1

RichardE.Eitel
AssociateProfessor
Email:reitel@stevens.edu
Office:Burchard 307B
DepartmentofChemical
EngineeringandMaterials
Science
StevensInstituteofTechnology
E344:MaterialsProcessing
02 GuidedInquiryAtomicBonding
Bytheendofthislectureyoushouldbeableto:
Theoverallobjectiveofthesesessionistodescribehow
atomicstructureleadstobondinginmaterials.
DefineElectronegativity
Predictthedistributionof
electronsinabond.
Predictthetypesofbonds
formedindifferentatomsand
theirproperties
2
Thestructureofmaterialsandtheircorrespondingpropertiesarise
duetotheelectronicstructureoftheconstituentatoms.
Electronicstructure
inmetalsallows
planesofatomsto
slidepasteachother
Electronconfigurationina
hightemperature
superconductor.
In1913Bohrclarifiedthestructureoftheatombytheorizing
electronswereconfinedtospecificallowedstates(orbits).
Explainssimpleemissionspectraofgases.
Allowedenergylevelsina
hydrogenlikeatomarelimitedto
integralvaluesofn:
Where:
h PlanksConstant
m
c
massofanelectron
q fundamentalcharge
e
0
permittivityoffreespace
n n
th
energylevel(shell)
3
Electrontransitionsbetweenallowedstatesareaccompaniedby
theadsorptionoremissionofaquantaorpacketofenergy,for
exampleinthefromofaphoton.
E
nm
= E
m
-E
n
= bv
Ionizationenergy(IE)requiredto
removeaboundelectronintheE
n
stateyieldingafreeelectron(E

)
Allowedenergy
levelsinasingle
electronatomwith
effectiveatomic
numberZ:
E
n
= -
m
c
c
4
Z
2
8e
0
2
n
2
b
2
IE = E

-E
n
Atomswithmorethanhalffilledoutershellswill
tendtoATTRACTmoreelectronstocreateafull
outershell:Electronegative
Atomswithlessthanhalffilledoutershellswill
tendtogetridofouterelectrons:Electropositive
TheseouterVALANCEelectronsleadBONDING.
Emptyandcompletelyfilledshellshavelowerenergythanpartially
filledshells.ThusVALANCEelectronintheoutermostorpartially
filledshelltendtobeparticularlyactive.
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Therelativetendencyofanelementtogainorlooseelectronsis
quantifiedaccordingtoitselectronegativity .
Atomswithrelativelyhighvaluesof_:__________________
Atomswithrelativelylowvaluesof_:__________________
Electronegativity=affinityofatomsforelectrons
Atomwithhigherelectronegativityhasastrongerpullonelectrons.
Electrons are closer to atom with higher electronegativity
GuidedInquiryI:Electronegativity
(10minutes)
m.socrative.comRoom#129851
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A. FeBr
B. BrBr
C. KBr
D.CBr
E. Idontknow
ConceptCheck#1:
In which of the following bonds are the electrons
most strongly pulled to one of the atoms?
m.socrative.comRoom#129851
A. FeBr
B. BrBr
C. KBr
D.CBr
E. Noneoftheabove.
F. Idontknow.
ConceptCheck#2:
In which of the following bonds are the electrons
distributed evenly between the two atoms?
6
GuidedInquiryII:TypesofBond
(12minutes)
A.Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Metallic
D.Idontknow
ConceptCheck#3:
What are the primary bonds in the compound
CaF
2
?
m.socrative.comRoom#129851
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A.Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Metallic
D.Idontknow
ConceptCheck#4:
What are the primary bonds in the compound
GaN?
m.socrative.comRoom#129851
GuidedInquiryIII:BondCharacter(12minutes)
%IonicCharacter %IC :
OnlyConsidersIonicand
CovalentBonding
Type of Bond How do you know?
%IC = 1uu% 1 - exp
- _
A
-_
B
2
4
ElectronegativityDifference
(EN):
EN = _
A
-_
B
BondTypeTriangle:
ElectronegativityDifferenceover
AverageElectronegativity
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A. 0%ionic
B. 22%ionic
C. 68%ionic
D. 100%Ionic
E. Idontknow
ConceptCheck#5:
What is the ionic character of the bond formed in
the compound FeBr
2
?
m.socrative.comRoom#129851
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Metallic
D. Idontknow
ConceptCheck#6:
What is dominant primary bond type in the
compound FeBr
2
?
m.socrative.comRoom#129851