng cu
Bn k u : 0 < t <T/2 , i T1 v T3 dn, T2 v T4 ngng dn. Dng in chy t A
sang B.
Bn k sau :T < t < T/2 , i T2 v T4 dn, T1 v T3 ngng dn. Dng in chy t B
sang A.
Dng in p v dng ra c dng tng t nh s na cu :
- u im ca mch : in p u ra c bin ln nht bng in p u vo
- Nhc im : Nhiu bng bn dn hn so vi so na cu
Cc Diod ngc mc song song vi cc kha chuyn mch x dng in ngc khi
cc kha chuyn mch ang kha.

2.3. K thut iu bin rng xung kiu Sine ha (SPWM)
2.3.1. S cn thit ca b nghch lu iu bin rng xung :
Hin nay c rt nhiu b nghch lu l nhng b nghch lu m dng sng ca
dng in hoc in p a vo b nghch lu l nhng xung vung hon ton hoc
xung c nhy cp m ta nh ngha chung l nhng b nghch lu nhy cp. B nghch
lu nhy cp loi ny c nhng thun li v hn ch nht nh trong iu khin v
dng sng u ra. Thun li ch yu l vn iu khin, trong iu khin mt
chng mc nht nh, th kt cu ca mch iu khin tng i n gin, thi gian
ng ct ca van bn dn c c nh trong mt chu k. Ta thy c hai b nghch
lu ngun dng v ngun p th trong mt na chu k in p c bn u ra th cc van
bn dn ch ng ct mt ln duy nht, c th ni rng tn s ng ct ca van bn dn
bng hai ln tn s ca sng c bn b nghch lu,kh nng chuyn mch ca van bn
dn yu cu khng cao, do vy c th dng cho mch cng sut ln v cc van bn dn
cng sut ln c tc chuyn mch thp, cc van cng sut cng ln th tc
chuyn mch cng chm. Bn cnh u im trn th b nghch lu nhy cp trn bc
l mt s nhc im, nhc im ln nht l kh nng sin ho dng in hoc in
p khng cao. Do ng ct cung cp cho ti nhng xung vung nn khi ti l ng c
s xut hin sng hi bc cao khng mong mun. Sng hi xut hin lm tn hao trong
mch tng ln v tinh chnh trong iu khin gim. Khi tn s u ra yu cu cng
thp th sng hi xut hin cng nhiu v khi tc cn khng th hai b nghch lu
dng ny mt kh nng kim sot tc , c bit l b nghch lu ngun dng.
B nghch lu iu bin rng xung ra i khc phc c nhc im ca hai
b nghch lu ngun dng v ngun p trn. Dng sng u ra ca b nghch lu iu
bin rng xung (PWM - Pulse Width Modulation) c iu bin gn sin hn,
thnh phn hi bc cao c loi tr n mc ti thiu, kh nng iu khin thch nghi
theo mi cp in p v mi tn s trong di tn s nh mc. Bng phng php
PWM ta c th iu khin c ng c thch nghi theo mt ng c tnh cho trc.
Nhc im ln nht ca b nghch lu PWM l yu cu van bn dn c kh nng
ng ct tn s ln. Tn s thng thng ln hn khon 15 ln tn s nh mc u
ra ca b nghch lu.
2.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca nghch lu PWM :
Hai i lng cn phi quan tm khi xem xt v PWM l: sng mang v sng iu
bin.
+ Sng mang: Sng mang l sng tam gic c tn s rt ln, c th n hng chc
thm ch hng trm kHz.
+ Sng iu bin: Sng iu bin l sng hnh sin c tn s bng tn s sng c
bn u ra ca b nghch lu. Sng iu bin chnh l dng sng mong mun u
ra ca mch nghch lu.
Hnh sau biu din in p u ra ca b nghch lu PWM n cc. Chu k ng
m c iu khin sao cho b rng xung ca cc chu k l cc i nh sng hnh
sin c bn.

Hnh 2.10. in p ra ca b nghch lu PWM n cc
rng din tch ca mi xung tng ng gn vi din tch di dng sng
hnh sin mong mun gia hai khong m lin tip. Cc iu ho ca sng iu ch
theo phng php PWM gim r rt theo phng php ny. xc nh thi im
kch m cn thit tng hp ng dng sng u ra theo phng php PWM (n
cc) trong mch iu khin ngi ta to ra mt sng sin chun mong mun v so snh
n vi mt dy xung tam gic c biu din trn hnh 3.10 di y. Giao im ca
hai sng xc dnh thi im kch m van bn dn.

t
Ud
sng tn hiu

Hnh 2.11. th xc nh thi im kch m van.
Khi in p iu khin cng gim th b rng ca xung cng gim v trng
xung cng tng, do vy in p ra gim. V vy c th iu khin in p u ra bng
in p iu khin.
Qu trnh a xung c tn s cao vo s to ra ng ct tn s ln do vy s lm
tng cc iu ho bc cao. Nhng ta c th d dng lc ra iu ho bc thp v tn s
c bn sin hn. Bn cnh ng c l ti in cm nn d dng lm suy gim cc
iu ho bc cao c in p v dng in.
S ln chuyn mch nhiu trong mt chu k sng tam gic dn ti tn hao i
chiu trong thyristor ca b nghch lu ln. chn b nghch lu c sng gn ch
nht hoc b nghch lu PWM phi ch n gi thnh b sung phn t chuyn mch
v tn hao chuyn mch, song song vi iu phi tnh n sng c bn cn li
u ra.
2.3.3. Sin ho PWM
K thut sin ho PWM c ng dng rt thng dng trong cng nghip. Hnh
3.11 trnh by nguyn l c bn ca PWM, trong mt sng mang chun hnh tam
gic c so snh vi thnh phn tn s c bn ca sng iu bin hnh sin, im giao
ct ca chng nh du im chuyn mch ca cc phn t bn dn cng sut. Nhng
lot xung vung bin i u ra b nghch lu c iu bin thnh hnh sin v dng
sng bao gm mt thnh phn c bn ca tn s iu bin. Bin ca cc thnh phn
c bn c th thay i khi tn s v in p ca sng iu bin thay i. X l chui
Fourier ca sng in p u ra kh phc tp, nhng c th trnh by theo cng thc
sau :
MOSFET thp dn
MOSFET cao dn
Sng mang
Sng tn hiu
t
Ut
Ud
t
cont
tri
f
f
f
m =
| e + = ) sin(
2
. ) ( t
v
m t v
s
d
) ( 3.1)
m : h s iu bin.

: tn s sng c bn( tn s iu bin).
: gc lch pha u ra, ph thuc vo dng ca sng u ra.
H s iu bin c nh ngha l :

(3.2)
V
P
: l bin ca sng iu bin
V
T
: l bin ca sng mang.
L tng th m c th bin i trong khong 0 v 1 th c th cho ta quan h tuyn
tnh gia in p iu tn v in p u ra. Khi gi tr m = 0 th in p u ra cc
xung hnh vung i xng vi cc khong trng. Khong trng c nh ngha l
khong thi gian kho ca phn t chuyn mch.Khi gi tr m tin dn ti 1, rng
ca khong trng gn gia ca na chu k sng hnh sin gim dn, rng ca xung
in p tng dn. Khi s vn hnh ca b nghch lu hon ho, rng xung v
khong trng t ti gi tr nh nht c duy tr cho chuyn mch v phc hi ng
ct. Cng ging nh vy, khong thi gian tr ng ct nh nht cng c yu cu
i vi qu trnh ng m gia hai phn t ng ct cao v thp khi c hai phn t ny
cng kho. Khong thi gian ny a ra loi tr kh nng ngn mch van do qu
trnh trng dn.
Dng sng u ra ca PWM bao gm thnh phn sng hi c tn s sng mang v
sng hi bc cao tn s di tn sng iu bin.Tn s gc ca sng hi c th tnh theo
cng thc : (3.3)
- - tn s sng mang.
- - tn s sng iu bin.
- M, N l nhng s nguyn v M+N l mt s l.
2.3.4. Nguyn tc hot ng b nghch lu cu iu bin rng xung n cc
B nghch lu PWM n cc ( hay cn gi l b khuch i chuyn mch) khuch
i c hiu qu tn hiu u vo V
cont
. in p u ra cung cp cho ti l +V
DC
, -V
DC
.
Ty thuc vo khi no V
cont
, -V
cont
ln hn hay nh hn sng tam gic t V
tri
.in p
u ra ca ti c dng ca V
cont
, v cc sng hi bc cao ty thuc vo h s iu ch
m
f
. y, m
f
l t s gia tn s sng iu ch tam gic v sng sin t.

s
e
T
P
V
V
m =
c
=
h
=
s c h
N = = = =
Nguyn tc ca b khuch i l s so snh gia gi tr V
cont
vi sng tam
gic V
tri
.Nguyn tc ny c minh ha trong hnh sau:

Hnh 2.12: M t dng sng iu bin v sng tam gic
Hnh trn minh ha vi m
a
=0.9 vi m
a
l t s bin ca sng iu khin v bin
sng iu bin.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca 4 kha ca b nghch lu cu ( hnh 3.12) c thc
hin nh sau:
- V
con
>V
tri
, ng cng tc A
+
, m cng tc A
-
, v th in p ti a l V
a
= +Vdc
- V
con
<V
tri
, m cng tc A
+
, ng cng tc A
-
, v th in p ti a l V
a
= -Vdc
- -V
con
>V
tri
, ng cng tc B
+
, m cng tc B
-
, v th in p ti b l V
b
= +Vd
- -V
con
<V
tri
, m cng tc B
+
, ng cng tc B
-
, v th in p ti b l V
b
= -Vdc

Hnh 2.13: S cu nghch lu H
V
Cont
V
Tri
-V
Cont
U
t
A+
B+
+Vdc
A- B-
Va
Vb
a
b
Cc Diod ngc mc song song vi cc kha chuyn mch x dng in ngc
khi cc kha chuyn mch ang kha.
Dng p ra ca b nghch lu cu c th hin nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.14: p ra trn ti ( V
tai
=V
a
-V
b
) vi m
a
=0
Sng ra trn ti bao gm sng c bn v sng hi bc cao vi di tn s ftrifcont,
2ftri 3fcont , 2ftri 5fcont v cc sng khc vi k=1,2,3...
y f
tri
l tn s sng tam gic, f
cont
l tn s sng iu khin. Dng p ra ca
ti c th hin trn hnh 3.14 vi m
a
= 0.5 v hnh 3.15 vi m
a
=1,5.

Hnh 2.15: p ra trn ti ( V
ti
= V
a
V
b
) khi m
a
=0.5
U
t
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
1.5 1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
U
t
t

Hnh 2.16: p ra trn ti( V
tai
=V
a
-V
b
) khi m
a
=1.5
T hnh 3.14 v 3.15 ta thy khi h s m
a
tng ln, rng ca xung in p ra
ca ti tng ln v chiu rng v do tr hiu dng in p ti cng tng ln.

Freqyency m
a
= 0.2 m
a
= 0.4 m
a
= 0.6 m
a
= 0.8 m
a
= 1
f
cont
0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
2f
tri
f
cont
0.190 0.326 0.370 0.314 0.181
2f
tri
3f
cont
0.024 0.071 0.139 0.212
2f
tri
5f
cont
0.013 0.033
4f
tri
f
cont
0.163 0.157 0.008 0.105 0.068
4f
tri
3f
cont
0.012 0.070 0.132 0.115 0.009
4f
tri
5f
cont
0.034 0.084 0.119
4f
tri
7f
cont
0.017 0.050

Bng 2.2 H s in p hiu dng ca cc sng hi vi cc h s ma khc nhau.
Vi 2f
tri
>> f
cont

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
2
U
t
t
Qua bng trn ta thy sng in p trn ti gm cc sng in p c bn c tn s
bng tn s sng iu khin Vcont, v cc sng hi bc cao c tn s

Khi m
a
<=1, tr hiu dng in p cc sng hi c tnh bng cng thc sau:
(3.4)
Hnh 3.16 th hin tr hiu dng ca cc thnh phn in p c bn c tn s f
cont

khi thay i h s iu ch m
a
. Qua ta thy rng, gi tr hiu dng ca thnh phn
c bn nm trong 3 vng:
+ Trong on tuyn tnh ( m
a
<=1): tr hiu dng ca thnh phn c bn t l vi
m
a
theo cng thc:

2
_
DC
a cont RMS
V
m V = (3.5)
+ on qu iu ch( m
a
>1): tr hiu dng thnh phn c bn tng ln khi ma
tng ln nhng khng tuyn tnh vi ma.
+ on bo ha ( m
a
>1): tr hiu dng thnh phn c bn khng tng ln na
mc d tng m
a
ln.

Hnh 2.17: Tr hiu dng ca thnh phn in p c bn khi thay i h s iu ch m
a

2.4. Phng n Thit K :
T cc m hnh tng quan cc phng php bin i trn, chng ta chn phng
php thit k b chuyn i in t ngun in mt chiu ca dn pin mt tri
(24VDC) sang ngun in xoay chiu 220VAC tn s 50Hz c cu trc nh sau:
,... 5 2 , 3 2 ,
cont tri cont tri cont tri
f f f f f f
2
dc
i RMSi
V
k V =
m
a

V
1rms


Hnh 2.18: S cu trc tng qut b chuyn i s thit k
Vi phn tng p DC-DC kiu Push-Pull, in p 15VDC c tng n 340VDC
cho phn nghch lu.Kiu Push-Pull c la chn v cho hiu sut cao hn cc kiu
chuyn i khc.Bn cnh , vic s dng tn s chuyn mch trn 27KHz cho kiu
ny cn gim nh khi lng thit k my bin p, nn hiu sut cng ln.in p
xoay chiu u ra s d n nh hn v c thm khu n nh in p pha mt chiu.
Phn nghch lu DC-AC chng ta s dng s cu cho 2 cp bn dn mc theo
kiu cu H.Vi cu trc kiu ny chng ta d dng ng dng phng php iu bin
rng xung kiu Sin ha.Cho dng sng in p u ra t sng hi bc cao.V c th
d dng n nh in p u ra bng khu phn hi kn.
Cui cng, iu khin mi hot ng cho ton b h thng trn cn phi c vi
iu khin c y cc chc nng x l mnh.C kh nng x l cc tn hiu s ln
tn hiu tng t.Chng ta c th chn dng vi iu khin PIC ca hng
MICROCHIP v chng tng i ph bin trn th trng, c cc chc nng y
cho yu cu iu khin.V cc cng c h tr lp trnh mnh v d dng.Chng sau
s khi qut v chc nng ca vi iu khin PIC 18f4431, mt loi vi iu khin
chuyn dng cho iu khin ng c xoay chiu mt pha v ba pha.M y chng ta
cn chc nng SPWM chuyn nghip v tc x l ADC nhanh mnh ca n.
Kt lun chng 2
Chng 2 a ra s h thng nng lng phong in, l thuyt v ha ng b
h thng phong in ni li, thit k mch ng lc h thng phong in ni li bao
gm :
- S khi mch ng lc;
- Cc thng s k thut ca mch ng lc;
- Thit k cc b chuyn i DC-DC, DC-AC.
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V CU TRC V CHC NNG CA
VI IU KHIN PIC 18F4431

3.1. Gii thiu chung :
3.1.1. Nhng c im ni bc PI C18F4431:
14 bit Power Control PWM module:
+ C n 4 knh ( mi knh gm 1 cp xung i nghch)
+ Thi gian dead time linh hot
+ Update tng duty cycle => ng ra PWM p ng nhanh
Motion Feedback Module:
+ C 3 knh capture c lp:
- Cc ch hot ng linh hot cho vic o c rng xung
- Module h tr Hall Sensor
- Special event trigger cho cc module khc
+ Quadrature Encorder interface:
- 2 pha vo v 1 ng vo index t encorder
- H tr o c vn tc
High speed, 200Ksps 10-bit A/D Converter:
+ C 9 knh A/D
+ 2 knh ly mu tc thi
+ Ly mu lin tc:1 ; 2 hay 4 knh c la chn
Flexible Oscillator Structure:
+ 4 ch thch anh ( h tr n 40 MHz)
+ 2 ngun xung lock ngoi ln n 40 MHz
+ Ch thch anh ni :
- C 8 tn s ngi dng c th la chn : t 31Khz -> 8 MHz
- OCTUNE c th b cho s lch tn s.
Peripheral Highlights:
+ Chu dng cao : sink/source ( 25mA/25ma)
+ 3 ngun ngt ngoi
+ 2 module Capture / Compare / PWM (CCP)
- Capture 16 bit, phn gii ti a 6.25 ns ( T
CY
/6)
- Compare 16 bit, phn gii ti a 100 ns ( T
CY
)
- PWM output: phn gii t 1 -> 10 bt
+ Module USART:
- H tr RS-485, RS-232 v LIN1.2
- Auto weak-up on start bit
- Auto-Bound detect
+ RS-232 s dng khi dao ng ni ( ko cn thch anh ngoi)
3.1.2. Nhng c im chnh:
+ L CPU s dng tp lnh RISC v c tc x l cao , cng sut thp nh
s dng cng ngh CMOS FLASH/EEPROM.
+ Tp lnh c 75 lnh .
+ Mt chu k lnh bng 4 chu k xung . S dng b dao ng 40 Mhz th
chu k lnh l 0,1 us .
+ Tn s b dao ng cho php ti 40Mhz.
+ 8K x 14 word b nh FLASH lp trnh.
+ 768 byte b nh RAM , trong b nh EEPROM ln n 256 byte.
+ Trang b ti 34 ngt vi 8 cp ngt
+ 5 port I / O.
+ Trang b 3 b nh thi: 2 b 8 bit,1 b 16 bit.
+2 module Capture/Compare/PWM.
+B chuyn i 10 bit ADC vi tc 5-10us.
+ Cng serial ng b vi ch SPI(Master) v I2C (Master/Slave) thc
hin bng phn cng .
+ Ch chuyn nhn ng b/bt ng b vi 9 bit a ch kim tra.
+ Cng song song (PSP) 8bit .
+ Cc ch nh a ch:trc tip , gin tip , v tng i.
+ Cho php c/ghi b nh chng trnh .
+ C ch bo v m lp trnh .
+ Ch SLEEP(tm ngh) tit kim in nng .
+ Cho php chn la ch dao ng ( ni , ngoi ).
+ 2 chn cho php g ri hot ng ca vi iu khin.
+ Lp trnh thng qua cng serial vi in th ch 5 V.
+ Tm in th hot ng rng: t 2 n 5.5V. Dng cp khong 25mA.
+ c sn xut vi nhiu loi khc nhau cho cng 1 m vi iu khin,
tu thuc vo s tnh nng c trang b thm . Cc kiu cm:PDIP(40
chn), PLCC v QFP (cng 44 chn).
3.2. Tm Tt Cu Trc Phn Cng:
3.2.1. S chn MCU PI C18F4431 :

Hnh 3.1 S chn Pic 18f4431
3.2.2. S cc khi chc nng :

Hnh3.2 S khi cc chc nng

3.2.3. Chc nng ca tng chn:
3.2.3.1. PORT A:
+ L port I/O . C tt c 6 chn, t RA0 n RA5.Trong RA2 v RA3 c
th dng tip nhn in p Vref+ v Vref-.
+ RA4 cn l ng vo xung clock cho Timer0. RA5 c th lm chn chn
slave cho port serial ng b.
3.2.3.2. PORT B:
+ L port I/O ,c th c lp trnh bi phn mm lm chc nng ko ln
cho tt c ng vo.
+ RB0 c th lm chn ngt ngoi.
+ RB3 c th lm ng vo lp trnh in th thp.
+ Cc chn cn li c th lm ng vo ngt trn chn,lp trnh vi xung v d
liu serial.
3.2.3.3. PORT C:
+ L port I/O, c 8 chn:
+ RC0 dng lm ng ra b dao ng Timer1 hoc ng vo xung timer1.
+ RC1 ,RC2 c cng 3 chc nng: lm ng ra PWM / chn Compare( so snh)
/ chn capture (ly mu).RC1 cn l ng vo b dao ng Timer1.
+ RC3 l ng vo xung tun t ng b/ hoc ra (vi ch SPI v I2C).
+ RC4 lm chn nhn data (ch SPI) hay data I/O (ch I2C).
+ RC5 c th xut data SPI ( ch SPI).
+ RC6 c th lm chn pht bt ng b (USART) hoc xung ng b.
3.2.3.4. PORT D:
+ L port I/O ,c th lm port slave song song khi giao tip vi 1 bus vi x l.
3.2.3.5. PORT E:
+ Port I/O ny thng dng iu khin chn/c/ghi cho port slave song song.

3.2.3.6. Cc chn khc:
+ Chn 13(OSC1/CLKIN) tip nhn xung ngoi cho b dao ng thch anh
bn trong.
+ Chn 14(OSC2/CLKOUT) lm ng ra b dao ng thch anh. ch
RC,chn ny c tn s bng ca OSC1.
+ Chn 1 : lm ng vo reset .
+ Chn 12, 31 l ni t Vss.Chn 11, 32 l chn cp ngun Vdd.
M t cc I/O trch t datasheet :

Hnh 3.3 Datasheet cc I/O ca Pic 18f4431





3.3. Module PWM Chuyn Dng :
3.3.1. Power control PWM module :
Power Control PWM module n gin l to ra nhiu xung ng b c rng
thay i c ( PWM : Pulse Width Modulation ). Cc ng ra PWM ng dng
trong iu khin ng c v cc ng dng chuyn i cng sut . Module PWM ny
h tr iu khin cc ng dng sau :
+ ng c KB 1 pha v 3 pha
+ Swithched Reluctance Motor
+ng c DC khng chi than
+ UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Suppliers)
+ Mutiple DC Brush motor
- Cc thng s c bn ca module PWM:
+ C 8 ng I/O PWM vi 4 duty cycle khc nhau
+ phn gii 14 bit da trn PWM periode
+ Thi gian dead time c th lp trnh ( ng dng trong trng PWM i
nghch => chng trng dn )
+ Ngt h tr update khng i( asymmertrical update ) xng trong ch
canh gia ( center aligned mode)
- S khi ca module PWM

Hnh 3.6 S khi Modul PWM


Hnh 3.7 S khi cc kiu PWM
Trong module PWM c 4 b to duty cycle ring bit, chng c nh s t 0->
3. Module ny c 8 ng ra, c nh s t 0->7. Trong ch i nghch cc pin chn
pin l l 1 cp. V d : PWM0 s i nghch vi PWM1; PWM2 s i nghch vi
PWM3; .

B to dead time s chn 1 khon off gia lc xung PWM ca pin ny ang
cnh xung v xung PWM ca chn i nghch ang ang cnh ln ( trong 1 cp
chn i nghch). iu ny ngn chn trng dn => cc kha cng sut c bo v
3.3.2. Cc thanh ghi iu khin:
Hot ng ca module PWM c iu khin thng qua 22 thanh ghi khc nhau.
8 trong s c dng iu chnh cc thng s ca module:
+ PWM timer control register 0 ( PTCON0)
+ PWM timer control register 1 ( PTCON1)
+ PWM control register 0 ( PWCON0)
+ PWM control register 1 ( PWCON1)
+ Dead time control register (DTCON)
+ Output overide register(OVDCOND)
+ Output state register (OVDCONS)
+ Fault configrration register (FLTCONFIG)
7 cp ( 14 thanh ghi) cn li : hiu chnh thng s c bit:
+ PWM time base registers (PTMRH and PTMRL)
+ PWM periode registers (PTPERH and PTPERL)
+ PWM special event compare register ( SEVTCMPH and SEVTCMPL)
+ PWM duty cycle #0 register ( PDC0H and PDC0L)
+ PWM duty cycle #3 register ( PDC3H and PDC3L) Nhng cp thanh ghi
trn u double buffers
- Cc module chc nng:
PWM module h tr nhiu ch hot ng ph hp cho yu cu iu khin
ng c. PWM module c tng hp t cc khi chc nng sau:
+ PWM Time Base
+ PWM Time Base Interrrupts
+ PWM Period
+ PWM Duty Cycle
+ Dead Time Generators
+ PWM Output Overrides
+ PWM Fault Inputs
+ PWM Special Event Trigger
3.3.3. PWM Time Base:
PWM time base c cung cp 12 bit timer vi chc nng prescaler and
postcaler. S khi n gin ca PWM time base c trnh by trong hnh 17-4.
PWM time base c hiu chnh thng qua 2 thanh ghi PTCON0 v PTCON1. Time
base c enabled hay disabled bi set hay clear bit PTEN
trong thanh ghi PTCON1 . Ch , cp thanh ghi PTMR ( PTMRH:PTMRL) s
khng b clear khi bit PTEN b clear trong phn mm.

Hnh 3.8 S chc nng khi Time Base
PWM time base c 4 ch hot ng nh sau
+ Free running mode => edge aligned PWM
+ Single shot mode => center aligned PWM
+ Continous Up/Down count mode => support electronically commtated
motors
+ Continous Up/Down count mode with interrupts for double updates
4 ch trn c la chn thng qua bit PTMOD1:PTMOD0 trong thanh ghi
PTCON0.

Hnh 3.9 Thanh ghi iu khin PTCON
SVTH: Nguyn c Hi Lp 09D3 Trang 45

Hnh 3.10 Thanh ghi iu khin PWMCON
3.3.4 PWM Time Base I nterrrupts:
PWM timer to ra interrupts da trn ch hot ng c la chn bi nhng
bit PTMOD<1:0> v nhng bit postscaler<3:0>

- Interrupts trong ch FREE RUNNING:
PWM time base ch time base ( PTMOD<1:0>=00 ), s kin interrupts xy ra
khi gi tr trong thanh ghi PTPER bng gi tr ca thanh ghi PTMR. Gi tr ca thanh
ghi PTMR s c c a v zero ngay xung clock sau .
S dng postscaler ln hn 1:1 s gim tn s ca cc s kin interrupts .

Hnh 3.11 Interrupts trong ch FREE RUNNING
- Interrupts trong ch SINGLE SHOT:
Khi bit PTMOD<1:0>=01 =>PWM time base ch single shot. S kin
interrupts xy ra khi gi tr trong thanh ghi PTPER bng gi tr ca thanh ghi PTMR.
Gi tr ca thanh ghi PTMR s c c a v zero ngay xung clock sau .
Nhng bit postscaler ko c tc dng g khi timer ch ny.


Hnh 3.12 Interrupts trong ch SINGLE SHOT
- Interrupts trong ch COUNTINOUS UP/DOWN COUTING:
Khi bit PTMOD<1:0>=10 =>PWM time base ch countinous up/down
counting. S kin interrupts xy ra khi gi tr trong thanh ghi PTMR bng zero, v
PWM time base bt u m ln .
Nhng bit la chn postscaler c th s dng trong ch ny ca timer lm
gim tn s ca s kin interrupts .

Hnh 3.13 Interrupts trong ch COUNTINOUS UP/DOWN COUTING
- Interrupts trong ch DOUBLE UPDATE:
Ch ny ch c trong Up/Down Counting mode ( PTMOD<1:0>=11 ). S
kin interrupts xy ra mi khi gi tr thanh ghi PTMR tng ng vi zero hay khi
gi tr thanh ghi PTMR trng vi gi tr thanh ghi PTPER.
Ch double update cung cp cho ngi dng thm 2 chc nng trong ch
center-align mode:
+ Bandwidth c ln gp i v PWM duty cycle c update 2 ln
trong mi chu k (periode)
+ C th to ra c dng sng PWM center-align khng i xng, iu
ny rt hu dng trong vic hn ch ti a s mo dng ca dng sng ng ra
trong 1 s ng dng iu khin ng c

Hnh 3.14 Interrupts trong ch DOUBLE UPDATE
3.3.5. PWM Period :
PWM periode c nh ngha bi cp thanh ghi PTPER ( PTPERH v
PTPERL). PWM periode c phn gii 12 bit. PTPER l cp thanh ghi
double buffered s dng set ch m ca PWM time base.
Ni dung ca PTPER buffer c np vo thanh ghi PTPER cc thi im
sau:
+Free running mode v Single shot modes: thanh ghi PTMR c a v
zero sau khi trng gi tr vi thanh ghi PTPER
+ Up/down counting mode: khi PTMR bng zero. Gi tr c lu trong
PTPER buffer t ng np vo thanh ghi PTPER khi PWM time base c disabled (
PTEN=0)


Hnh 3.15 Thanh ghi Period trong 2 kiu
3.3.6 PWM duty cycle:
PWM duty cycle c xc nh bi cc thanh ghi PDCx ( PDCxH v PDCxL).
C tng cng 4 cp thanh ghi PWM duty cycle cho 4 cp xung PWM.
+ PDC0 (PDC0L v PDC0H)
Gi tr trong mi thanh ghi xc nh khon thi gian m ng ra PWM tch
cc.
Trong ch Edge-aligned, PWM periode bt u ti Q1 v kt thc khi thanh
ghi duty cycle trng vi gi tr PTMR.


Hnh 3.16 Thanh ghi rng xung Duty
- Duty cycle register buffer:4 thanh ghi PWM duty cycle u c double
buffered. Mi duty cycle block, u c thanh ghi duty clycle buffer m c th truy
xut bi ngi dng. Thang ghi duty cycle buffer th hai s gi gi tr so snh vi
PWM periode hin ti.
Trong ch edge-aligned PWM output, gi tr duty cycle mi s c update
mi khi gi tr thai thanh ghi PTMR v PTPER trng nhau. Sau PTMR s c
reset nh trong hnh 17-12. Ni dung ca duty cycle buffer s t ng cp nht vo
thanh ghi duty cycle khi PWM time base b disable ( PTEN=0)

Hnh 3.17 u ra modul PWM ch edge-aligned
Khi PWM time base ch Up/Down couting, gi tr duty cycle mi s c
update khi gi tr thanh ghi PTMR bng zero v PWM time base bt u m ln. Ni
dung ca duty cycle buffer s t ng cp nht vo thanh ghi duty cycle khi
PWM time base b disable ( PTEN=0). Hnh 17-13 trnh by gin thi gian khi
duty cycle c update ch Up/Down counting . Trong ch ny PWM
periode phi c sn sng np v tnh ton trc PWM duty cycle mi trc
khi cc thay i c hiu lc.

Hnh 3.18 u ra modul PWM ch Up/Down couting
Khi PWM time base ch Up/Down couting vi double update mode, gi tr
duty cycle mi s c update khi gi tr thanh ghi PTMR bng zero v khi gi tr hai
thanh ghi PTMR v PTPER trng nhau. Ni dung ca duty cycle buffer s t
ng c np vo thanh ghi duty cycle khi mt trong hai iu kin trn xy ra.

Hnh 3.19 u ra modul PWM ch edge-aligned Up/Down couting vi
double update mode
3.3.7. B to thi gian dead time:
Trong b bin tn , khi cc xung PWM ch i nghch iu khin cc
kha cng sut pha cao; pha thp trong cng 1 nhnh, phi chn 1 khon thi gian
dead time. Khon thi gian dead time lm cho ng ra PWM i nghch u
trng thi khng tc ng trong 1 khon thi gian ngn=> trnh trng dn khi kha
ny ang ON , kha kia ang OFF
Mi cp xung PWM i nghch u c mt counter 6 bit m xung, chn
khon dead time vo xung PWM. Mi b to dead time c b pht hin cnh ln v
cnh xung c kt ni vi b so snh duty cycle. Dead time c np vo timer
khi pht hin PWM cnh ln hay cnh xung. Ty vo xung PWM ang cnh ln
hay cnh xung, m 1 khon thi gian chuyn tip c lm tr cho n khi timer
m v zero.

Hnh 3.20 S khi to thi gian cht Dead Time

Hnh 3.21 Biu thi gian khi chn Dead Time
- Thanh ghi DTCON:

Hnh 3.22 Thanh ghi iu khin to Dead Time
Bng tm tt cc thanh ghi c lin quan ca POWER CONTROL PWM MODULE :

Hnh 3.23 Bng tm tt cc thanh ghi c lin quan ca PWM MODULE
3.3.8 Analog to digital converter module (A/D):
B A/D c 5 ng vo cho PIC 28 chn v 8 cho cc PIC khc . Tn hiu analog
c ly mu v gi bi t in , sau a vo b chuyn i . B ny to ra 1 kt
qu s tng ng . Gi tr ny l 1 s 10 bit.
B A /D c ng vo so snh p cao v thp ,v c th la chn thng qua kt
hp Vdd , Vss , RA2 hay RA3. B A/D c im c bit l c th hot ng trong
khi vi iu khin trng thi SLEEP . lm c iu ny , xung clock A/D phi
c nhn t b dao ng RC ni ca b A/D.
Module A/D c 9 thanh ghi :
+ A/D Result High Register (ADRESH)
+ A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)
+A/D Control Register0 (ADCON0)
+ A/D Control Register1 (ADCON1)
+ A/D chennel Select Register (ADCHS)
+ Analog I/O Select Register 0 ( ANSEL0)
+ Analog I/O Select Register 1 ( ANSEL1) S khi b A/D :

Hnh 3.24 S khi b A/D
Cc bc sau lm vic vi b A/D :
1_Thit lp b A/D :
+ Thit lp cc chn analog / so snh p v I/O s ( ADCON1 ) .
+ Chn knh ng vo A/D (ADCONO).
+ Chn xung clock b A/D ( ADCONO).
+ Kch hot A/D ( ADCONO ).
2_Thit lp ngt A/D nu s dng
+ xo bit ADIF.
+ Set bit ADIE.
+ set bit PEIE
+ set bit GIE
3_Ch thi gian p ng cn thit.
4_Bt u chuyn i : set bit ADCONO<2>.
5_Ch chuyn i A/D hon thnh bng cch hi vng bit ADCONO<2> c b
xo cha hay ch ngt A/D
6_c kt qu t cp thanh ghi ADRESH : ADRESL , xo bit ADIF nu cn .
7_Lp li t bc 1 hay 2 nu c yu cu. Thi gian chuyn i A/D mi bit gi
l T
AD .
Mt khong ch ti thiu 2T
AD
c yu cu trc khi ln p ng k tip bt
u.

Hnh 3.25 Thanh ghi cha kt qu chuyn i A/D
Cc thanh ghi ADRESH : ADRESL cha 10 bit kt qu ca chuyn i A/D
. Khi s chuyn i A/D hon tt , kt qu a vo cp thanh ghi ny , bit
ADCON0
<2> b xo v c ngt ADIF c set. Cp thanh ghi ny rng 16 bit . Do nu
bit ADFM =1 :ly 10 bit bean phi v ADFM = 0 th ly 10 bit bn tri , cc bit
cn li bng 0. Nu A/D b v hiu , cc thanh ghi ny c th dng nh 2 thanh ghi
a mc ch.

CHNG 4 : THIT K PHN CNG CHO H THNG PHONG IN
4.1 Thit K Khi Bin i DC-DC:

Hnh 4.1: S nguyn l tng DC-DC
- Khi DC-DC bin in p t 14.5V DC t ngun gi sang 350VDC phc v cho
b nghch lu
- Cu trc mch theo kiu Push-Pull (hiu sut cao nht), vi tn s chuyn mch
cao 27KHz. Mch bao gm 2 bng MOSFET lm nhim v thay nhau ng ct lin
tc, bin p xung tng p, chnh lu cu bng diode xung, b lc LC u ra.
in p pha ra b tng p DC-DC l:
2
, W1 , W2
1
. . .( )
OUT IN S ON S ON S
N
V V f T T
N
= + (V)
Trong :
IN
V - in p u vo

OUT
V - in p u ra

2
1
N
N
: t s vng dy cun th cp v s cp

S
f : tn s chuyn mch (ng ct Mosfet)

, W1 , W2 ON S ON S
T T + : thi gian m 2 Mosfet
- Cc bc thit k:
- Chn MOSFET
- Chn my bin p
- B lc LC
- Mch iu khin v bo v
4.1.1. Chn MOSFET:
Chn MOSFET cn phi cn nhc:
- in p nh thng ln nht
BR
V
- Dng in nh
PM
I

4.1.1.1. in p nh thng cc i:
AX
2 .1, 3 2.30.1, 3 78
BR DCM
V V = = = (V)
4.1.1.2. Dng in nh :
Dng in dn trung bnh cc i:
min
600
0, 8
159, 57
. 10.0, 47
in
PM
DC
P
I
U d
q
= = = (A)
d : rng xung ln nht (xp x 0,47)

Hnh 4.2 Dng sng dng in trong cun dy my bin p
T cc thng s trn ta chn loi MOSFET IRFP064N c gp song song , c
cc thng s sau:
in p chu ng khi kha V
DSS
= 55V
Dng in nh mc khi dn I
D
=110A
in tr ni khi dn R
DS(on)
=8,0m
in p ngng chuyn t dn sang kha V
GS(th)
4 n 10 (V).
tr t kha sang dn t
d(on)
=14nS
tr t dn sang kha t
d(off)=
43nS.
4.1.2. Thit k my bin p :
Ta c bng 4.1 thng s ca b bin i DC-DC:
THNG S GHI CH GI TR N V
P
in
Cng sut u vo 600 W
V
i_min

in p u vo nh
nht
10 V
V
i_nom

in p u vo bnh
thng
14,5 V
V
i_max

in p u vo cc
i
15 V
V
out
in p u ra 350 V
I
out
Dng in u ra 1,71 A
f
s
Tn s chuyn mch 27 kHZ
B
m

Mt t thng cc
i
1,3 T
Hiu sut 0,8
K
u
H s gng 0,4
V
d

in p ri trn di-t
chnh lu
1 V
D
max
rng xung cc i 0,47
Cng sut biu kin ca my bin p cn thit k :
0
0
1350
app
P
P P
q
= + = (VA)
H s in t :
2 2 2 4
0,145. . . .10
e f s m
K K f B

= =1,45.4,44
2
.50000
2
.1,3
2
.10
-4
= 3620
K
f
=4,44 : h s dng sng
H s hnh hc ca li :
1, 243
2. .
app
g
e
P
K
K o
= = cm
5

o =0,15 h s hiu chnh
4.1.2.1. Chn li bin p c thng s tha mn theo cng thc sau :
2
_ or
W . .
a c u
g c e g
A K
K K
MLT
= >
Bng 4.2: Ta chn li bin p xung E55/28/21 c cc thng s sau :
l/A l
e
A
e
A
min
V
e
AL g
mm
1
mm mm
2
mm
2
mm
3
nH mm
0.35 124 354 351 43900 5800 0.5

Hnh 4.3 Thng s li bin p xung
4.1.2.2. S vng dy qun cun s cp :

4
_min
.10
0, 98
. . .
i
p
s c m f
V
N
f A B K
= = (vng)
Ta chn s vng cun s cp ti thiu l 2 vng.Di iu kin hot ng bnh
thng, dng in qua dy dn l 50A, chn mt dng in trong dy qun l
2
5 / A mm .Tit din dy qun cn chn l :

max
50
50 0, 5
7, 07
5 5
p
D
S = = = mm
2

C ng knh : d
1
= 3 mm
Chn 3 dy 1 li vi dng knh mi li l 1,2 mm.
t cm cun dy s cp :

2 2
. 2 .5800 0, 0225
p
L N AL nH mH = = =

4.1.2.3. S vng dy qun cun th cp :
_min
( )
2(350 1)
70
10
p out D
s
i
N V V
N
V
+
+
= = = (vng)
Chn mt dng in trong dy qun l
2
5 / A mm
Tit din dy qun cn chn l :
1, 71
0, 34
5 5
out
s
I
S = = = mm
2

C ng knh : d
2
= 0,8 mm
Chn dy 1 li vi ng knh li 0,8 mm
4.1.2.4. Mch chnh lu:
in p U
dc
= 350 V. Chnh lu pha th cp bin p xung ta chn chnh lu cu,
do in p trc chnh lu l:
U
th
=U
dc
/0,9 = 350/0,9 = 389V ( h s chnh lu cu diode K
clc
= 0,9)
Dng in lm vic ca cu chnh lu:
I
lv
= P/U = 600/350= 1,71 A
Chn diode vi K
u
= 1,5, K
i
=1,4 l h s d tr in p v dng in, ta c:
in p ngc: U
nv
>= K
u
U
lv
= 1,5.389 = 583 V
Dng in lm vic: I
F
>= K
i
.I
lv
= 1,4.1,71 = 2,39 A
Chn diode chnh lu l loi diode xung, vi thi gian phc hi nh.
Ta chn loi diode RHRP8120, tha mn vi cc thng s sau:
IF(AV) 8.0A
vRRM 400V and 600v
trr 70ns
VF 3.2V
TJ max 175C

Bng 4.3 Bng Thng s ca Diode RHRP8120
4.1.3. B lc u ra LC :
Chn t lc u vo C1 :
Mc ch lm mm nhp nh ca in p u vo cp bi dn pin
T lc phi tha mn :
_min
600
1 3
2. . . 2.50000.0, 02.10
panel
s i i
P
C mF
f V V
> = =
A

i
V A : dao ng in p u vo khong 1%
_ min i
V
Chn b lc u ra:
Cun cm
max _
s o
D .( )
0, 5.(350 220 2)
L 0, 38
2.f . I 2.15000.(0,1.1, 71)
dc ac peak
V V

= = =
A
(mH)
Ta chn L = 0,4(mH)
Vi
o
I A : dao ng dng, khong 10% dng ra
in dung
sin
2. . .
out
dc dc
P
C
V V e
=
A
= ( )
600
550
2, 2 50.9.350
F
t
=
Ta chn C = 660F
4.1.4. Mch iu khin v bo v :
4.1.4.1. Gii thiu v I C SG3525 :
SG 3525 l IC chuyn dng cho vic iu khin cc kha chuyn mch cng sut.
IC ny c chc nng a tn hiu PWM ra 2 chn ng ct cc kha chuyn mch
cng sut, ng thi n c kh nng n p gi tr hiu dng ca u ra ti mt gi tr c
th bng tn hiu phn hi p v chn INV.

Hnh 4.4: hnh dng bn ngoi SG 3525
4.1.4.2. Chc nng cc chn.
Chn 15: ngun cung cp cho IC, 12V.
Chn 16 : l chn t in p chun so snh (5,1V) vi in p phn hi v t
bn ngoi ni vo chn COMP( chn 9).
Chn 14: xung PWM u ra th nht OUTA, ni qua in tr Ro1 hn dng.
Chn 11: xung PWM u ra th nht OUTB, ni qua in tr R02 hn dng.
Chn 10 : ni vi tn hiu Shutdown tch cc mc 1 v hiu ha xung ra
PWM
Chn 8: ni t qua t Css nhm to qu trnh khi ng lm vic cho IC c
thun li.
Chn 5, 6 ni vi mass qua Ct v Rt nhm to tn s dao ng bn trong cho IC
theo cng thc:

Chn 1:(INV- Inverting)- l u vo o ca b OAMP bn trong, ni vi in p
phn hi.
Chn 2:(NIV- Non-Inverting)- l u vo khng o ca b OAMP bn trong, ni
vi in p t Vref.

Hnh 4.5 Kt ni cc chn cho SG3525
4.1.4.3. Nguyn l hot ng :
SG3525 to ra xung PWM bng cch so snh tn hiu xung rng ca ly t b dao
ng to tn hiu xung rng ca v tn hiu tng hp ca tn hiu sai lch v in p (
ly trn 2 chn 1 v 2) , tn hiu u ra b so snh Vref v tn hiu trn chn s 9.
Hnh sau m t nguyn l b so snh to xung PWM.

Hnh 4.6 Nguyn l to xung PWM

S khi b to dao ng xung tam gic:

Hnh 4.7 S khi b to dao ng xung tam gic
Ta c phng trnh lin h gia dng in qua t v in p t ln t:

Suy ra:

Qu trnh dao ng in p trn t to ra xung rng ca. Thay i gi tr Ct v
Rt s lm thay i thi gian np in, thay i gi tr Rd s lm thay i thi gian x,
t lm thay i chu k xung PWM.
Tn hiu so snh s sai lch t trn chn 1 v 2 qua b khuch i to tn hiu
sai lch g(m)(v
2
-v
1
) u ra b ny ni vi tn hiu trn chn 9.
dt
dv
C i
t
t t
=
) ( 3 , 3
14 4 , 7
14
) 1 . 5 (
max
V V V =
+
=
) ( 1
2 // 14 4 . 7
2 // 14
. 1 , 5
min
V
k k k
k k
V =
O O + O
O O
=
t
t t
C
i
dt
dv
=

Hnh 4.8 Mch khuch i tn hiu sai lch

Lc ny khuch i tn hiu sai lch l: gmZ(s) v Z(S) l li v s sai khc
in p.
KA3525 c gi tr v li t nht l 1000( 60dB). Gi tr Duty Cycle thay i khi
thay i u vo t trn chn s 1 hoc 2.

Hnh 4.9 Nguyn l to xung Push-Pull u ra ca KA3525

Dng p ra b khuch i p 1 chiu

Hnh 4.10 Dng in p ra ca b khuch i

Hnh 4.11 S mch IC SG3525
DTs
Ts
+340V
-340V
+340V
Dien ap ra cua bo khuech dai
Dien ap ra thu cap MBA xung
Dau ra kenh B
Dau ra kenh A
au ra bo tao chu ky xung
4.2. Thit K Khi Bin i DC-AC :

Hnh 4.12 S khi nghch lu DC-AC
Chn s nghch lu dng cu H, tn s chuyn mch 20kHz, c chn Deadtime
trnh ngn mch mi nhnh cu
-Cc bc thit k:
- Chn MOSFET
- Mch li MOSFET
- B lc LC
- Mch ng pha
- Mch iu khin v bo v
4.2.1. Chn thit b bn dn ng ct mch nghch lu :
Mt s u nhc im ca BJT, MOSFET v IGBT:
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor): Tranzito lng cc cng sut dn dng in
theo mt chiu khi c dng baz thch hp. Dng in nh mc t 0,5-500A v c th
ln hn. in p nh mc t 30-1200V. Thi gian chuyn mch chm, t 0,5-100 uS.
Chc nng ch yu l bin i DC-DC. Phi hp vi diode trong cc b nghch lu.
Ngy nay n c thay th bng FET v MOSFET.
Tranzito hiu ng trng FET (Field Effect Transisitor): Dn dng in mng khi
t in p cng thch hp. Cc FET cng sut hu ht l MOSFET, c ni song song
mt diode ngc. Dng in nh mc t 1-100 A. in p t 30-1000 V. Thi gian
chuyn mch rt nhanh t 50-200 nS. Ch yu dng bin i DC-DC v nghch lu.
Tranzito lng cc cng cch ly IGBT (Insualate Gate Bipolar Transistor): L loi
FET c bit c chc nng ca BJT v c iu khin cng bng FET. IGBT nhanh
hn v d dng s dng hn BJT cng cng sut. Dng in nh mc t 10-600 A.
in p nh mc t 600-1700 V. IGBT c s dng hu ht trong cc b nghch lu
c cng sut ln hn 1kW.
Vi cng sut thit k ca b inverter l 1000W, ta chn van ng ct l
MOSFET. S dng cu H vi 4 van MOSFET.

Hnh 4.13: S cu nghch lu mt pha.
Cc MOSFET c iu khin bng cc module PWM t chip vi iu khin PIC
18F4331.
Kt ni ln lt nh sau:
- PWM1 iu khin MOSFET A+
- PWM0 iu khin MOSFET A-
- PWM3 iu khin MOSFET B+
- PWM2 iu khin MOSFET B-
Chn van c in p ngc chu ng theo cng thc:
kdtU : l h s d tr in p, thng chn ln hn 1,6.
Ta ly k
dtU
= 2.
Ulv = 340 V
Suy ra: Unv = 2.340 = 680 V
Dng in tc thi cc i chy qua mi van l:

max
1000
2, 94
340
I A = =

A+
B+
+Vdc
A- B-
Va
Vb
a
b
lv dtU nv
U k U . =
S dng phng php lm mt bng cnh tn nhit din tch b mt, cho php
van lm vic ti 40%Im, ta chn 20%Im, tc h s an ton dng in l:
Ki = 1/0,2 = 5.
Suy ra: Imv = 5.Imax = 14,7 A.
Cn chn van c:
Unv >= 680V
Im >= 14,7 A
Chn van MOSFET loi: IRFP460. Nh sn xut: Fairchild Semiconductor. Tra
datasheet ta c: Unv = 500V
Im = 20A
Rds=0.27ohm
4.2.2. Mch li MOSFET :
Cc MOSFET pha cao c cc S ni vi ph ti, do in th cc S ca
MOSFET pha cao l in th th ni, ng thi cc cc S ny khng ni chung xung
mass ging nh MOSFET pha thp c, nn vic iu khin cc MOSFET pha cao
phi c mch iu khin khc so vi MOSFET pha thp. Hin nay vic iu khin cu
MOSFET c mt s IC chuyn dng nh: IR21xx, TPL250 Chn IC l IR2110
c sn trn th trng, sn xut bi International Rectifier. Cc IC ny c cc chc
nng nh: khuch i u vo PWM (0-5VDC) t vi iu khin PIC18F4331 ln in
p 12VDC kch m cc MOSFET theo yu cu. Cc thng s chi tit tham kho
trong datasheet.
Gii thiu IC li IR2110

Hnh 4.14 Hnh dng bn ngoi IR2113
IR2110 c ng v 14 chn, trong ch s dng 11 chn. M t chc nng cc
chn:
Bng 4.3: Bng m t cc chn ca ir2113
Chn Chc nng
VDD Cung cp in p logic.
HIN u vo logic iu khin van pha cao (HO)
SD u vo iu khin tt (=1)hay bt (=0 hoc h)
chip.
LIN u vo logic iu khin van pha thp (LO).
VSS t tn hiu
VB in p th ni pha cao.
HO iu khin van pha cao
LO iu khin van pha thp
VS Phn hi in p cc S ca van pha cao.
VCC Ngun cung cp.
COM Phn hi in p cc S ca van pha thp

S cc khi chc nng bn trong:

Hnh 4.15 S cc khi chc nng bn trong IR2113

Cch ni IR2113 vi mch nghch lu cu:

Hnh 4.16: Kt ni IR2110 vi MOSFET pha cao v pha thp
Ta s dng 2 IC ny iu khin 4 MOSFET. Mi IC iu khin mi na cu
H gm pha cao v pha thp. Kt ni cc chn IC iu khin cho pha MOSFET A+,
A- tng ng nh sau:
Chn Hin ni vi PWM1 t vi iu khin PIC18F4331
Chn Lin ni vi PWM0 t vi iu khin PIC18F4331
Tng t vi pha MOSFET B+, B-.
th xung lm vic:

Hnh 4.17: th xung vo ra IR2113

Cbst
A-

Tnh gi tr t Cbst (t bootstrap) trong mch kch dng IR2110 :

Hnh 4.18: Hot ng ca khi bootstrap
Gi tr nh nht ca t tnh theo cng thc (theo ti liu hng dn ca nh sn
xut) :

Vi:
Q
TOT
= Q
g
+ Q
LS
+ (I
LK-GE
+ I
QBS
+ I
LK
+ I
LK-diode
+ I
LK-cap
+ I
DS-
).T
HON
(*)
Ln lt:
- Q
g
l in tch cng ca MOSFET pha cao.
- Q
LS
l in tch nh mc theo yu cu.
- I
LK-GE
l dng r gia cc gate-source ca MOSFET.
- I
QBS
l dng tnh min th ni.
- I
LK
l dng r min th ni.
- I
LK-diode
l dng r chy qua diode bootstrap.
- I
LK-cap
l dng r chy qua t.
- I
DS-
l dng phn cc kh bo ha ca diode.
- T
HON
l thi gian m ca MOSFET pha cao.
V = V
CC
V
F
V
GEmin
V
CEon
(**)
min
TOT
bst
BS
Q
C
V
=
A
- V
CC
l in p ngun cp cho IR2110.
- V
F
l p ri trn diode bootstrap.
- V
GEmin
l in p ngng m MOSFET.
- V
CEon
l p gia emitter-collector ca MOSFET pha thp.
Trong mch s dng IC IR2110 v MOSFET l IRFP460, tra trong datasheet ca
chng ta c:
- Q
g
=300nC (datasheet IRFP460)
- Q
LS
= 20nC (chung cho MOSFET 500V)
- I
LK-GE
= 100nA (datasheet IRFP460)
- I
QBS
= 230uA (datasheet IR2110)
- I
LK
- I
LK-diode
= 100uA (vi diode c thi gian phc hi <100 ns);
- I
LK-cap
= 0
- I
DS-
- T
HON
= 0,95.50 uS = 47,5uS (h s m
a
= 0,95, Tpwm = 50uS)
Thay vo (*) ta c:
Q
TOT
= 300.10
-9
+ 20.10
-9
+ (100.10
-9
+ 230.10
-6
+ 100.10
-6
+ 0 + 40.10
6
).47,5.10
-6

= 320,4676.10
-9
C
V:
- VCC = 12V
- VF = 1,1V (diode BYV26C)
- VGEmin = 7,5V (datasheet FGA25N120)
- VCEon = 3,2V (datasheet FGA25N120)
Thay vo (**) ta c:
V
BS
= 12 1,1 7,5 3,2 = 0,2 V
Suy ra:

Chn t C
bst
> C
bstmin
, vy chn C
bst
= 4,7uF.
2 , 0
10 . 5 , 320
9
min
=
A
=
BS
TOT
bst
V
Q
C
= 1602,4.10
-9
F = 1,6 uF

Hnh 4.19: Mch IR2110 iu khin na cu H
4.2.3. B lc LC :
Mt b lc LC t gia cu H v li nhm gim cc sng hai bc cao do tn
hiu iu bin rng xung kiu sin (SPWM) tn s chuyn mch 20kHZ.
Gi tr in cm L
f
ca b lc c chn gii hn dao dng ca dng in
di 10% theo cng thc sau:
max _
s o
D .( )
0, 5.(340 220 2)
L 1, 64
2.f . I 2.15000.(0,1.2, 94)
dc ac peak
V V
mH

= = =
A

Chn L=2mH
T lc c chn sao cho s trao i cng sut phn khng di 5% cng sut
thc
2
0, 05
grid
pk t
c
V
P P
X
= s
2
968
0, 05
grid
c
t
V
X
P
> = O
1
3, 3
c
C F
X

e
s =
trnh vn cng hng cho b lc, do cng hng tn s gia sng hi bc
thp v bc cao, nn tn s ca n phi nm trong khong :
sin
10 0, 5 500 7500
e LC s LC
f f f HZ f HZ s s s s
Vi tn s b lc l
1 1
2
LC
f
LC t
=
V vy ta chn L=2mH v C=3,3F vi f
LC
=1960 HZ

4.2.4. Mch iu khin v bo v :

Hnh 4.20 iu khin hot ng h thng bng Pic 18f4431

Khi iu khin trung tm l PI C 18F4431, c cc chc nng c bit nh:
14 bit Power Control PWM module:
+ C n 4 knh ( mi knh gm 1 cp xung i nghch)
+ Thi gian dead time linh hot
+ update tng duty cycle => ng ra PWM p ng nhanh
Motion Feedback Module :
+ C 3 knh capture c lp:
- cc ch hot ng linh hot cho vic o c rng xung
- Module h tr Hall Sensor
- Special event trigger cho cc module khc
+ Quadrature Encorder interface :
- 2 pha vo v 1 ng vo index t encorder
- h tr o c vn tc
High speed, 200Ksps 10-bit A/D Converter:
+ C 9 knh A/D
+ 2 knh ly mu tc thi
+ Ly mu lin tc:1 ; 2 hay 4 knh c la chn
Flexible Oscillator Structure:
+ 4 ch thch anh ( h tr n 40 MHz)
+ 2 ngun xung lock ngoi ln n 40 MHz
+ Ch thch anh ni :
- C 8 tn s ngi dng c th la chn : t 31Khz -> 8 MHz
- OSCTUNE c th b cho s lch tn s
Peripheral Highlights:
+ Chu dng cao : sink/source ( 25mA/25ma)
+ 3 ngun ngt ngoi
+ 2 module Capture / Compare / PWM (CCP)
- Capture 16 bit, phn gii ti a 6.25 ns ( TCY/6)
- Compare 16 bit, phn gii ti a 100 ns ( TCY)
- PWM output: phn gii t 1 -> 10 bit
+ Module USART:
- H tr RS-485, RS-232 v LIN1.2
- Auto weak-up on start bit
- Auto-Bound detect
+ RS-232 s dng khi dao ng ni ( ko cn thch anh ngoi)
Khi o lng bao gm mch phn cng v modul ADC :
+ o dng u vo Iin
+ o dng ti Iout
+ o p Vin, Vout
+ o nhit MOSFET
Khi chc nng bo v:
+ Bo v khng in p u vo
+ Bo v qu dng, qu p
+ Bo v qu nhit cho php cho bng bn dn
n nh in p qua khi DC-AC bng iu chnh rng xung PWM, c mch
vng iu khin phn hi kn v thut ton iu khin P s.
4.3. Thc Hin Phn Cng :
Cc s nguyn l c thc hin trn phn mm v mch OrCad, bao gm
cc phn mch ca b chuyn i DC-DC, b chuyn i DC-AC , mch ngun nui,
mch hin th giao tip ngi dng bng LCD.
4.3.1. Cc phn mch ca b chuyn i DC-DC :

4.3.2. S mch ngun nui

4.3.3. Cc phn mch ca b chuyn i DC-AC

S mch cu H

S mch iu khin


4.3.4. S mch ha ng b

4.3.5. Phn mch giao tip ngi dng :


CHNG 5: LP TRNH HOT NG CHO VI IU KHIN PIC 18F4331
5.1 Biu Trng Thi Hot ng Ca H Thng :
Da vo thut ton lp trnh m trng thi hot ng ca h thng c biu din
biu sau :

Hnh 5.1 Biu lp trnh trng thi hot ng ca h thng
Cc trng thi ca h thng :
+ WAIT : Sau khi khi ng h thng ln (cp ngun mt chiu cho thit b bin
i), trng thi h thng tm thi ch ch.Trng thi ny to tr mt khong thi
va h thng bt u n nh . Khi iu kin h thng bt u lm vic cha
: in p u vo h thng cha p (DC_VOL_LOW) v cha nhn nt khi
ng (TURN_OFF) th h thng s trng thi ny cho n khi hai iu kin .
Nu hai iu kin trn, h thng s bt u lm vic. Bt hai ch chuyn
i in p DC-DC v DC-AC.Cho php ng b in p b nghch lu vi in p
li.Sau chuyn sang trng thi kim tra ng b SYNC.
+ SYNC : y l trng thi kim tra ng b ca in p h thng so vi in p
li.Trng thi ny thc hin kim tra xem h thng c li g khng ( hm
check_fault(); s thc hin cng vic ny) .
Nu h thng khng c li, v hai iu kin quan trng l : ang tn ti in p
li ( AC_good) , pha ca in p li v h thng ang trng nhau ( ang c kha
pha: Phase_Lock) th h thng c ng b .Cho php ng RELAY kt ni h
thng vi li v chuyn sang trng thi theo di TRACK.Nu hai iu kin trn vn
cha t th trng thi ca h thng vn ch SYNC cho n khi hai iu kin
.
Nu trong qu trnh kim tra li thy pht hin li, lp tc ngng hot ng h
thng (OFF) v chuyn sang trang thi x l li FAULT.
+ TRACK : Trng thi theo di hot ng ca h thng.Trng thi TRACK ch
theo di hot ng ca h thng bng cch kim tra li h thng ( check_fault ). Khi
h thng hot ng n nh th trng thi ca h thng s lun ch ny.Cc li
thng gp ca h thng l : qu dng in mt chiu, in p mt chiu khng n
nh ( nh hn hoc ln hn gi tr cho php ), mt in p xoay chiu ca li, mt
ng pha in p hai h thng.
Nu li xut hin trong qu trnh kim tra, ngay lp tc dng h thng (OFF) v
chuyn sang trng thi x l li FAULT.
+ FAULT :
y l trng thi x l li ca h thng.Trng thi ny thc hin cng vic dng
ton b h thng ( tt cc b chuyn i, ngt RELAY tch h thng ra khi li ),
chuyn h thng v trng thi ch WAIT bt u mt chu trnh trng thi mi.
Chu trnh trng thi mi cng s bao gm nhng bc chuyn i trng thi nh
trn.Nhng nh khu kim tra li m cho php h thng c th c lm vic tip hay
khng.Nu li vn cha c khc phc (s c thit b ) th h thng s quanh qun
trong cc trng thi WAIT-SYNC-FAULT m thi, v nh vy hot ng h thng
phi c s can thip sa cha t ngi dng.

5.2 Thc Hin Khu Nghch Lu Bng Phng Php iu Bin Rng Xung
Kiu Sine Ha :
5.2.1 Cch to xung PWM kiu sin ha :
Vic dng phng php iu bin rng xung trong khu nghch lu, chng ti
cp trong chng trc. y chng ti s trnh by cch thc hin mt khu
pht xung SPWM bng cch lp trnh cho vi iu khin Pic 18f4431.
Vi iu khin Pic 18f4431 c 4 knh PWM, l Chip chuyn dng iu khin
ng c in xoay chiu mt pha v 3 pha.
Trong ch pht xung PWM theo kiu FREE-RUNNING, sng mang s l sng
rng ca nh hnh 5.2 v sng iu bin c ri rc ha, ly mu theo gi tr s.

Hnh 5.2 Hot ng ca modul PWM kiu Free-running
Vi hot ng ca modul PWM nh vy, ta iu ch rng xung kiu sine ha
nh Hnh 5.2. Sng mang l sng rng ca c to ra nh s m ln ca PTMR, khi
thanh ghi ny t gi tr bng gi tr t PTPER th chnh l khi kt thc mt chu k
ca sng rng ca (xem Hnh 5.2 ). Gi tr t m ta a vo thanh ghi PDCx l khc
nhau, thay i lin tc sau mi chu k sng tam gic. Cc gi tr thay i chnh l
cc gi tr ly mu sng sin vi chu k ly mu l chu k sng tam gic. Trn Hnh
5.3, sng sine ang v y l cha ly mu d dng phn tch bi ton. Sng iu
bin sine 1 v sine 2 ngc pha nhau. Php so snh a ra kt qu trn cc chn ca
modul PWM thy r trn Hnh 5.3:

Hnh 5.3
Cp PWM1,PWM0:
Nu sng sine1 ln hn sng tam gic: PWM1 = 1
Nu sng sine1 b hn sng tam gic: PWM1 = 0
Chn PWM0 lun nghch o vi PWM1.
Cp PWM3,PWM2:
Nu sng sine2 ln hn sng tam gic: PWM3 = 1
Nu sng sine2 b hn sng tam gic: PWM3 = 0
Chn PWM2 lun nghch o vi PWM3.
em cc chn PWM i iu khin cc MOSFET trong cu nghch lu mt pha:
PWM1: MOSFET A+
PWM0: MOSFET A-
PWM3: MOSFET B+
PWM2: MOSFET B-

Hnh 5.4: Cu nghch lu mt pha
A+
B+
+Vdc
A- B-
Va
Vb
a b
Ta c:
Khi A+ v B- cng ng th Uab = Udc
Khi A- v B+ cng ng th Uba = Udc.
T Hnh 5.3, em PWM1 (A+) v PWM2 (B-) v cng pha, em PWM3 (B+) v
PWM0(A-) v cng pha nh Hnh 5.4.T y ta c c in p Uab.

Hnh 5.5
Ta c in p xoay chiu gia a-b nh Hnh 5.5.

Hnh 5.6
Uab
Uba
U
t
t
5.2.2 Ri rc ha bng sine:
Nh vy, vic thay i rng xung PWM theo mt hm sine s lm cho in p
u ra ca cu H cng bin i theo hm sine.Nhng a cc gi tr ly mu ny
vo thanh ghi rng xung ca modul PWM , gi tr phi dng. chnh l
nguyn nhn hm sine chun m ta to ra phi c gc ta l
max
2
Duty
ch khng
phi l 0 ( Duty
max
l rng xung ln nht tng ng ti bin in p xoay
chiu tao ra l ln nht ).V hm sine chun ca ta c dng:
Sine
table
=
max max
. .sin ( )
2 2
a
Duty Duty
m e t e +
Trong : m
a
T s iu bin
2 . 2. .50 f e t t = = l tng ng vi tn s 50Hz
Hnh sau biu din cch ly mu bng sine, chu k ly mu bng chu k sng
mang, ta c:
Chu k mt ln ly mu :
3
1 1
100
10.10
pwm
s
T S
f
= = =
Chu k ca in p sine 50Hz : Tsine = 1/50 = 0,02 S
Suy ra s phn t ly mu sng sine l:
N = Tsine/Tpwm = 200 (phn t)

Hnh 5.7
Tsine
Tpwm
PTPER=999
4000
2000
0
Vy ta cn to mt mng gm 300 phn t ly mu ca sng sine cho vi iu
khin. Cc gi tr bng sine ny c a vo thanh ghi PDCx, vi iu khin s kt
hp thm 2 bit Q-Clocks so snh vi gi tr PTMR,do gi tr ly mu ca sng
sine s kt hp thm 2 bit Q-Clocks so snh vi gi tr PTMR. Gi tr ln nht ca
PTMR l gi tr PTPER, chu k T
PWM
tnh theo cng thc sau:

Fosc: tn s xung clock ca PIC, ta s dng Fosc=40MHz
Tpwm = 100.10
-5
S
PTPMS: t l chia, ta lp trnh bng 1.
Thay vo ta c:
6 6
40.10 .100.10
1 1000
4
PTPER

+ = =
999 PTPER =
V gi tr trong PDCx c kt hp thm 2 bit na, nn gi tr ca PDCx phi l:
PDCx = 4.(999+1) = 4000.
T Hnh 5.7. ta c phng trnh ly mu sng sine l:
Sine
table
=
max max
. .sin ( )
2 2
a
Duty Duty
m e t e +
=
4000 4000
0.93.sin (2 50. . )
2 2
pwm
e T i t +
=
.
1860sin ( ) 2000
100
i
e
t
+
Vi: m
a
: h s iu bin bin
t
i
=
0, 02
. .
200
pwm
T i i = (i l s th t phn t ly mu)
V c ch chn dead-time ca PIC 18F4331 nn ch c th s dng h s iu
bin bin ln nht l m
a
=0,95. Theo thit k th ta chn m
a
=0,93 qua b nghch
lu in p ra c tr hiu dng i vi tn s 50Hz l 220V.
5.3. Chng Trnh Firmware Cho Vi iu Khin Pic 18F4431 :
Chng trnh c bin dch bng phn mm CCS complier, chng trnh trong
Ph lc 1

PTPMRS
T f
PTPER
PTPMRS
f
PTPER
T
PWM OSC
OSC
PWM
. 4
.
) 1 (
)
4
(
) 1 (
= +
+
=

CHNG 6: KT QU T C
6.1. M phng in p u ra b bin i :

Hnh 6.1 M phng in p u ra b bin i ang trong qu trnh ng pha vi
in p li

6.2. M hnh mch thc t:
6.2.1. M hnh tng th:

Hnh 6.2 Tng th m hnh
6.2.2. Chi tit cc thnh phn trong m hnh:

Hnh 6.3 M hnh tuabin pht in gi


Hnh 6.4 Moun cnh qut n gi

Hnh 6.5: Bo mch bm in p v np c quy

Hnh 6.6 Bo mch DC-DC n cc

Hnh 6.7 Bo mch DC-DC a cc


Hnh 6.8 Bo mch iu khin trung tm b DC-AC

Hnh 6.9 Bo mch cu H

Hnh 6.10 Bo mch lc ac u ra

Hnh 6.11 Bo mch ngun nui


Hnh 6.12 Xung PWM o c chn iu khin MOSFET

Hnh 6.13 Dng sng u ra trn my hin sng khi cha c ti


Hnh 6.14 Dng sng u ra b bin i khi c ti
6.3. Kt lun :
Vic iu khin m bo cc gi tr in p , dng in h thng phong in
hot ng n nh, lun tng thch vi in p ca li in tuy bc u c bn c
th thc hin bng vi iu khin PIC 18f4431. Tuy nhin, nng cao hiu nng ca
h thng cn s dng cc h vi iu khin chuyn x l tn hiu s DSP, l phng
hng m chng em s dng cho b inverter phin bn khc sau ny.
B bin i ny c th s dng cho nng lng gi ni ring v nng lng ti
to ni chung v vy n rt hu dng khi s dng cho cc ph ti thp, c bit l
vng hi o, vng ni xa xi ca t quc khi m li in y cha pht trin.

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng, Trn Vn Thnh (2007), in T Cng
Sut,L Thuyt, Thit K, ng Dng, Tp I, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
[2] MICROCHIP. (2003). PIC18F2331/2431/4331/4431 DataSheet. Michrochip
Techonology Inc.
[3] Phm Minh Tun, Phm Thng Ct (2008), Nghin cu thit k v ch to b
nghch lu cho trm pht trin nng lng gi v mt tri, Tp ch TH,
(9/2008), tr. 28-31.

Ph lc 1: Chng trnh cho pic 18f4431
#include <18f4431.h>
#fuses H4,NOWDT,NOPROTECT,PUT,NOBROWNOUT,NOLVP
#use delay(clock=40000000)
#include <math.h>
#include <lcd_lib_4bit.c>
// Dinh nghia cac cong voi ho Pic 18F4431.
#Byte PortA = 0xF80
#Byte PortB = 0xF81
#Byte PortC = 0xF82
#bit ZeroP=0xF82.2
#Byte PortD = 0xF83
#Byte PortE = 0xF84
#bit Za=0xF84.1
#bit Zb=0xF84.2
// Dinh nghia cac byte su dung.
#bit TBINT_PIN = 0xfa4.4
#byte PTMRL = 0XF7D
#byte PTMRH = 0XF7C
#bit CCP1IF = 0XF9E.2 // bit ngat Input Capture
#bit CCP1M0 = 0XFBD.0 // bit cai dat suon ngat Input Capture
#bit CCP2IF=0XFA1.0 // co ngat compare
#word PTPER = getenv("SFR:PTPERL") // thanh ghi period cua PPWM
//dinh nghia hang, bien
#define F50HZ 25000
#define F50HZ100 999
#define FSETPOINT 12500
#define FSETPOINT2 0
#define FAULT_MIN_DC_VOLTS 583
#define FAULT_MAX_DC_VOLTS 815
#define AC_VOLTS_REF 840
#define MIN_FREQ 54
#define MAX_FREQ 66
#define ADJ16_START 120
#define MIN_ADJ16 130
#define MAX_ADJ16 1000
#define ON 1
#define OFF 0
//Dinh nghi thiet bi ngoai vi
#define RELAY PIN_E0 //role
#define SD PIN_A5 // Shutdown
#define BELL PIN_C0 //Chuong
#define FAN PIN_C1 // Quat
#define ON PIN_C4 // nut ON OFF
#define TIE PIN_C5 // nut ON TIE , OFF TIE
#define ZeroP1 PIN_C2 // Zero point
#define Za1 PIN_E1 // pha duong
#define Zb1 PIN_E2 // Pha am
#define ON_LED PIN_D0 // den man hinh LCD
#define SD_DC PIN_D1 // shutdown DC-DC
//Dinh nghia trang thai cua he thong
// ------ Khai bao bien toan cuc ------
int8 delta =5;
int16 adj16 = ADJ16_START;
int16 pwm_inc;
int16 pwm_prev;
int16 pwm;
int16 pwm_term;
int8 edgel;
int8 edgeh;
int16 edge_temp;
int16 edge_neg;
int16 edge_pos;
int16 edge1;
int16 edge2;
int16 ccp2_max;
int8 ac_count = 10;
enum { POS, NEG };
unsigned int8 grid_intertie;
unsigned int8 fault;
int1 FAULT_MAX_DC_AMPS ;
int32 adc_result;
int16 dc_volts;
int16 ac_volts;
unsigned int8 ac_good;
unsigned int8 phase_lock;
signed int16 freq_error;
signed int16 freq_error_sum;
int16 freq;
unsigned int16 pwm1;
unsigned int16 pwm2;
unsigned int32 temp32;
unsigned int8 pwm_temp;
unsigned int16 seconds;
unsigned int16 prev_seconds;
unsigned int8 pp_switch;
int16 temperature;
volatile unsigned int8 polarity;
enum { DC_VOLT, AC_VOLT, TEMP }adc_type;
enum { WAIT, SYNC,TRACK,PP_FAULT }state;
///bien bang sine ----
const INT16
sin_wave[200]=
{2000,2058,2117,2175,2233,2291,2349,2406,2463,2519,2575,2630,2685,2739,2792,
2844,2896,2947,2997,3045,3093,3140,3186,3230,3273,3315,3356,3395,3433,3470,3
505,3538,3570,3601,3630,3657,3683,3707,3729,3750,3769,3786,3802,3815,3827,38
37,3845,3852,3856,3859,3860,3859,3856,3852,3845,3837,3827,3815,3802,3786,376
9,3750,3729,3707,3683,3657,3630,3601,3570,3538,3505,3470,3433,3395,3356,3315,
3273,3230,3186,3140,3093,3045,2997,2947,2896,2844,2792,2739,2685,2630,2575,2
519,2463,2406,2349,2291,2233,2175,2117,2058,2000,1942,1883,1825,1767,1709,16
51,1594,1537,1481,1425,1370,1315,1261,1208,1156,1104,1053,1003,955,907,860,81
4,770,727,685,644,605,567,530,495,462,430,399,370,343,317,293,271,250,231,214,1
98,185,173,163,155,148,144,141,140,141,144,148,155,163,173,185,198,214,231,250,
271,293,317,343,370,399,430,462,495,530,567,605,644,685,727,770,814,860,907,95
5,1003,1053,1104,1156,1208,1261,1315,1370,1425,1481,1537,1594,1651,1709,1767,
1825,1883,1942};
unsigned INT32 index1=0;
unsigned INT32 index2=199;
// Ham su dung
void io_init();
void print_results(void);
unsigned int8 check_faults(void);
void update_adj(int16 adjust);
void TURN_ON ();
void TURN_OFF();
void io_init()
{ Set_Tris_A(0<<Pin_A5); // chan A5 dau ra
output_high(SD); // OFF DC-AC
output_low(BELL);
Set_Tris_D(0x00); // Shutdown DC-DC
output_high(SD_DC);
output_low(ON_LED); // tat den man hinh LCD
output_low(RELAY); // ngat Relay
// Cai dat ADC
setup_adc_ports( ALL_ANALOG );
setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL );
set_adc_channel( 0 );
// dong bo hoa LCD
LCD_INIT();
//cai dat ngat ngoai
ext_int_edge(H_to_L);
clear_interrupt(INT_EXT);
enable_interrupts(INT_EXT);
//cai dat ngat timer 0
// Cai dat ngat Capture Timer 1
setup_ccp1(CCP_CAPTURE_FE); // thiet lap CCP1 ngat suon xuong
setup_timer_1(T1_INTERNAL|T1_DIV_BY_8); // cai dat Timer 1 voi thoi gian
tagn 1 don vi la 0,8us
disable_interrupts(INT_CCP1); // vo hieu hoa ngat CCP1
// Cai dat ngat Output Compare Timer1
setup_ccp2(CCP_COMPARE_INT);
CCP_2=F50Hz;
ccp2_max = F50HZ; //thoi gian ngat CCP2 la 25000 don vi tuong duong 20ms cho
mot chu ki dien ap AC
enable_interrupts(INT_CCP2);
//cai dat PWM dieu khien toc do quat mat
//cai dat Power Stage Controller
setup_power_pwm_pins(PWM_COMPLEMENTARY,PWM_COMPLEMENTARY,
PWM_OFF,PWM_OFF);
setup_power_pwm(PWM_CLOCK_DIV_4|PWM_FREE_RUN,1,0,999,0,1,10);
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL); // ngat toan cuc
}
void main(void)
{ unsigned int8 wait_state_count = 0;
// Thiet lap vao ra
io_init(); // cai dat vao ra va dong bo
state = WAIT;
fault = 0;
TURN_OFF();
while(1){
if(seconds != prev_seconds) { //Kiem tra trang thai cua he thong sau moi giay
switch(state) {
case WAIT :
if (wait_state_count-- > 0) {
state = WAIT; //o che do WAIT khoagn 5 giay de he thong xac lap
}
else if (dc_volts > 1400 & input(ON)==1) { //neu dien ap PV da du
state = SYNC; //chuyen sang trang thai SYNC
grid_intertie = TRUE; //Cho phep dong bo dien ap 2 he thong
TURN_ON(); //turn on MOSFET drivers
}
else {
state = WAIT; //neu la thoi gian ban dem thi o che do WAIT
}
break;
case SYNC :
if (check_faults()) { //kiem tra loi
state = PP_FAULT; //chuyen den che do Fault neu co loi
TURN_OFF();
}
else if (ac_good & phase_lock) { //neu co dien ap luoi va da dong bo
state = TRACK; //chuyen sang che do theo doi TRACK
output_high(RELAY); //relay ON de ket noi 2 he thong
}
else {
state = SYNC; //nguoc lai thi van o che do SYNC
}
break;
case TRACK : // che do theo doi
if (check_faults()) {
state = PP_FAULT;
TURN_OFF(); //turn off MOSFET drivers
}
else {
state = TRACK;
}
break;
case PP_FAULT :
TURN_OFF(); //turn off MOSFET drivers
output_low(RELAY); //relay = OFF;
state = WAIT;
wait_state_count = 5;
fault = FALSE;
break;
default :
break;
} //end case
prev_seconds = seconds;
print_results(); // hien thi LCD
}
}
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Day la chuong trinh ngat khi phat hien suon len tai dau vao bo Input capture
Timer1.(chan RC2)
// No say ra truoc va sau khi diem 0 dien ap di qua mot thoi gian ngan.
// Thoi diem 0 duoc tinh toan bang khoang thoi gian giua 2 lan ngat.
// Phan cung gom 2 Opto quang ket noi voi dien ap luoi.
// Chung xac dinh 1 trong 2 nua chu ki Duong va Am cua dien ap luoi
// Mot Opto duoc ket noi voi mot dau vao cua PIC (E1 va E2), nhu vay co the phan
biet duoc dien ap dang o nua chu ki nao?
// Tai diem 0, moi Opto se o muc thap cho den khi dien ap moi Opto lon hon it nhat
2V den 3V
// Vi vay ta chi nhan duoc thoi gian ma Opto1 muc "0" truoc khi cat diem 0 va Opto2
muc "1" sau khi cat diem 0
// Hai tin hieu duoc OR lai voi nhau roi dua vao CCP1 cua Timer1
// Thoi gian ke tu lan ngat dau den 2 lan ngat tiep theo la Chu ki cua dien ap, chia 2 ta
duoc thoi diem dien ap di qua diem 0
// Timer1 do duoc chu ki cua dien ap Ac la 20ms hay la gia tri 25000 o cai dat Timer1
// Vi vay, thoi gian diem 0 bang qua la giua 0 and 25000.
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#int_ccp1
void isr()
{
edge_temp = CCP_1; //lay 16 bit gia tri capture vao edge_temp
if (CCP1M0==0) { //kiem tra bit de biet dang doc suon xuong
//delay 30us
if (ZeroP==0) edge_neg = edge_temp; //kiem tra chan Zero, neu o muc 0 la
dung
else return; //sai thi thoat
CCP1M0=1; //set bit de ngat suon len cho lan ngat ke tiep
CCP1IF=0; //xoa co ngat
}
else if (CCP1M0==1) { //kiem tra bit de biet dang doc suon len
if (ZeroP==1) edge_pos = edge_temp; //iem tra chan Zero, neu o muc 1 la dung
else return; //sai thi thoat
CCP1M0=0; //reset bit de ngat suon xuong cho lan ngat ke tiep
CCP1IF=0; //xoa co ngat
if (Zb==1) { //neu dang o chu ki am cua dien ap thi Zb=1
if ((edge_pos - edge_neg) >= 0) {
edge1 = ((edge_pos - edge_neg) / 2) + edge_neg; //Chia 2 ta duoc khoang
thoi gian diem 0 cat, cong voi thoi diem goc
} // ta duoc thoi diem cat cua diem 0
else { //truong hop diem 0 cat tu thoi diem
CCP2max=25000 troi ve 0
edge1 = (((ccp2_max - edge_neg) + edge_pos) / 2) + edge_neg;
if (edge1 > ccp2_max) edge1 = edge1 - ccp2_max;
}
}
else if (Za==1) { //neu dang o chu ki duong cua dien ap thi Za=1
if ((edge_pos - edge_neg) >= 0) {
edge2 = ((edge_pos - edge_neg) / 2) + edge_neg; //Chia 2 ta duoc khoang thoi
gian diem 0 cat, cong voi thoi diem goc
} // ta duoc thoi diem cat cua diem 0
else { //truong hop diem 0 cat tu thoi diem
CCP2max=25000 troi ve 0
edge2 = (((ccp2_max - edge_neg) + edge_pos) / 2) + edge_neg;
if (edge2 > ccp2_max) edge2 = edge2 - ccp2_max;
}
}
}
ac_count = 10; //bien nay duoc Set khi moi lan dien ap ve 0
} //muc dich de nhan bet xem co ton tai dien ap luoi hay
khong
// Ngat say ra cho moi chu ki 50Hz tuong duong voi 20ms
// Timer1 duoc cai dat gia tri 12500 cho mot chu ki AC 20ms. No duoc luu trong bien
F50HZ, va gia tri thuc te thi o bien comp1a_max.
// De giu cho dien ap Ac ben trong(Inverter) dong bo voi AC ben ngoai(Grid) thi phai
thay doi chu ki song dien ap ben trong
// Toi thay doi bang cach dung Bo Khoa Pha(Phase Look Loop). Bo Khoa Pha nay la
mot bo dieu khien phan hoi PI.
// Bo dieu khien PI(proportional and integral) tinh toan loi goc pha (Phase errors) cua
song AC ben trong va ben ngoai, tu do tinh toan do dai
// chu ki song moi (qua Timer1) cho Inverter
// Vi vay mac du do dai cua Timer1 theo danh nghia la 25000 (F50HZ) nhung gia tri
trong bien ccp2_max luon thay doi
// de giu cho goc pha 2 he thong luon dong bo voi nhau.
#int_ccp2
void TIMER1_COMP2_vect()
{ static unsigned int8 count_sec;
set_timer1(0);
CCP2IF=0;
index1=0;
index2=199;
if (grid_intertie == TRUE) { // du dieu kien de dong bo voi AC luoi
enable_interrupts(INT_CCP1); //enable capture interrupt
if (ac_count-- <= 0) { //ac_count duoc set bang 10 sau moi lan ngat
CCP1
ac_count = 0; //neu khong co dien ap luoi thi no se giam dan ve 0
ac_good = FALSE; //deu do co nghia la khong co dien ap luoi
phase_lock = FALSE; //nen khong the thuc hien cong viec dong
bo voi dien ap luoi
ccp2_max = F50HZ; //thiet lap CCP2 ve gia tri mac dinh
}
else {
ac_good = TRUE; //neu co dien ap luoi
if (edge2 <= FSETPOINT) { //so sanh gia tri chenh lech giua diem 0
voi diem thiet lap mat dinh
freq_error = FSETPOINT2 - edge2; //edge2 la thoi gian dien ap tu chu ki
duong tro ve 0 va chuyen sang chu ki am
}
else { // FSETPOINT2 = 0
freq_error = (ccp2_max - edge2) + FSETPOINT2; //gia tri sai lech goc pha
}
if (freq_error > 500) {
freq_error = 500; //ta gioi han do sai lech cho cong viec dieu chinh
phase_lock = FALSE;
}
else if (freq_error < -500) {
freq_error = -500;
phase_lock = FALSE;
}
else {
phase_lock = TRUE; //neu sai so nam trong khoang gioi han thi
co the dong bo
}
//ta tinh toan thong so P va I cua bo dieu chinh.
freq_error_sum += freq_error; //de tinh toan thong so I ta can tinh tong
sai so
if (freq_error_sum > 30000) {freq_error_sum = 30000;} //gioi han thong so I o
khoang -30000 va 30000
else if (freq_error_sum < -30000) freq_error_sum = -30000;

ccp2_max = F50HZ - (freq_error/2 )- (freq_error_sum / 256) ; //su dung thong
so P (freq_error / 2) va I
//(freq_error_sum / 256) de chinh gia tri chu ki dien ap nghich luu
}
}
else { //neu khong co dien ap luoi
disable_interrupts(INT_CCP1); //disable capture interrupt
ac_good = FALSE;
phase_lock = FALSE;
CCP_2 = F50HZ; //thiet lap CCP2 ve gia tri mac dinh
}
adc_result=read_adc(); // doc cac thong so phan hoi nhu dien ap, nhiet
do
switch (adc_type) {
case DC_VOLT:
dc_volts =adc_result ;
adc_type = AC_VOLT;
break;
case AC_VOLT:
ac_volts =adc_result ;
adc_type =TEMP;
break;
case TEMP:
temperature = adc_result;
adc_type = DC_VOLT;
break;
}
if(state == TRACK) { // hieu chinh dien ap AC bang thuat toan P so
if(ac_volts < AC_VOLTS_REF)
update_adj(delta);
else
update_adj(-delta);
}
if (++count_sec >= 50) {
seconds++; // ngat 50 lan, moi lan 0,02s ta duoc 1 giay
count_sec = 0;
}
}
// chuong trinh ngat cap nhat Duty cycler cho modul PWM
#INT_PWMTB
void PWM_INTERRUPT()
{
TBINT_PIN=0;
pwm_temp = sin_wave[index1]; // lay gia tri pwm tu bang Sin cho modul
PWM 0 va 3
temp32 = (unsigned int32)pwm_temp * (unsigned int32)adj16; // nhan adj16 voi
gia tri bang Sin de thay doi tong the bang sin
pwm1 = (unsigned int16)(temp32 >> 8); // chia 256 de dua bien pwm ve
dang ban dau
pwm_temp = sin_wave[index2]; // Tuong tu cho modul PWM 1 va 2
temp32 = (unsigned int32)pwm_temp * (unsigned int32)adj16;
pwm2 = (unsigned int16)(temp32 >> 8);
if(PTMRL>=1)
{
set_power_pwm0_duty(pwm1); //thiet lap do rong xung moi
set_power_pwm2_duty(pwm2);
index1++;
index2--;
if(index1>=200)
{
index1=0;
index2=199;
}
}
}

// Chuong trinh kiem tra loi he thong
unsigned int8 check_faults(void) {
if(pp_switch == ON) {
if(FAULT_MAX_DC_AMPS==1) { fault = 2;FAULT_MAX_DC_AMPS=0;}
else if(dc_volts < FAULT_MIN_DC_VOLTS) fault = 4;
else if(dc_volts > FAULT_MAX_DC_VOLTS) fault = 5;
else if(!ac_good) fault = 6;
else if(!phase_lock) fault = 7;
else fault = 0;
}
if (fault) output_high(BELL); // turn on Bell neu co loi
else output_low(BELL); // turn off Bell neu khong loi
return(fault);
}
// Hien thi trang thai len mang hinh LCD
void print_results(void) {
if (state == WAIT) {LCD_putcmd(0x01);printf(LCD_PUTCHAR, "Wait");}
else if (state == TRACK) {LCD_putcmd(0x01);printf(LCD_PUTCHAR, "Track");}
else if (state == PP_FAULT) {LCD_putcmd(0x01);printf(LCD_PUTCHAR,"Fault
%d", fault);}
else if (state == SYNC) {LCD_putcmd(0x01);printf(LCD_PUTCHAR, "Sync ");}
}
// Thuat toan dieu chinh dien ap bang P so
void update_adj(int16 adjust) {
if(adj16 > MAX_ADJ16) adj16 = MAX_ADJ16;
else if(adj16 < MIN_ADJ16) adj16 = MIN_ADJ16;
else adj16 += adjust;
}
// Chuong trinh On/Off he thong
void TURN_ON()
{output_low(SD_DC);output_low(SD);pp_switch = ON;}
void TURN_OFF()
{output_high(SD_DC);output_high(SD);pp_switch = OFF;}
// Ngat bao qua dong o phia dau vao
#int_EXT
void ngat_quadong()
{ clear_interrupt(INT_EXT);
FAULT_MAX_DC_AMPS=1;
TURN_OFF();
}


Mc Lc

CHNG 1: C S L THUYT V NNG LNG GI ............................. 2
1.1. Khi qut tim nng nng lng gi Vit Nam .................................................... 10
1.2. Mc tiu ca vn nng lng gi trong chng trnh nng lng mi ............ 10
1.3. Tnh hnh s dng nng lng gi trn cc nc v Vit Nam .............................. 10
1.3.1. cc nc trn th gii ....................................................................................... 10
1.3.2. Vit Nam ............................................................................................................. 10
1.4. Gii thi cc loi h thng gi, cc hng gi .......................................................... 11
1.4.1. Cc loi h thng gi ............................................................................................. 11
1.4.2. Cc cp gi ............................................................................................................ 12
1.5. Hin tng gia tc dng khng kh ........................................................................... 12
1.6. Nng lng gi ............................................................................................................ 12
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP CHUYN I PHONG
IN SANG IN XOAY CHIU .......................................................................... 13
2.1. Bin i DC DC : ................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1. B chuyn i kiu FLYBACK : ............................................................................. 14
2.1.2. B chuyn i kiu FORWARD: ............................................................................ 16
2.1.3. B chuyn i kiu PUSH-PULL :......................................................................... 18
2.2. Bin i DC AC : .................................................................................................. 19
2.2.1. S na cu: ....................................................................................................... 19
2.2.2. S cu : ............................................................................................................. 20
2.3. K thut iu bin rng xung kiu Sine ha (SPWM) ....................................... 22
2.3.1. S cn thit ca b nghch lu iu bin rng xung : ...................................... 22
2.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca nghch lu PWM : ......................................................... 22
2.3.3. Sin ho PWM ......................................................................................................... 24
2.3.4. Nguyn tc hot ng b nghch lu cu iu bin rng xung n cc .......... 25
2.4. Phng n Thit K : ................................................................................................. 29
CHNG 3: TNG QUAN V CU TRC V CHC NNG CAVI IU
KHIN PIC 18F4431 ............................................................................................... 31
3.1. Gii thiu chung :........................................................................................................ 31
3.1.1. Nhng c im ni bc PIC18F4431: ............................................................... 31
3.1.2. Nhng c im chnh: ........................................................................................ 32
3.2. Tm Tt Cu Trc Phn Cng: ................................................................................ 33
3.2.1. S chn MCU PIC18F4431 :........................................................................... 33
3.2.2. S cc khi chc nng : .................................................................................. 34
3.2.3. Chc nng ca tng chn:................................................................................... 35
3.3. Module PWM Chuyn Dng : ................................................................................... 39
3.3.1. Power control PWM module : ............................................................................ 39
3.3.2. Cc thanh ghi iu khin: ................................................................................... 42
3.3.3. PWM Time Base: ................................................................................................. 43
3.3.4. PWM Time Base Interrrupts: .............................................................................. 45
3.3.5. PWM Period : ...................................................................................................... 49
3.3.6. PWM duty cycle: .................................................................................................. 50
3.3.7.B to thi gian dead time: .................................................................................. 52
3.3.8. Analog to digital converter module (A/D): .......................................................... 54
CHNG 4 : THIT K PHN CNG CHO H THNG PHONG IN .. 57
4.1. Thit K Khi Bin i DC-DC: ............................................................................... 57
4.1.1. Chn MOSFET: ..................................................................................................... 58
4.1.2. Thit k my bin p : ............................................................................................ 59
4.1.3. B lc u ra LC : ................................................................................................. 62
4.1.4. Mch iu khin v bo v : .................................................................................. 62
4.2. Thit K Khi Bin i DC-AC : .............................................................................. 68
4.2.1. Chn thit b bn dn ng ct mch nghch lu : ................................................ 68
4.2.2. Mch li MOSFET :............................................................................................... 70
4.2.3. B lc LC : ............................................................................................................. 75
4.2.4. Mch iu khin v bo v : .................................................................................. 76
4.3. Thc Hin Phn Cng : ............................................................................................. 78
4.3.1. Cc phn mch ca b chuyn i DC-DC : ........................................................ 78
4.3.2. S mch ngun nui .......................................................................................... 79
4.3.3. Cc phn mch ca b chuyn i DC-AC ........................................................... 79
4.3.4. S mch ha ng b ........................................................................................ 81
4.3.5. Phn mch giao tip ngi dng : ......................................................................... 82
CHNG 5: LP TRNH HOT NG CHO VI IU KHIN PIC 18F4331
.................................................................................................................................. 83
5.1. Biu Trng Thi Hot ng Ca H Thng : .................................................... 83
5.2. Thc Hin Khu Nghch Lu Bng Phng Php iu Bin Rng Xung Kiu
Sine Ha : ............................................................................................................................ 84
5.2.1 Cch to xung PWM kiu sin ha : ........................................................................ 85
5.2.2 Ri rc ha bng sine: ............................................................................................ 88
5.3. Chng Trnh Firmware Cho Vi iu Khin Pic 18F4431 : .................................. 89
CHNG 6: KT QU T C .................................................................. 90
6.1. M phng in p u ra b bin i : ..................................................................... 90
6.2. M hnh mch thc t: ............................................................................................... 91
6.3. Kt lun : ..................................................................................................................... 97
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 97
Ph lc 1: Chng trnh cho pic 18f4431 .............................................................. 98

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