Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Final Report
5 December 2006
Prepared for
MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES AND METEOROLOGY
by
PRD Water & Environment in association with DHI Water & Environment
Version 2
North West Irrigation Sector Project
River basin and water use studies, Package 2
Revisions
Version 1: New section 4.4: Water availability
Summary expanded
Table 8.3 changed
Acknowledgement
The Package 2 Team expresses its sincere thanks to the staff members from the Provincial
Departments, the district officers, and the many individual persons who have kindly taken time out to
share their knowledge for the purpose of the present study. MOWRAM, the PMO, the PIUs and the
TA Consultant have provided valuable guidance and shared data and knowledge, including results
from monitoring programmes and previous related studies. MRC has kindly made data and GIS layers
available for the purpose of the study.
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Summary
The Northwest Irrigation Sector Project (NWISP) is being implemented by MOWRAM, with
assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Agence Française de Développement (AFD). It
has the overall objective of supporting the effort of the Royal Government of Cambodia to reduce
poverty in rural areas of northwest Cambodia through enhanced agricultural production. The
immediate objectives are to improve the use of water resources and to take advantage of the potential
for irrigated agriculture.
One activity of the NWISP is a series of river basin and water use studies, which have the over-all
objective 'to provide a framework leading eventually to institutional means for installing a
scientifically informed approach for management of water quantity and quality in the target river
basins'.
The river basin and water use studies will provide a part of the basis for subsequent master planning,
and for design and feasibility studies of irrigation schemes to be conducted later on under the NWISP.
Package 2 of these studies covers the Dauntri Sub-basin in Battambang and Pursat Provinces, and the
Boribo Sub-basin in Pursat and Kg Chhnang Provinces (and with a small corner in Kg Speu Province).
The present 'Final Report, volume 3' describes the water balance and water uses in Dauntri Sub-basin.
The work has been based on data and information available from the Commune Database,
MOWRAM, MRC and others, as well as comprehensive field surveys conducted under the present
study. The analyses have been supported by numerical river basin modeling of water balance and
water quality.
A summary of the average water balance and the present water utilization is shown in the following
table.
Dauntri Sub-basin (St. Kambot, St. Svay Donkeo and St. Dauntri)
Area: 3,542 km2 (21 percent of which is more than 100 m above mean sea level)
Cultivated area (rice and other crops) (2005): 1,623 km2, of which
wet season irrigated: 17 km2 (actual), 447km2 (potential)
dry season irrigated (2 crops per year): 5 km2 (actual), 3 km2 (potential)
Population (2004): 233.509
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Dauntri Sub-basin has 2 schemes that have been identified as candidate sub-projects under the
NWISP. The estimated manageable water availability is summarized below.
The water availability is the estimated availability in 4 out of 5 years under present conditions
The estimate includes present withdrawals for irrigation; and present and future withdrawals for domestic and livestock
The estimate excludes any future expansion of irrigation withdrawals
(a) The water availability at Krouch Sauch, Anlong Svay and Roneam Prayol is influenced by the operation of the Damnak
Ampil Canal. The low and high estimates are based on assumptions about the future operation. Please refer to text for
details
(b) The water availability at Roneam Prayol is influenced by the implementation of the Anlong Svay scheme
(c) Negative values means that water is inadequate for the assumed future domestic and livestock demand
No allocation has been made for in-stream demands
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Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations..................................................................................................................vii
Study tasks ........................................................................................................................................... viii
Terminology............................................................................................................................................ix
Names .....................................................................................................................................................ix
Location map............................................................................................................................................x
1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................1
2 Geography ...........................................................................................................................2
2.1 Data ........................................................................................................................2
2.2 Population, administrative boundaries ...................................................................2
2.3 Elevations, land use, soils ......................................................................................4
2.4 Irrigation.................................................................................................................6
3 Hydrology..........................................................................................................................10
3.1 Data ......................................................................................................................10
3.2 River network and catchment delineation ............................................................10
3.3 Rainfall and evaporation ......................................................................................14
3.4 Streamflow ...........................................................................................................15
3.5 Regulation ............................................................................................................17
4 Water uses and water balance............................................................................................22
4.1 Water uses ............................................................................................................22
4.2 Water balance.......................................................................................................23
4.3 Candidate sub-projects .........................................................................................39
4.4 Water availability .................................................................................................41
4.5 Allocation of manageable flows...........................................................................45
5 Morphology, floods and drought .......................................................................................51
5.1 Data ......................................................................................................................51
5.2 Morphology..........................................................................................................51
5.3 Floods and drought...............................................................................................52
6 Aquatic environment .........................................................................................................55
6.1 Data ......................................................................................................................55
6.2 Pollution loads......................................................................................................55
6.3 Water quality........................................................................................................63
6.4 Implications of irrigation development ................................................................65
7 Fisheries.............................................................................................................................69
7.1 Dauntri River........................................................................................................69
7.2 Svay Don Keo River ............................................................................................69
7.3 St. Kambot............................................................................................................69
8 Socio-economics................................................................................................................71
8.1 Data ......................................................................................................................71
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Figures
2.1: Communes in Dauntri Sub-basin
2.2: Land elevations in Dauntri Sub-basin
2.3: Land elevation distribution in Dauntri Sub-basin
2.4: Land use in Dauntri Sub-basin
2.5: Irrigation schemes in Dauntri Sub-basin
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6.7: Changes in water discharge from the present situation after irrigation development
6.8: Time series results for the outlet of St. Dauntri after irrigation deveopment
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Tables
2.1: Administrative units with area and population, Dauntri Sub-basin
2.2: Land use
2.3: Forest cover
2.4: Irrigation schemes in Dauntri Sub-basin
6.1: Distribution of areas for rice cultivation and estimated fertiliser application
6.2: Overall generated load of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus
6.3: Estimated BOD load reaching the river in each subcatchment
6.4: Estimated nitrogen load reaching the river in each subcatchment
6.5: Estimated phosphorus load reaching the river in each subcatchment
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Study tasks
No. Item Reference
Inception phase – Collection of information
1 Collection of general data and information (cross-cutting)
2 Collection of hydro-meteorological and hydraulic data and information Vol1 Sect 4.1
3 Field surveys, inspection of monitoring stations, flood damage assessment (cross-cutting)
4 Consultation meetings at province, commune and village level (cross-cutting)
5 Basic thematic maps Vol2&3 App 1
6 Approach to hydrological analysis Vol1 Sect 5.3, Vol1 App 2
7 Technical workshop with MOWRAM/PDWRAM (reported separately)
Hydrological studies and modelling
8 Review of river monitoring network Vol1 Sect 9.1
9 Hydrological analysis Vol2&3 Ch 4
10 Morphological analysis Vol1 6.2, Vol2&3 Sect 5.2
11 Flood characteristics Vol1 Sect 6.3, Vol2&3 Sect 5.3
12 Fish, fish habitats and fish migration Vol1 Sect 7.2, Vol2&3 Ch 7
13 Support to selecting candidate NWISP subprojects Vol1 Sect 9.2, Vol2&3 Sect 4.3
Analysis of water uses
14 Remote sensing analysis and field survey (cross-cutting)
15 Forestry and land use survey Vol1 Sect 2.3, Vol2&3 Sect 2.3
16 Field surveys of water uses Vol1 Sect 5.2, Vol2&3 Sect 4.1
17 Inventory of water users committees
18 Quantification of consumptive and non-consumptive water uses Vol1 Sect 5.2, Vol2&3 Sect 4.1
19 Economic analysis of water utilization Vol1 Ch 8, Vol2&3 Ch 8
20 Economic analysis of long-term development opportunities Vol1 Sect 8.4
Water balance
21 Water balance for the sub-basins Vol2&3 Sect 4.2, Vol2&3 App 4
22 Assessment of trends in water availability and demand (same)
23 Assessment of impacts of each subproject on downstream water uses Vol2&3 Sect 4.3, Vol2&3 App 4
24 NWISP candidate sub-projects Vol2&3 Sect 4.4
Environmental aspects
25 Existing WQ data and classification Vol1 Sect 7.3
26 Point and non-point sources Vol1 Sect 7.4, Vol2&3 Sect 6.2
27 Aquatic environment in representative reaches Vol2&3 Sect 6.3
28 Environmental flows in representative reaches, and assessment of enforcement Section 9.6
29 Evaluation of fish passages Vol2&3 Ch 7
Reports – progress meetings - workshops
30 Inception report (reported separately)
31 Sub-basin reports (reported separately)
32 Surface water and groundwater maps Vol2&3 Sect 4.2 (no GW maps)
33 Response to data shortcomings (cross-cutting)
34 Project completion report (reported separately)
35 Project completion workshops (reported separately)
36 Weekly progress statements (reported separately)
37 Liaison with RGC and provincial agencies and community representatives (cross-cutting)
38 Knowledge-sharing with designated counterpart staff (cross-cutting)
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Terminology
Following a discussion at the Inception Workshop in Pursat on 11 July 2006, and with a view to the
terminology applied in the Terms of Reference, the following suggestions are made:
Catchment boundary: The boundary of a catchment (or a river basin or a sub-catchment). The surface
flow of rain falling on each side of the boundary will proceed towards different locations. A
review of catchment boundaries is a part of the present study
River basin: The catchment of a whole river (with its tributaries). In the present study, this term is used
both for the Mekong Basin and the Tonle Sap Basin. (In some other studies, the Tonle Sap
Basin is referred to as a sub-basin of the Mekong Basin)
Study area (Package 2): The Dauntri/Svay Don Keo and the Boribo/Thlea Maam Sub-basins
Sub-basin: The catchment of a tributary, and hereby a part of river basin. The present study deals with
the Dauntri/Svay Don Keo Sub-basin and the Boribo/Thlea Maam Sub-basin
Sub-catchment: A catchment that is explicitly a part of a larger catchment. In the present study, an
irrigation scheme will receive water from a sub-catchment, and sub-catchments are used as
units for the river basin modelling of water balance and water quality
Watershed: (1) in English, same as a catchment boundary; (2) In American English, same as a
catchment. Watershed management can cover different aspects of water-related management
within a watershed, depending on the circumstances
Names
Most rivers change their names along their course, often within short distances.
Different spellings are used for many rivers, streams and locations, for example Pursat/Pouthisat,
Dauntri/Dauntry /Daun Try, etc.
St. Dauntri is also named St. Muong, and St. Kambot is also named St. Preahmlu.
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Location map
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1 Introduction
The Northwest Irrigation Sector Project (NWISP) is being implemented by
MOWRAM, with assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Agence
Française de Développement (AFD). It has the overall objective of supporting the
effort of the Royal Government of Cambodia to reduce poverty in rural areas of
northwest Cambodia through enhanced agricultural production. The immediate
objectives are to improve the use of water resources and to take advantage of the
potential for irrigated agriculture. It is intended to establish ten to twelve
rehabilitated and sustainably operational small to medium-scale irrigation systems
and other water control infrastructure.
One activity under the NWSIP is the 'River Basin and Water Use Studies, Package
2', covering Dauntri Sub-basin in Battambang and Pursat Provinces, and Boribo
Sub-basin in Pursat and Kg Chhnang Province. This work is being carried out by
PRD Water & Environment in association with DHI Water & Environment.
The scope of the river basin and water use studies is specified in the Terms of
Reference prepared by MOWRAM. The overall objective is 'to provide a
framework leading eventually to institutional means for installing a scientifically
informed approach for management of water quantity and quality in the target
river sub-basins'.
The aim is not a master plan nor a set of feasibility studies for selected sub-
projects. Rather, the work will serve as a part of the basis for subsequent master
planning and preparations for individual projects.
Data tables and thematic maps are submitted separately. Basic documentation has
been indexed and compiled on a CD.
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2 Geography
2.1 Data
This section relates to ToR, Task 1: Collection of general data and information
Various demographic information origins from the 2004 Commune Database. The
commune is the basic unit for a substantial part of the geographic, agricultural and
socio-economic data.
The Tonle Sap Basin in general witnesses the highest population growth within the
Lower Mekong Basin, with 4.8 % per year as compared with Cambodia's average
rate of 2.2/2.5 % per year (CNMC October 04, p. 30). The difference is partly
related to migration.
There are no major urban settlements (such as provincial towns) in the study area.
This influences the future population growth, which is expected to be much higher
in urban areas than in rural areas.
District and commune boundaries, areas and population are shown in the following
figure and table.
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Table 2.1: Administrative units with area and population, Dauntri Sub-basin
Province District Commune Area (km2) Area within sub- Population within
basin (km2) sub-basin (2004)
Battambang Moung Ruessei Moung 50.9 38.9 12,672
Kear 96.2 96.2 15,941
Prey Svay 143.6 143.6 13,114
Ruessei Krang 163.1 163.1 14,251
Chrey 491.7 280.3 6,478
Ta Loas 135.9 73.9 4,288
Kakaoh 85.6 36.2 4,904
Robas Mongkol 128.8 104.3 9,228
Prek Chik 139.2 139.2 12,544
Prey Tralach 273.6 273.6 20,663
Koas Krala Doun Ba 199.2 39.8 620
Chhnal Moan 624.5 218.6 992
Pursat Bakan Boeng Bat Kandaol 194.9 25.3 1,276
Boeng Khnar 56.6 56.6 12,188
Khnar Totueng 53.7 53.7 7,734
Me Tuek 265.0 262.3 14,429
Ou Ta Paong 292.0 292.0 15,674
Rumlech 52.9 52.9 8,154
Snam Preah 228.9 13.7 984
Svay Doun Kaev 29.9 29.9 5,978
Ta Lou 305.0 305.0 15,354
Trapeang Chong 83.0 69.5 16,119
Phnum Kravanh Bak Chenhchien 40.7 14.7 2,543
Phteah Rung 156.1 143.6 14,396
Samraong 546.6 36.0 634
Sampov Meas Lolok Sa 42.7 7.7 1,700
Veal Veaeng Krapeu Pir 705.6 535.5 532
Pramaoy 865.9 35.7 118
Total 3,541.9 233,509
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The land elevation in the sub-basin is illustrated below. The highest elevation in
Dauntri-Svay Don Keo Sub-basin is around 1,273 m (according to the 50 x 50 m
resolution DEM).
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2.4 Irrigation
This section relates to ToR, Task 1: Collection of general data and information
Many of the schemes were registered and evaluated under the so-called Halcrow
study in 1994, conducted for the Mekong Committee (today's MRC). Some of
them, including most candidate sub-projects, were re-visited and evaluated under
NWISP in 2003. These studies are still relevant. When using them, however, it is
noted that in some cases, both the scheme and the commune(s) have changed their
names. The UTM coordinates provide the best identification.
Irrigation schemes are shown in the following table and figure. Additional
information (including coordinates and water source) are included in the
corresponding electronic file.
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Speech by the PM visiting the Damnak Ampil irrigation system on 5 October 2006
Today I have a great pleasure to be with you all to inspect an irrigation system at Damnak Ampil that
is very important for the irrigation of three districts of Sampeo Meas, Ba Kaan and Phnom Kravanh of
Pursat, covering a total area of about 27467 hectares of rainy season rice and another 1500
hectares of dry season rice. ... I first came to this place 21 years ago and again in June, 2005. I
remember seeing a bad road condition and dilapidated irrigation system in those days ... As time has
come, ... the system has now been almost completed.
... Rice cultivation this year in this area as well as throughout the country seems to be better in
general. HE Chhay Saret reported just now that the area of cultivation this year is 7488 hectares or
93.90% of the total cultivation land. This is great news. As far as the irrigation system is concerned,
we are happy because of the fact that the system serves not only as water channel but also road
access. Take for instance we used to have a ferry boat to cross the river here and now we have a
bridge. Since the area is quite granted with natural availability, perhaps there would be room for
development that might attract tourists to this area in the near future. This proves that we have put
our country on a correct path of development ...
According to HE Chan Sarun, Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, last year we have
collected about six million tons of paddy rice or two million tons more than local consumption
demand. This amounts to 1.3 million tons of milled rice in conversion. This was the result of rice
cultivation on 1.8 million hectares of land. But this year we have increased the area of cultivation to
2.13 million hectares or about 30,000 hectares more than last year. The state of the rice is in good
prospect. Therefore it is worth mentioning with confidence that the rice harvest this year would also
be increasing.
I would take this opportunity to share with you that agriculture in the last few years has played a very
important role in the country's economic development. Land for cultivation has increased from 70,000
hectares to 900,000 hectares. We should try to enlarge land for cultivation in area with irrigation
coverage and also deal with areas where irrigation is still a problem so that the total area of
agricultural production will play an increasingly important economic role.
Irrigation is important for agriculture and we have to do everything we can to get the irrigation in
place.
I have come frequently to this place and once I said to the people from Satre commune about the
possibility of swapping their long-term rice cultivation to that of short-term rice cultivation. According
to statistics I wish to share with you that the area of cultivation under short-term rice species has
increased, though we maintain to grow long-term rice in high-level of water fields. Area where level of
water accessibility is low, the Royal Government has advised our people to opt for short-term rice
cultivation. What remains to be our focus has been to guarantee food security level in the country
and we have made a great achievement in this endeavor because we were able to have a surplus
even in the worst year of 2000, 2002 or even in 2004.
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3 Hydrology
3.1 Data
This section relates to ToR, Task 2: Collection of hydro-meteorological and hydraulic data and
information
The river network has been established on the basis of satellite (RADARSAT-1)
images; aerial photos (where available); and topographical maps 1:50,000 and
1:100,000. In addition, several reconnaissance visits have been made to locations
where there was doubt about the network.
In addition to the detailed network, which forms the basis for the catchment
delineation, a simplified network (of main rivers and streams) has been derived as a
basis for the hydrological analysis.
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St Svay
Don Keo
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In connection with the present study, the catchment boundary has been revised as
follows:
1. Southern part of the Stung Dauntri Basin: The revision is based on the DTM
model and check with contour lines. From the contour lines, the water at the
revised area is drained to Stung Pursat Basin and not to Stung Dauntri Basin.
2. Eastern part of the Stung Dauntri Basin: The revision is based on the DTM
model and check with the satellite images, aerial photographs, river network
and field check. Some part of the basin boundary followed along the roads
and some other parts follows the levee of the rivers. The water at the revised
area is drained to Stung Pursat Basin and not to Stung Dauntri Basin.
3. Western part of the Stung Dauntri Basin: The revision is based on the DTM
model and check with the satellite images, aerial photographs, river network
and field check. Some part of the basin boundary follows the levee of the
rivers. The water at the revised area is drained to Stung Sangke Basin through
O Say river.
4. North-western part of the Stung Dauntri Basin: The revision is based on the
DTM model and check with the satellite images and aerial photographs. The
revised basin boundary follows the levee of the rivers. The water at the
revised area is drained to Stung Dauntri Basin.
The picture below illustrates the revised area. The red color boundary is the new
boundary and the black color is the old one (taken from MRC). The difference
between the areas is as follows:
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The sub-basin receives water from the adjacent Pursat Sub-basin via the Damnak
Ampil Canal (please refer to section 4.6, regulation), and also via a natural offtake
located downstream of this canal. During high stages, this offtake diverts water
from St. Pursat across the catchment boundary and into Ou Souphi (in the Dauntri
Sub-basin), and further to Ou Bakan and St. Kambot. This offtake is shown in the
figure below.
National Road 5
Sub-basin boundary
Ou Souphi
Railway
Damnak
Ampil Canal
St. Pursat
1 km
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Rainfall
The long-term record from Pursat has been chosen as the basis for the water
balance analysis presented in this study. The rainfall in Dauntri Sub-basin can be
estimated as the rainfall in Pursat minus 6 percent.
Hereby, the analysis builds on (i) 53 years of 'good' data (which is fully
acceptable); (ii) a relatively safe estimate of the 4-out-of-5 years rainfall; (iii)
another relatively safe estimate of the variation along the Great Lake; and (iv) a
less safe assumption that the rainfall is homogenous within the sub-basin.
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Evaporation
Evaporation data are sparse. The following figure and related table are based on 9
station-years of 'accepted' data from two different stations - Battambang and
Pochentong, which are located on each side of the study area. There was no overlap
between the 'accepted' records, but the difference between the stations remained
within 5 percent on an over-all average basis. The average variation from one year
to another on a monthly basis was +/- 24 percent.
The actual evaporation will be less than the pan evaluation values, depending on
the so-called pan coefficient and also on the vegetation cover (that varies very
much over the year in the study area). In view of the uncertainties, a conservative
estimate of 0.7 times the pan evaporation has been applied.
3.4 Streamflow
This section relates to ToR, Task 9: Hydrological analysis
Rating curves from St. Pursat and St. Dauntri have been considered.
St. Pursat
There is no indication that Bac Rating curve Stung Pursat at Bak Trakoun
Trakoun station is subject to Q=f(H), data from 1998,1999, 2001
4.00
of the type Q=f(H), where H is
3.00
the water level at Bac Trakoun.
The correlation coefficient is 2.00
Q = 25 .5 ⋅ (H BakTrakoun − 0.0856 )
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
2
Q [m3/s]
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St. Dauntri
The rating curve at Maung is Rating curve Stung Dauntri at Maung, Q=f(H)
suggested to be of the type
3.
Q=f(H) (Carbonnel and
Guiscafre). It means that there 2.5
At the gauging location, the flow in St. Dauntri appears to be highly variable, with
a peak of 323 m3/s (on 27 Oct 02), as compared with an average flow of 7,87 m3/s
and a median flow of 2,36 m3/s. The corresponding specific yield is 6,5 l/s/km2 or
169 mm/year (average) and 1,9 l/s/km2 (median). The variation of the monthly
average flow is shown in the Figure below.
50
40
30
20
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Data: Maung (St. 5501101), catchment area 1214 km2, June 01-Dec 02
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The relation between the rainfall and runoff is likely to be better on bi-weekly or
monthly time scale rather on a daily scale. One source of uncertainty in the present
study is that the discharges are mostly rated and that the number of rainfall stations
are few and of different quality.
3.5 Regulation
This section relates to ToR, Task 9: Hydrological analysis
So far, 7.7 km of the canal has been restored from Damnak Ampil and towards
Svay Don Keo. Later on, it will be restored further all the way to Svay Don Keo.
The width of the canal is app. 10 m, and the slope is 0.0002 m/m.
Water is distributed by a network of new and old 2nd order gates and canals.
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Figure 3.6: The Damnak Ampil Canal and regulator under construction (6 July 06)
No data for the canal or its diversion structure on the Pursat river was available to
the consultant. However, upon physical inspection of the canal and intake site, as
well as with the available flow data from the Pursat river, it was possible to provide
an estimate of the flow in the irrigation canal. The subsequent diversion of the
canal flow into the catchment has been assumed.
The extent of the Damnak-Ampil canal (in its full extent during KR times) is seen
in the figure below. The length the canal that has been restored as per 2006 is also
indicated. It is seen that the canal is going to influence the water availability in the
upstream catchments in the Kreuch Sauch and Anlong Svay areas.
The photos show the conditions of the canal during the field visit in June 2006.
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Along the restored reach, 3 pairs (one on each side of embankment) of secondary
gates were observed. The purpose of these gates is to convey flows into the paddy
field areas on both sides of the canal. A typical layout of one of these gates is seen
in the bottom-left photo. At some reaches flooding outside the laft embankment
could be observed. The water level in this areas was significantly higher than in the
canal.
As mentioned, no data of flow capacity were available to the consultant. Hence the
canal capacity was estimated using Manning’s formula and the observed cross
section geometry.
The canal is approximately 10 m wide. The water depth at the time of visit was
app. 1.75 m. Information from the provincial department in Pursat reveals that the
slope of the canal is 0.0002. Assuming a roughness coefficient of n=0.02, the canal
flow capacity can be computed as follows :
Using the Manning’s formula with the above assumptions gives a flow of app. 15
m3/s.
Figure 3.7: The Damnak-Ampil Canal from Pursat River to Prek Chik
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Obviously the canal can not carry this flow at all times, as it will be dependent on
the flows in the Pursat river. An attempt to derive a monthly variation of the
irrigation canal flow has been made. First, the discharge rating curve for Pursat
river at Pursat as derived by the WUP-JICA study was used to produce a daily
rated discharge for three years, 2001-2003. Then the daily discharge on monthly
basis was derived for each of these years, and finally the average daily discharge
on monthly basis was derived, see the table below. A sound judgement of a
possible water intake into the canal for each month was hereafter applied.
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Table 3.3: Assumed flow from Pursat River into the Damnak-Ampil Canal
The geographical position of the pairs of secondary gates along the Damnak-Ampil
canal were recorded during the field trip in June 2006.
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If so, as seen in the table below, the future domestic demand will be somewhere
between 3 and 6 times the present demand.
This is still a small part of the available water in the area, but the increase must be
kept in mind in connection with the predicted increased demand for other purposes,
particularly irrigation.
Data: The present unit demand of 23 l/d is from TSBMO (Mar 03); the present pupolation is from the
Commune Database; other values are estimates
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Today, the agricultural water uses are limited both by the raw water availability
and by infrastructural constraints. In the course of time, however, as the
infrastructural constraints are gradually removed, the raw water availability will
become the sole limiting factor.
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The MIKE Basin model is divided into 21 sub-catchments with associated river
network as well as water uses. The sub-catchments follow largely internal
catchments divides, and are thus derived on basis of physical boundaries. In some
cases the topographical information was insufficient for a sub-catchment
delineation, instead the average distance to tributaries has been used.
During the field visits it was observed that the Damnak Ampil irrigation canal was
restored for a distance of about 7 km from Pursat river and into the catchment. The
water intake structure on the Pursat river was almost completed, and it is
anticipated that this canal will be in operation in year sometime in 2007. The
Damnak Ampil Canal is going to have a major impact on the available water in the
catchment. Although not confirmed, this canal is likely to be extended further to
the Svay Don Keo river. Since the is almost in operation, its presence and function
as a water supply source appears in all simulations except the first, which is
considered a base condition.
The figure below shows in schematic form the connection between the
subcatchments and their areas.
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C7 C6 C10 C1
331 104 95 184
C4
121
Sub-catchments are given by a number (eg. C21) and an area in km2 (eg. 413).
Grey: St. Kambot; yellow: Flow directly to the Great Lake; green: St. Svay Donkeo; red: St. Dauntri.
The Damnak Ampil irrigation canal and its entry points in the catchments are shown with red arrows
The calibration is made in two steps: First the NAM model is calibrated for the
Stung Sangker (the results from WUP-JICA is used). Then the calibrated
parameters were applied for the Dauntri catchment, and a comparison made
between the observed (only few measurements) and the simulated discharge, as it
was not possible to establish a rated discharge due to lack of water level data.
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In order to get in the order of the observed discharge, a very low runoff coefficient
had to be used (= 0.05). This value is questionable in itself, and it is not physically
justifiable to bring this value further down. It is seen from the figure that the model
predicts a discharge which is twice the recorded one. The explanation for this
ambiguity is likely to be found in the data basis, both the rainfall, and possibly the
observed discharge as well.
There are no rainfall stations in the mountain areas which could possibly improve
the model prediction. Also there are no further of water levels at Prek Chik made
available to the consultant to derive a rated discharge which could improve the data
basis for model calibration. Therefore, instead of attempting a further improvement
of the calibration on the sparse data basis described above, it was decided to apply
the calibrated NAM model parameters from the Stung Sangker catchment, which
were derived through the WUP-JICA study. This catchment is neighbouring to the
north of the Dauntri catchment. It was concluded in the WUP-JICA study that the
NAM parameters from the Stung Sangker calibration could be transferred to the
Stung Dauntri catchment. For illustration of the NAM calibration of the Stung
Sangker, please refer to Figure 5.6. The NAM parameters from the Stung Sangker
calibration are listed in Appendix 3.
The calibrated NAM parameters from Stung Sangker have been applied for the
entire Dauntri – Svay Don Keo catchment in the MIKE Basin model together with
the various water uses.
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120.0
Simulated
Observed
100.0
Discharge [m3/s]
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
01-01-98 01-01-99 01-01-00 01-01-01 01-01-02
600.0
500.0 Observed
Simulated
400.0
Discharge [m3/s]
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
01-01-98 01-01-99 01-01-00 01-01-01 01-01-02
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Water uses
The water uses that have been accounted for in the model are domestic, irrigation
and livestock water uses. The data from the commune data base have been used to
derive the above uses.
The principle in the MIKE Basin model is that the water uses in a given sub-
catchment draws water from a particular node, in this case the catchment nodes.
Hence all the water uses in a sub-catchment takes water from the same sub-
catcment node, which is always located in the downstream end of the sub-
catchment. Since the sub-catcments are based on physical boundaries and the water
uses are based on commune data, it has been necessary to calculate the fractional
contribution of each commune to each of the sub-catchments. The commune data
(eg. number of persons) are then assumed to be evenly distributed in the
communes.
Domestic water uses: It is assumed that each person presently consumes 23 l/d in
the catchment. On basis of the results from the Boribo – Thlea Maam catchment
modelling, which showed that future increase in domestic water use has only minor
effect on the water balance, it was decided not to make a scenario simulation with
inceased domestic water use.
Irrigation water use: Data for rainfed irrigation area, wet season irrigation area, dry
recession irrigation area and dry season irrigation area are available in the
commune data base. These data have been used for the estimation of the irrigation
areas in each of the sub-catchments. The present state of the irrigation systems
suggest that there are no return flows from the paddy fields. Hence the rain fed
irrigation areas can simply be taken out of the calculations, as the water use in there
areas does not affect and is not affected by the river flows.
In the present MIKE Basin model, the wet season irrigation, the dry recession
irrigation and the dry season irrigation areas have been included. It is assumed that
the wet season irrigation takes place between July and November, the dry recession
irrigation between December and February, and the dry season irrigation between
March and June. It is assumed for all categories that the water demand for
irrigation is 2 l/s/ha, and that the paddy fields are evenly distributed in the
communes. It is further assumed that there are no return flows from the paddy
fields.
Livestock water use: In the MIKE Basin model it is assumed that the major water
consuming livestock are cows, buffalos, pigs and poultry.
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the Pursat river. The river branch is then extended into the Dauntri catchment for
app. 7.5 km. The location of the 3 pairs of gates is used to determine which sub-
catchments will receive water from the canal. There is no distinction between gates
located on the left or right side of the canal. Hence, altogether three abstraction
points have ben defined along the river branch representing the Damnak-Ampil
Canal.
The flow abstracted from the Pursat river is assumed as indicated in Table 3.3
(Section 3.5). However, it is based on an assessment of both the capacity of the
channel (using Manning’s formula) and the water availability in the Pursat river.
The latter is derived using the extended flow record at Pursat. An underlying
assumption is that the the amount of water available at Pursat is likewise available
at the Damnak Ampil water intake.
The time-series of assumed abstracted flow from the Pursat river is fed into the
canal at its upstream (sutheastern) end.
A total of three abstraction points along he Ampil canal has been assumed. This
has been done in order to provide each of the three subcatchments which the canal
traverses with irrigation water. This corresponds approximately to the observations
made in the field, where sets of gates were observed along the channel. Since the
flow in the Ampil canal is assumed, it is subject to uncertainty. Therefore the flow
at the three abstractions points has been assumed to be equal.
The water diverted from the irrigation canal is used for irrigation of paddy fields in
a reasonable vicinity of the canal. It is assumed that 30% of the abstracted flow is
returned to the local river systems. This additional water in the rivers will be
available for water use, for example for the proposed candidate sub-projects. If
return flows were neglected, the effect of the canal would be neutral in the
simulations.
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Location of
abstraction
points for
irrigation
The following table shows the summary of the water balance for the Dauntri –
Svay Don Keo catchment under the existing conditions. The conditions imply that
all existing water uses have been included. However, the Damnak – Ampil canal is
not included in this simulation.
It is seen from the table that the water uses in general constitute a small fraction of
the available water, at least on a yearly basis and during the wet season. In the dry
season – January to May, the water uses are of the same magnitude as the available
water. In March to May there are no outflows from the catchment. Both presently
(in some years) and in the future there is therefore competition for water in the
driest months of the year, as not all demands can be met. Proper planning of the
water allocation is therefore inevitable, if the situation is to be improved.
Conversely, as seen in table, in the period of June to November, that is in the wet
season, as well as a part of the recession period (December), there is plenty of
available water for irrigation water use or other uses. Presently most water in this
period flows into the Tonle Sap Lake, were it naturally serves other purposes.
The numbers in the table are based on precipitation data that represent a ‘4 out of 5
years’ situation, or 80 % reliability. This means that in 1 out of 5 years the water
availability may be less.
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Base situation with Damnak-Ampil Canal included: In this scenario, the Damnak-
Ampil irrigation canal has been incorporated in the model setup, to study the
influence of abstracting water from the Pursat river. The assumptons and technical
specifications for the canal are described in Section 4.6.
A summary of the water balance for this scenario is seen in the following table.
Detailed water balances for each sub-catchment are presented in Appendix 4.
The general conclusion when comparing to the base situation is that the canal
conveys sufficient water to the Dauntri – Svay Don Keo catchment, that there will
always be an outflow from the catchment as a whole. The outflow from the
catchment is increased in all months of the year, including the dry months. This
means that all present water demands can be met.
Table 4.3: Summary water balance with the Damnak Ampil Canal
Rainfall Evapo- Storage Water Domestic Irrigation Livestock Outflow
ration and losses availability uses uses uses
[m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s]
January 3,9 19,6 -24,2 8,6 0,1 1,5 0,4 6,7
February 4,9 7,1 -8,6 6,4 0,1 1,5 0,4 4,5
March 45,2 45,2 -6,6 6,6 0,1 2,9 0,4 3,2
April 84,6 84,6 -7,5 7,5 0,1 2,9 0,4 4,2
May 163,2 135,7 17,3 10,2 0,1 2,9 0,4 6,9
June 143,6 126,9 -1,5 18,2 0,1 2,9 0,4 14,8
July 151,4 111,1 -22,7 63,0 0,1 12,5 0,4 50,1
August 197,7 98,3 -27,3 126,6 0,1 12,5 0,4 113,7
September 256,7 77,7 14,4 164,6 0,1 12,5 0,4 151,7
October 246,8 85,6 35,6 125,6 0,1 12,5 0,4 112,7
November 121,0 102,3 -25,9 44,6 0,1 12,5 0,4 31,7
December 19,7 78,3 -75,7 17,1 0,1 1,5 0,4 15,2
Year 119,9 81,0 -11,1 49,9 0,1 6,5 0,4 42,9
It is important to emphasize that while this holds true for the catchment as a whole,
it does not apply to the Dauntri river itself, which does not receive additional water
from the Pursat river. This is clearly seen in the tables of each individual sub-
catchment in Appendix 4.
Groundwater
No groundwater data has been available for the study wherefore a direct
assessment of this resource could not be made. Instead, the groundwater flow has
been determined indirectly through calibration of the NAM model. Practically this
is obtained by adjusting the various parameters until a reasonable fit exist between
observed total runoff and simulated total runoff. Through the various exchange
functions in the model (threshold values for overland flow, interflow and
groundwater flow) the groundwater flow (or base flow) comes implicitly as a
result.
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The figure below shows the simulated relative contribution of the groundwater
flow to the total runoff for Dauntri Sub-basin. The base case is shown. The table
below contains average monthly values of the ration between the groundwater flow
and the total runoff.
Table 4.4: Monthy simulated ratio between groundwater flow and total runoff
Month Groundwater flow : total runoff
J 1
F 1
M 1
A 1
M 1
J 0.37
J 0.01
A 0.11
S 0.28
O 0.39
N 0.52
D 0.90
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There are four proposed candidate sub-projects in the catchment, namely Kreuch
Sauch, Anlong Svay, Roneam Prayol and Prek Chik.
Two sets of water balances have been calculated: One without an ssumed climate
change, and one including the (uncertain) effects of a climate change. Both sets
include the Damnak Ampil Canal.
Table 4.5: Summary water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects
Rainfall Evapo- Storage Water Domestic Irrigation Livestock Outflow
ration and losses availability uses uses uses
[m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s]
January 3,9 19,6 -24,2 8,6 0,1 1,9 0,4 6,3
February 4,9 7,1 -8,8 6,6 0,1 1,9 0,4 4,3
March 45,2 45,2 -7,0 7,0 0,1 3,3 0,4 3,2
April 84,6 84,6 -7,9 7,9 0,1 3,3 0,4 4,2
May 163,2 135,7 16,9 10,6 0,1 3,3 0,4 6,9
June 143,6 126,9 -1,5 18,2 0,1 3,3 0,4 14,4
July 151,4 111,1 -22,7 63,0 0,1 23,7 0,4 38,9
August 197,7 98,3 -27,3 126,6 0,1 23,7 0,4 102,5
September 256,7 77,7 14,4 164,6 0,1 23,7 0,4 140,5
October 246,8 85,6 35,6 125,6 0,1 23,7 0,4 101,5
November 121,0 102,3 -26,4 45,1 0,1 23,7 0,4 20,9
December 19,7 78,3 -75,7 17,1 0,1 1,9 0,4 14,8
Year 119,9 81,0 -11,2 50,1 0,1 11,4 0,4 38,2
The main conclusion for the catchment as a whole, in comparison with the previous
simulation described, is that the catchment outflows are reduced in the wet season,
whereas it is unchanged in the dry season. The reason for this is that there are no
dry season irrigation in the proposed candidate sub-projects, except at Prek Chik.
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However, looking at the detailed results for Stung Dauntri river, it can be
concluded that the Prek Chik candidate sub-projects will not be able to receive all
of its water demand. The insufficient amounts of water held back for the Prek Chik
candidate sub-project, has further as a consequence that downstream flows are
further reduced, extending the period with zero or near zero aoutflows from the
catchment.
The remaining candidate sub-projects Krouch Saeuch, Anlong Svay and Roneam
Mneash have sufficient water when combined with the Damnak-Ampil irrigation
Canal. Without the canal, the Anlong Svay candidate sub-projects will be short of
water in periods, whereas the demands from Krouch Saeuch and Roneam Mneash
are just fulfilled. However, the fulfilment for the latter two are on the expense of
flows downstream from these projects.
A detailed analysis can therefore be carried out in which the optimal allocation of
water at the three abstraction points along the Damnak-Ampil Canal is determined.
Results are shown in the table below. Detailed water balances for each sub-
catchment are presented in Appendix 2.
The climate change mainly involves a change in the catchment outflow during the
wet season, and to a lesser degree during the dry season.
Table 4.6: Summary water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects, and climate change
Rainfall Evapo- Storage Water Domestic Irrigation Livestock Outflow
ration and losses availability uses uses uses
[m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s]
January 3,9 19,6 -24,0 8,4 0,1 1,9 0,4 6,1
February 4,9 7,1 -8,8 6,6 0,1 1,9 0,4 4,3
March 45,2 45,2 -6,9 6,9 0,1 3,3 0,4 3,2
April 84,6 84,6 -7,9 7,9 0,1 3,3 0,4 4,2
May 163,2 135,7 17,0 10,5 0,1 3,3 0,4 6,8
June 143,6 126,9 2,3 14,5 0,1 3,3 0,4 10,7
July 151,4 111,1 -11,5 51,8 0,1 23,7 0,4 27,7
August 197,7 98,3 -20,1 119,4 0,1 23,7 0,4 95,3
September 256,7 77,7 21,3 157,7 0,1 23,7 0,4 133,6
October 246,8 85,6 41,2 120,1 0,1 23,7 0,4 96,0
November 121,0 102,3 -22,8 41,5 0,1 23,7 0,4 17,4
December 19,7 78,3 -75,2 16,5 0,1 1,9 0,4 14,2
Year 119,9 81,0 -8,0 46,8 0,1 11,4 0,4 34,9
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On the basis of the analyses described above, the present section elaborates on the
water availability for candidate sub-projects in the sub-basin.
St. Kambot
There is one candidate sub-project on this river: Krouch Saeuch. It is located within
the command area of the Damnak Ampil Canal.
Krouch Saeuch
scheme
Not all the water available at each location should be used for irrigation. As
estimated in Section 4.1, the domestic demand may increase by a factor 3-6 within
a period of 30 years. Also, livestock breeding may increase. However, these
demands are small in comparion with the over-all water availability. Today,
between them, they are estimated at around 0,43 m3/s for the entire sub-basin. A 5-
fold increase would amount to 2.1 m3/s. They have been included in the
availability estimates in proportion to the catchment area of each scheme, not
because they are significant but in order not to forget about them.
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Hereby, the water available for Anlong Svay is included in the water available to
share between the schemes.
The two schemes are within the command area of the Damnak Ampil Canal, which
is manageable to within its capacity, subject to water being available at its intake.
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Flow from
Damnak
Ampil Canal Anlong Svay
scheme
Roneam Prayol
scheme
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St. Dauntri
There is one candidate sub-project on this river: Prek Chik. The estimated water
availability is shown in the following table.
Prek Chik
scheme
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Catchment area: 728 km2 (entire upstream area) (St. Svay Dauntri)
The water availability is the estimated availability in 4 out of 5 years under present conditions, including
present withdrawals for irrigation; present and future withdrawals for domestic and livestock; and
excluding any future expansion of irrigation withdrawals
Table 4.10 indicates a visible water shortage in February through April. In this
connection, the thought has been raised whether the shortage can be mitigated by
extending the Damnak Ampil Canal all the way to St. Dauntri 1. Technically, this
may or may not be feasible, as far as in the past, the canal linked with St. Dauntri -
although with a flow direction that was the opposite of today's, so that the canal
drew water from St. Dauntri, rather than supplying water to it.
If it is possible to augment the flow in this way, it will obviously make a significant
difference to the benefit of the Prek Chik scheme. This is illustrated in Table 4.14
at the end of the following section.
1
Please refer to Section 3.5 for a description of the canal
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The table indicates that consumption exceeds the availability in the following
periods:
• St. Kambot: January through March;
• St. Svay Donkeo: January through June, and November; and
• St. Dauntri: February/March to May.
In these periods, the areas in question rely on inflow from upstream to serve their
demands.
In the rest of the year, the water availability exceeds the consumption, even in the
absence of inflow from upstream (in case that all water were diverted to the
candidate sub-projects).
St. Kambot and St. Svay Donkeo (with 3 of the candidate sub-projects) are within
the command area of the Damnak Ampil Canal. As illustrated in the previous
section, this canal makes quite a difference to the water availability.
Values are water generated in 4 out of 5 years minus present off-stream uses, extracted from MIKE
Basin baseline simulation (Appendix 4, Table A4.5)
Inflow from upstream not included
Negative values indicate that inflows from upstream are relied upon to serve present demand
Values include present estimated withdrawals for irrigation, domestic use and livestock
Contributions from the Damnak Ampil Canal are not included
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Today, during an average rainy season, the farmers can raise one purely rainfed
crop, although the yield is affected by water stress (which means that the water
availability is less than ideal). This indicates a present withdrawal demand of
somewhere around 0,5 l/s/ha minus direct rainfall - which would allow the farmers
to cultivate their present wet season rice crops, with the present yield, in years with
rainfall less than average.
Short- and medium-term rice varieties require more water than long-term varieties,
and dry season paddy cultivation requires more water that wet season cultivation,
whereas many crops other than rice require less water.
Withdrawal demands
According to MOWRAM's design manual for irrigation schemes (draft, Dec 03)
Crop water requirement: 1,700 m3/mth (December) to 2,300 m3/month (April),
or 0.6-0,9 l/s/ha, assuming a crop factor 1.1 for paddy and including percolation 2 mm/day
Over-all system efficiency: Varying between 60 percent to schemes up to 50 ha and 51 percent for
schemes above 400 ha
This gives a withdrawal demand of between 1.1 and 1.7 l/s/ha in December to April
The MOWRAM Manual notes that 'experience in other countries has indicated that crop yields are
not significantly reduced if water supplied is within 85-90% of optimum'.
The area that can be irrigated with a given amount of water can be calculated as the
rainfall deficit divided by the flow that is available. The rainfall deficit is the
difference between the irrigation demand and the direct rainfall. It is shown in the
following table for assumed withdrawal demands of 0.5, 1 and 2 l/s/ha. The former
value is an indication of present practices in the wet season, while the latter value
indicates possible future practices in the dry season.
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n/a: Cultivation not limited by water availability (irrigation supplies not required)
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As mentioned in Section 4.4, the possibility exists to increase the inflow to the Prek
Chik scheme by extending the Damnak Ampil Canal all the way to St. Dauntri. As
an illustration of the effect, an estimate has been made based on the tentative
assumption that Prek Chik receives an amount of 20 percent of the flow that is
diverted from St. Pursat for distribution via the Damnak Ampil Canal. (In rality, a
lower or a higher flow rate could equally well be assumed, since the system is
highly manageable).
Table 4.14: Irrigable area at Prek Chik assuming a supply from the Damnak Ampil Canal
Inflow From Damn. Other uses Manageable Irrigable area
Ampil Canal
(1) (2) (3) (4) = 0,5 l/s/ha 1 l/s/ha 2 l/s/ha
(1) + (2) - (3)
m3/s m3/s m3/s m3/s ha ha ha
J 0,6 1,6 0,3 1,9 3.835 1.896 942
F 0,2 1,0 0,3 0,9 1.866 918 455
M 0,1 1,0 0,3 0,7 1.944 835 390
A 0,0 1,0 0,3 0,7 2.579 884 382
M 0,0 1,6 0,3 1,3 24.942 2.348 835
J 1,2 2,0 0,3 2,9 30.573 4.877 1.819
J 8,6 3,0 0,3 11,2 131.121 19.162 7.077
A 21,6 3,0 0,3 24,3 n/a 52.963 16.653
S 29,4 3,0 0,3 32,1 n/a 118.540 25.263
O 21,4 3,0 0,3 24,1 n/a 74.325 18.198
N 5,6 3,0 0,3 8,2 51.390 12.487 4.967
D 1,8 2,0 0,3 3,5 7.738 3.655 1.779
Example: If the withdrawal demand is 1 l/s/ha, the manageable flow in January is equivalent with an area of 1,896 ha
(2): Taken as 20 percent of the monthly withdrawal from St. Pursat. (This is an assumption rather than a recommendation)
n/a: Cultivation not limited by water availability (irrigation supplies not required)
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5.1 Data
This section relates to ToR, Task 2: Collection of hydro-meteorological and hydraulic data and
information
5.2 Morphology
Bank erosion and accretion takes place along the alluvial reaches of rivers and
streams, sometimes as a gradual process that proceeds for years in a predictable
way, and sometimes rather abruptly. In the present study area, the erosion rate is
generally slow to moderate.
Bank erosion can cause damage to property, buildings and infrastructure (including
irrigation infrastructure), while accretion can increase the flood risk and affect fish
habitats and mish migration.
Locations of particular erosion and accretion are shown in the figure below.
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Flooded areas in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 are shown in a thematic map
(submitted separately).
Effects of floods and drought exist over most of the sub-basin, to an extent that
depends on the cultivation cycle. Normally, a drought is regarded as a drought only
if it occurs during cultivation. The effects vary from one village to another, over
short distances, often within each commune.
In general, drought problems are much more widespread and more frequent.
The following tables show drought-affected areas and the general occurrence of
floods and drought in the sub-basin.
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6 Aquatic environment
6.1 Data
This section relates to ToR, Task 25: Exisiting WQ data and classification
Data used in the evaluation and assessment of the aquatic environment is mainly
from the commune database 2004 as presented in the previous chapters regarding
population and livestock estimates.
Besides this also satellite images from LandSat 2005 have been used in the analysis
including data on landuse from 1993, 1997 and 2002.
No water quality data have been available for the studied sub-catchments. Only
data from Tonle Sap Lake have been available to a limited extent.
The output of the MIKE Basin WQ model presented below is only covers the
Dauntri study area. The water balance used is based on the preceding water balance
calculations.
No monitoring data on water quality has been available for the study areas. Thus,
the results presented in the chapter do not reflect calibrated concentration level.
Instead pollution loads and water quality parameters have been adjusted to reach
expected concentrations levels based on measurements available from rivers in the
coastal area of Cambodia.
Cultivation areas
The available information for this project states that on average 1 crop is cultivated
per year. The areas and the corresponding estimates of fertilizer utilization are
listed below.
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Table 6.1: Distribution of areas for rice cultivation and estimated fertiliser application, per commune in
Dauntri catchment
ID PROVINCE DISTRICT COMMUNE Area Rice Rice Fertiliser P Fertiliser N
km2 ha pct kg/year kg/year
20601 Battambang Moung Ruessei Moung 39 6964 179 43811 125592
20602 Battambang Moung Ruessei Kear 96 3549 37 92053 263886
20603 Battambang Moung Ruessei Prey Svay 144 7577 53 172360 494099
20604 Battambang Moung Ruessei Ruessei Krang 163 9337 57 188680 540882
20605 Battambang Moung Ruessei Chrey 288 2538 9 64288 184292
20606 Battambang Moung Ruessei Ta Loas 52 1878 36 47334 135690
20607 Battambang Moung Ruessei Kakaoh 47 2823 61 71139 203932
20609 Battambang Moung Ruessei Robas Mongkol 124 5129 41 117087 335650
20610 Battambang Moung Ruessei Prek Chik 139 3719 27 83680 239883
20611 Battambang Moung Ruessei Prey Tralach 274 4102 15 117883 337932
21304 Battambang Koas Krala Doun Ba 151 10711 71 241004 690879
21306 Battambang Koas Krala Chhnal Moan 241 736 3 16571 47504
150101 Pursat Bakan Boeng Bat Kandaol 10 203 21 6856 19654
Dauntri
Data on rice cultivation are (i) from the commune database and (ii) collected from local agricultural authorities. Statistics refer to
the proportion of each commune that lies within the study area. Numbers for Moung and Svay Don Kaeo commune were not
correct since total cultivated area exceeded total commune area. Instead a cultivation percentage of 50 % pct have been
assumed for both communes
Pollutant loads
The pollution load calculated and load reaching the water bodies in the different
subcatchments are discussed in more detail in the following section.
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Table 6.2: Overall generated load of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus (t/year) in the
Dauntri catchment
Source BOD (T/y) Total-Nitrogen Total-
(T/y) Phosphorus (T/y)
Point sources NS NS NS
Non-sewered population 2850 520 170
Live stock (generated) 24150 3300 1060
Fertiliser (used) - 6480 2260
Background load incl. precipitation 1850 1850 190
A short discussion of the different potential sources and their significance is given
below considering the categories: point sources, non-sewered population,
background load including precipitation, livestock and fertiliser use.
Point sources
The present load from point sources is very low or non-existent for the moment but
potential point sources in the future could be wastewater treatment plants,
industries, and hotels giving rise to significant load to certain stretches of the
rivers.
Non-sewered population
The population today is not connected to a wastewater system and the pollution
load from this source will also end up in the river system after different forms of
reduction and decay which is considered as described above. The generated load
from this source of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus can be estimated to 2850, 520
and 170 tons/year, respectively for the Dauntri Sub-basin.
Background load
As the nutrients are naturally occurring in the nature, the natural processes and
cycling of elements will contribute to the overall load of the catchments. These
estimations are based on findings from other areas.
Livestock
The livestock on the farms in the catchment areas contributes significantly to the
overall generated load of the river system. Based on the statistics described above
on livestock numbers in the households it can be estimated that approximately
24150, 3300 and 1060 tons/year of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively,
are produced in the Dauntri Sub-basin.
Mineral fertiliser
Based on the received information regarding fertiliser use the amount applied make
up a significant proportion of the estimated generated load in each of the catchment
areas. Based on the area of agricultural land and the use of unit figures of nitrogen
and phosphorus application a total amount of 6480 and 2260 tons/year are used in
the Dauntri Sub-basin.
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Using the Load Module of Mike Basin the load of BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus
for the different sub-catchments in the two catchments have been calculated. The
figures also indicate in which sub-catchments the pressure from human activities
are most significant.
BOD
In the figure below the load of BOD is shown for each sub-catchment.
From this figure it can be seen that the BOD load reaching the receiving waters
will be biggest in sub-catchments covering the mid-stretches of the Dauntri
catchment and especially in the districts of Bakan and Moung Russei.
The figure also show the distribution of receiving water load between domestic and
non-point load. This shows clearly that in all sub-catchments the non-point load is
the highest.
In Table 6.3 below the estimated pollution load of BOD to each subcatchment of
the river is presented. The total load, the load for non-point pollution sources and
domestic load has been calculated.
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Table 6.3: Estimated BOD load reaching the river in each subcatchment
ID Name Area BODTotal BODNonPoint BODDomestic
km2 kg kg kg
1 Catchment1 185 78476 74802 3673
2 Catchment2 367 212861 184276 28586
3 Catchment4 121 77069 72782 4287
4 Catchment6 104 71841 66891 4950
5 Catchment7 331 217344 197220 20124
6 Catchment8 156 64560 60614 3945
7 Catchment10 95 57074 52473 4602
8 Catchment12 74 54663 50720 3943
9 Catchment14 27 21594 20266 1328
10 Catchment15 24 25852 23128 2724
11 Catchment16 191 133281 117050 16231
12 Catchment17 504 188462 169487 18975
13 Catchment18 28 28003 24927 3077
14 Catchment19 122 119405 108092 11313
15 Catchment20 45 37794 34255 3539
16 Catchment21 413 119111 106338 12773
17 Catchment22 186 157131 139879 17252
18 Catchment23 196 61865 61192 673
19 Catchment24 6 2102 2097 5
20 Catchment25 216 42833 42637 196
21 Catchment26 155 23074 22993 82
Figure 6.2: Map showing the location of the different sub-catchments of the Dauntri
catchment
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Nitrogen
The highest contribution of nitrogen to the receiving waters originates in the sub-
catchments covering the districts of Moung Russei and Bakan.
Substantial differences in the receiving water load between the upper and some of
the mid-stretches of the Dauntri Sub-basin can be seen. Compared to the BOD load
there is indications that the proportion of nitrogen load from non-point sources
might be even more pronounced.
Table 6.4. Estimated nitrogen load reaching the river in each subcatchment
ID Name Area N_Total N_Nonpoint N_Domestic
km2 kg kg kg
1 Catchment1 185 74001 73603 397
2 Catchment2 367 152864 149499 3365
3 Catchment4 121 57414 56945 469
4 Catchment6 104 46215 45714 501
5 Catchment7 331 145750 143431 2319
6 Catchment8 156 70179 69727 453
7 Catchment10 95 45184 44646 538
8 Catchment12 74 36852 36410 441
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Phosphorus
The phosphorus load shows a similar pattern as for nitrogen when indicating the
pressure of human impact.
Again the highest overall phosphorus load to the river system is generated in
Moung Russei and Bakan districts.
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Table 6.5: Estimated phosphorus load reaching the river in each subcatchment
ID Name Area PtotTotal PtotNonPoint PtotDomestic
km2 kg kg kg
1 Catchment1 185 7176 6993 183
2 Catchment2 367 15857 14831 1026
3 Catchment4 121 7152 6925 227
4 Catchment6 104 5359 5145 214
5 Catchment7 331 18839 17896 943
6 Catchment8 156 8556 8347 209
7 Catchment10 95 5636 5428 208
8 Catchment12 74 4753 4566 187
9 Catchment14 27 2165 2090 74
10 Catchment15 24 3044 2898 146
11 Catchment16 191 13966 13262 704
12 Catchment17 504 16225 15448 778
13 Catchment18 28 3032 2873 159
14 Catchment19 122 11004 10503 501
15 Catchment20 45 3775 3606 170
16 Catchment21 413 6596 6235 362
17 Catchment22 186 10998 10338 660
18 Catchment23 196 4901 4869 32
19 Catchment24 6 205 204 0
20 Catchment25 216 2347 2341 6
21 Catchment26 155 1274 1271 3
The results above are estimates on pollutant loads entering the river. The results
give an indication on how the relative differences in concentration may look like
and which catchments may contribute relatively more than others to pollution
levels expected in the river system.
The plan plot showing pollutant loads entering the river system discriminates
between non-point and point types of sources. In general the plots indicate that
non-point sources in general are far more important than point sources (e.g.
domestic sources from population). However this cannot be verified but compared
to the above load amount generated it seems reasonably. However, a number of
local conditions may affect the transport and retention of different source types and
it is important to obtain monitoring data covering both low flow and high flow
periods in order to verify that this is also actually the case.
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The different water uses require a raw water quality that is adequate for the
particular use, whether domestic, fisheries, industrial, or for agriculture. And most
water uses generate a return flow, the water being released as sewage from
households, businesses and industries, or as tailwater from irrigation systems and
mines.
A MIKE Basin Water Quality model was setup for the Dauntri study area based on
the water balance. The water balance is based on down stream discharges
calculated from the water level measurements and Q/h relations which are
available for 1998 – 2005. Calculated discharges have been translated into area
specific runoffs as input for the MIKE Basin model.
The time series plot shown below indicated relative high concentrations of all the
simulated compounds in the dry season and reaching maximum concentrations in
May in the period with very low flow in the catchment.
BOD
The simulated average concentration of BOD during the present conditions show
that the concentration levels will increase in the lower reaches of the Dauntri
catchment and especially a small stretch in the mid-reaches will show relatively
high concentrations. The calculations indicate that an up to two to three times
increase might occur in the lower reaches of the catchment However the
calculation indicate using the assumptions given above that the present quality
conditions should be good in most of the catchment. During periods with low flow
the simulations indicate more or less the same pattern but higher concentration
levels.
Ammonia
The average annual concentrations of ammonia in the main part of the catchment in
general meets the requirements for good quality except some short stretches in
some of the branches where the quality might reach fair qulity. However, the
calculations indicate that in periods with low flow during the dry season the quality
conditions regarding ammonia might be poor as the levels found in the lower
reaches might be five to six times higher than the upper reaches
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Figure 6.5: Time series simulation results for the outlet of St. Dauntri. Results for BOD,
ammonia, nitrate and total phosphorous
N3|BOD [mg/l]
25
20
15
10
2000 2001
N3|NH4 [mg/l]
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
2000 2001
N3|NO3 [mg/l]
1.5
1.0
0.5
2000 2001
N3|P_tot [mg/l]
1.0
0.5
2000 2001
Nitrate
Regarding nitrate the average concentrations indicates that good quality conditions
might occur in all river stretches except a small stretch on Svay Don Keo, where
the quality might be poor to bad.. The calculations indicate however that during the
dry season the quality conditions in the lower reaches will be decreasing showing
concentration levels higher than in the wet season.
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Total-phosphorus
The total-phosphorus concentrations in the upper parts of Dauntri show levels up to
approx. 2 times the less affected parts. However, it looks like good quality
conditions occur in most of the catchment. During the dry season an increase in
concentration level occurs in all the lower reaches of the catchment.
The impact of the candidate scheme on the water quality conditions will be
evaluated in the following. The candidate scheme evaluated includes all candidate
irrigation projects and allocation of water from Pursat River.
The comparison have been made under the assumption that all pollution loads and
retention in the system will be similar to the present situation, so that the only
change that will occur will be the changed water flow due to the irrigation
schemes.
The calculated changes in water discharge are shown in the figures below.
The figures show clearly that the discharge through the northern most branch of the
Dauntri catchment will be reduced during the rainy season for the candidate sub-
projects and also that the discharge in the dry season will be very low.
In some river stretches the water flow in the dry season increases compared to the
present situation due to the potential contribution from Pursat River. The difference
in water discharge in this area is indicated in the figure below for the present
situation and for the candidate sub-projects.
Figure 6.6: Simulated discharge for reference scenario (black) and the candidate sub-projects (blue) at
node 3 at the outlet of St. Dauntri
50
40
30
20
10
2000 2001
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Figure 6.7: Changes in water discharge at Node 185 from the present situation and the candidate scheme
including the irrigation schemes and allocation of water from Pursat River
The simulations indicate that relative small changes will take place in the
concentrations of BOD, ammonium, nitrate and total phosphorus in the northern
branch in the catchment area. The biggest changes will for all compounds be in the
end of the dry season and slightly later than in the present situation. In the early
part of the dry season even lower concentrations than at present might occur
according to the simulated results.
BOD
The simulated average concentration of BOD for the candidate sub-projects
including the irrigation schemes and water allocation from Pursat River have been
calculated. The concentration show a similar situation as for the present situation
but with slightly lower values in some of the mid reaches and significantly lower
concentration in the mid part of Svay Don Keo. Figure 6.24 show the simulated
differences in concentration levels between the candidate sub-projects and the
present situation. These calculations indicate that the levels in the lower reaches
will be at the same level or slightly lower in the average situation.
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Figure 6.8: Time series simulation results for the outlet of St. Dauntri after irrigation
development. Results for BOD, ammonia, nitrate and total phosphorous
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
2000 2001
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2000 2001
Ammonium
The simulated concentrations of ammonium show almost no changes in the most
part of the catchment. In the Dauntri part the simulations indicate a slight increase
in the upper reaches and a slight decrease in the mid-reaches. The biggest change
can be found in Svay Don Keo where the allocation of water will increase the
amount of water in the dry season leading to lower concentrations of ammonium in
this part.
Nitrate
The simulated concentrations of nitrate for the candidate sub-projects show that the
concentrations in most of the Dauntri catchment will change very little, with an
increase between 0 and 0.07 mg/l. The biggest changes will occur in the mid parts
of Svay Don Keo.
Total Phosphorus
The simulated concentrations of total-phosphorus show a similar pattern as the
other compounds and indicates a slight reduction of total-phosphorus
concentrations in the mid parts of Dauntri river and significant reductions at a
small stretch in the mid parts of Svay Don Keo.
Conclusion
The simulations indicate that the quality conditions for the compounds could be
good and this seems to be in accordance with recent water quality monitoring
programs, undertaken by MOWRAM, MRC and WUP-FIN, that the general
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pollution level is fairly low at present. The simulations conducted for the candidate
sub-projects indicate very limited changes in the quality conditions in the Dauntri
catchment except for in a small stretch of the Svay Don Keo where water
transferred from the Pursat river provides more water in the dry season compared
to the present situation. The proposed irrigation schemes will generally result in a
reduction in water quality as less water will be available for dilution of the
pollutants but the allocation of water from Pursat river will compensate for this.
It should be pointed out that in the future, in case of crop diversification and related
increased use of pesticides and fertiliser, it is important to consider and prevent
serious environmental impacts in general, and contamination of edible fish in
particular in the catchment.
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7 Fisheries
The fishery in this sub-basin is associated with its three main rivers: Dauntri
(Muong), Svay Don Keo and St. Kambot (Preah Mlou) 2.
Further upstream, the river is blocked by a structure of Prekchik 17April. Under the
current situation, this structure without gate regulators still allows a possible fish
migration during the rainy season, when water level raises up. Fishing was
observed during consultant visit and reported by local communities at upstream of
this structure. Although the fishing practice here is only for family purpose, the
rehabilitation of this irrigation scheme should include fishways to avoid possible
negative impacts on the aquatic diversities including the family type fishery that
still remains commonly in this area.
Kampang irrigation scheme is the only irrigation structure across the river
downstream of National Road No. 5, but without blocking the river (no gate
regulator). The passage between different parts of the river and the rice fields or
flood plain is observed in a good favourable condition for fish migration both
locally and laterally. This favourable condition could explained the more active
fishing practice in this river sub-basin observed by the consultant comparing to
other sub-basins of the two studied basins.
Further upstream, at Roneam Proyol irrigation scheme, the fish migration remains
also possible during rainy season, when the water level raises, due to present
absence of gates of this irrigation scheme. The rehabilitation of this irrigation
scheme in the future should include fishways to avoid possible negative impacts on
the aquatic diversities in this river sub-basin.
2
St. Kambot shifts its name to Preah Mlou downstream of National Road 5. In this
present study, the former name is used for the river as a whole.
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migration. This phenomenon could also help enriching rice field fishery, which is
commonly observed by the consultant in this area.
Further upstream, the Krouch Sach irrigation is the only irrigation structure with
fishway found by the consultant in the studied areas. This fishway seems to be very
effective, as local communities around this structure reported high fish yield at up
stream of this structure. This high yield is reported un-declined up to now. Based
on consultant observation, the design of this scheme seems very helpful for fishery
in the area. The fishway makes fish migration possible, while the structure increase
more permanent water body, thus gives some additional benefit for fish refuge in
dry season as well as to the local people, who usually fully exploit the
impoundment for fishing.
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8 Socio-economics
8.1 Data
This section relates to ToR, Task 1: Collection of general data and information
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Average gross household cash income among households surveyed in the Dauntri
Sub-basin is US$666 per year (or US$128 per person) compared to average
national GDP per capita in 2004 of around US$363 (ADB, 2006). The difference in
cash income between the two basins is due to (i) much lower off-farm income and
(ii) lower income from livestock sales in Dauntri basin. This figure also assumes
that 40% of the total annual rice yield is sold.
The table clearly shows the dependency of households in the sub-basin on their
land as their main source of wealth 3 and highlights their vulnerability to the
impacts of drought and severe floods. Note again that the income levels shown in
Figure 8.1 do not account for the costs associated with undertaking these income-
generating activities. Unlike the Boribo Sub-basin, however, crop production is the
largest contributor to household income in the Dauntri basin, providing around
40% of total household income from paddy cultivation alone. The sale of
supplementary crops such as pineapples and vegetables is an important source of
cash income.
23%
3
Here income is used in the economic sense and does not necessarily refer to cash
income. Furthermore, livestock is valued at its stock value (i.e. as an asset) rather
than as a flow value
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Employment
All the households surveyed are engaged in agriculture as the main source of
employment. However, there are more possibilities for employment outside of
agriculture in Battambang as evidenced by the fact that around 25% of the
provincial population is employed in the services sector and 4% in the industrial
sector (MRC, 2003). In Pursat, only 17% of the labour force is employed outside of
agriculture.
The majority of the sub-basin population harvests rainwater during the wet season
which is stored in large jars. This is supplemented with water collected from
nearby rivers and streams.
Water quality has not been reported as a problem but with growing populations of
both humans and livestock, and increasing applications of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides in agriculture, poor water quality may become an issue, especially in the
dry season.
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Figure 8.2: Main sources of drinking water in Pursat and Battambang Provinces
4% 0% 1% 5%
2% Piped
Tube / piped w ell
Protected dug w ell
Unprotected dug w ell
40% Spring / river / stream
48%
Bought
Other
11% 1% 4%
19% Piped
Tube / piped w ell
1% Protected dug w ell
Unprotected dug w ell
Spring / river / stream
12%
Bought
52%
Other
Health
The health of people living in the Dauntri Sub-basin is generally poor due to low
levels of access to clean water and sanitation. Diarrhea related to poor water quality
is common among children. Some households were reporting up to 10 incidences
per child during the dry season.
Child malnutrition is a major problem in Pursat where around half the child
population is undernourished, and is significant in Battambang where around 38%
of the child population suffers from the condition (MRC, 2003). Again, it is
believed that poor diet, rather than food or rice shortages, is the main cause of
malnutrition among children. Based on information provided by farmers during the
field surveys, average annual rice yields are more than sufficient to meet family
needs. On average, paddy farmers in the Dauntri Sub-basin have the potential to
sell almost 8 tonnes per year.
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Land holdings
Findings from village surveys reveal that the average cultivated area per household
is around 3 hectares (double that of Boribo). The relatively larger size of land
holdings allows farmers to benefit more from economies of scale although the
problems of poor soils and dry season water shortages restrict the types of crops
that can be grown and the amount of land that can be put into production at any one
time. Generally, households devote most of their cultivated area to wet season
paddy as wet season yields tend to be higher than dry season yields.
Literacy
Education and training standards are extremely low by developing country
standards. Literacy in Pursat and Battambang provinces is around 80% for men but
much lower (60%) for women. Less than 20% of the population complete primary
school and less than 10% are educated to a secondary school level (MRC, 2003).
Low levels of education limit the options available to households to diversify their
livelihoods away from subsistence farming, again making them extremely
vulnerable to factors affecting agricultural productivity.
Physical infrastructure
National Road 5 between Pursat and Battambang bisects the sub-basin but
otherwise the physical infrastructure serving villages in the Dauntri Sub-basin is
relatively undeveloped and roads are poorly maintained. Most of the roads and cart
tracks become impassable during the wet season, isolating many rural communities
and limiting opportunities to market surplus agricultural produce. Rivers and
streams are thus important transport conduits in the wet season, allowing people to
travel between villages located near waterways.
The proposed upgrade of the railway between Phnom Penh and Poipet may
facilitate access by local farmers to markets in Battambang and along the Thai
border, but only if the railway proves to be a more cost-effective means of
transportation than road.
Summary
The residents of Dauntri Sub-basin are predominantly poor rice farmers, but are
relatively better off than those living in the Boribo Sub-basin. Not only are the soils
here more suitable for agricultural production, resulting in higher yields, but
average landholdings are also larger, which means that households are often able to
sell up to 8 tonnes of rice per year. Supplementary crops are also easier to grow
and nearly all production of such crops is for sale.
Rural households do not have access to safe water supplies and consequently suffer
poor health which also affects their agricultural productivity. Like the Boribo Sub-
basin, livestock raising is an important source of wealth but livestock health
depends on the availability of sufficient water for drinking and fodder.
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Table 8.2: Summary socio-economic indicators for Pursat, Battambang and the study
area
Education
82.5 (male) 82.1 (male)
Literacy rate (%)
59.5 (female) 60.7 (female)
Primary attainment rate (%) 16.7 19.4
Lower secondary attainment rate
8 7.9
(%)
Employment
Labour force participation rate (%) 74.2 66.2
Agricultural Employment (%) 82.6 71
Industrial Employment (%) 2.1 4.1
Services Employment (%) 15.3 25
Unemployment (%) 3.5 8
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This section provides a snapshot of knowledge about current water use in the
Dauntri Sub-basin. It identifies and quantifies (as far as possible) the water uses
and services by socio-economic sector thereby providing some insight into the
relative socio-economic importance of water uses to the sub-basin residents. The
economic importance of each water use is analysed in Section 8.3.
Source: Cultivated area by land use analysis (2005) (Table 2.2); distribution of cultivated area estimated
from data contained in the commune database and collected from local authorities; irrigation areas
according to Table 2.4
In the Dauntri Sub-basin, 10 to 50% of the commune areas are used for rice
production. Wet season paddy is by far the predominant crop (see Figure 8.3) with
la very small part of the cultivated area devoted to dry season paddy and other
supplementary crops (Table 8.3) such as beans, pineapples, potatoes and other
vegetables. Unlike the Boribo Sub-basin where supplementary crops are grown
primarily for subsistence use, in the Dauntri Sub-basin they are grown primarily for
sale.
All the households interviewed reported experiencing drought for at least one
month of the year, during which time both animal health and crop productivity
suffer. Severe flooding appears to be less of an issue with only 20% of households
reporting damages to crops and livestock during the floods of 2000. However, the
impacts of flooding can be devastating. One household in Rung village (Boeng
Khnar district) estimated its losses as 90% of crop value and 30% of livestock
value during the floods of 2000.
Irrigated agriculture is the largest user of water in the Dauntri basin, presently
consuming around 204 million m3 per annum, compared to domestic and livestock
uses which use 2 and 11 million m3 respectively. Most agriculture is rainfed with
only around 2% of the total land area receiving any form of irrigation. However,
where irrigation is possible, the benefits are substantial. The total potential irrigable
area is estimated to be around 44,674 ha in the wet season and 303 ha in the dry
season. This implies a reduction of dry season irrigation by around 55% from 470
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ha today while only 4% of the irrigation potential is being exploited in the wet
season.
1% 1%
Wet paddy
Dry paddy
Supplementary crops
98%
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*Note that these irrigation areas refer to the total commune area
Demands for irrigation water can be expected to increase over time as more food is
required to support a growing population. It is difficult to predict exactly how
much additional water will be required as much depends on the mix of crops
grown, technological uptake and water-use efficiency. Access to markets,
agricultural extension and the terms of trade offered to farmers will also impact
agricultural productivity.
Future demands for irrigation water (Table 8.5) are estimated based on the
following assumptions:
• The full development of potential irrigation areas such that water utilization
is limited by the water availability rather than by distribution capacity
• Improvements in water and land-use efficiencies
• A partial shift towards crops that are less water-consuming and more
valuable than rice
During the course of the household surveys, all farmers interviewed noted water as
a main constraint to cultivation while half said that lack of appropriate technology
was an issue.
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Forestry
47 percent of the Dauntri Sub-basin is covered by evergreen, semi-evergreen or
deciduous forest (PRD Interpretation from Landsat ETM (2005). Agronomically,
natural forest may be the largest consumer of water in the basin. The forest
receives all of its required water from annual rainfall and by tapping residual soil
moisture plus water from shallow aquifers during the dry season. Overall water
consumption decreases in land denuded of forest and cultivated with annuals, but
there will be an accompanying change in seasonal flows into the mainstream and
possible long-term climate change effects (Nesbitt, 2005).
Livestock
As noted earlier, livestock is regarded as both a source of income and as a
livelihood safety net to be sold in response to shocks such as illness or expenses
associated with marriage or death. Animal sales are a major source of income for
subsistence farmers who see them as ‘banks’ for accumulation of wealth. Based on
information from project surveys, around 89% of all households in the study area
raise cows, and around 69% of all households raise pigs. Most households also
raise chickens and/or ducks, with an average stock of 9 per household. However,
there are 10-14 households in Svay Don Keo and Russey Krang communes who
raise poultry on a commercial basis.
Total
Daily water Daily water Total annual Water
annual
demand per demand per water Water demands demands
Head water
animal animal (m3) - demands (m3) - (m3/s) - LOW (m3/s) -
demands
(m3) - LOW HIGH HIGH HIGH
(m3) - LOW
Buffalo 20,057 0.05 366,040 0.12 878,497 0.948 10.168
Cows 64,297 0.05 1,173,420 0.10 2,346,841 3.040 27.163
Pigs 40,333 0.03 441,646 0.05 736,077 1.144 8.519
Poultry 386,026 0.01 1,408,995 0.02 2,817,990 3.650 32.616
Total 510,713 3,390,102 6,779,404
* Livestock numbers are based on a combination of project surveys and information contained in
commune databases
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The figures in Table 8.7 are based on conservative (low) estimates of daily
livestock water demands.
Domestic consumption
Today, in the project area, with its large rural population, domestic water uses are
limited by the infrastructure (withdrawal capacity and distribution capacity), and
also, in some places and in part of the year, by the immediate raw water
availability.
Estimated daily water consumption in the Dauntri Sub-basin is around 50 litres per
person, or a total of 11.5 million litres per day. This is high in comparison with
estimates of per capita consumption for Cambodia as a whole – 20.7 litres per
person per day in rural areas and 65.1 litres per person per day in urban areas
(MRC Jun 03).
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Demands for domestic water are expected to increase over the coming years as a
result of:
• Population growth, including the impacts of migration. Net migration may be
negative, since there are no significant urban centres (such as provincial
towns) in the study area. The possibility exists that at a certain stage, the
population of the study area will stagnate, and, later on, decrease, reflecting
an anticipated shift of livelihood opportunities from rural to urban areas, as
well as new agricultural technologies with a much higher labour efficiency.
• Increased per capita demand because of better education about the benefits of
water for good hygiene
• Improved lifestyles with more widespread use of water-using technologies
and an expanded coverage of piped water supplies direct to each household
* assumes an increase of 1 litre per capita per day under the low growth scenario and 2 litres per capita
per day under the high growth scenario. The present unit demand of 23 l/d is from TSBMO (Mar 03); the
present population is from the Commune Database; other values are estimates
Fisheries
Fisheries in the Dauntri Sub-basin (like elsewhere in the Mekong basin) is
enormously important both commercially and for subsistence livelihoods. Fish
provide a vital source of nutrients to the people of the Tonle Sap and the
surrounding area (Ahmed et. al., 1998) and are also an important component of
households’ cash economy. Fish provide self-employment, wage employment (for
men and women in the fishing lots on Tonle Sap Lake), direct nutrition, indirect
nutrition, and other livelihood needs (by cash sale or barter for other produce).
Both subsistence and commercial fishing takes place in the Dauntri Sub-basin.
While most households are involved in subsistence fishing in the wet season (10
days per month in the wet season), only a very small number of villagers do any
kind of commercial fishing. Around 30% of total fish catch is either sold or
exchanged for rice.
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No data on fisheries productivity in the basin was collected for the purposes of this
study, but based on studies by the MRC Fisheries Program, it is estimated that
average consumption of fish and other aquatic products (OAP) in the Lower
Mekong Basin as a whole is about 36 kg/person/year. Applying this figure to the
population of Dauntri implies a present annual demand of around 8,500
tonnes.With a growing population (and assuming no change in diet), future
demands are expected to rise to around 11,600 tonnes per year by 2030 (under a
conservative population growth rate of 1.2%).
The productivity and sustainability of fisheries – and hence their ability to meet
rising demands - depends on a number of factors including:
• fishing practices
• total fishing effort
• river flows
• barriers to migration
• access to, and from floodplain habitats; and
• the floodplain area that is inundated in the wet season, which in turn depends
on the annual maximum flood height.
There is, as yet, no standard functional form for evaluating the impact of changes
in river flow levels to changes in fisheries productivity but recent advances have,
however, been made in modelling how fisheries productivity may be affected by
changes in hydrological flow levels using indicators relating to habitat availability
and migration (Beecham & Cross, 2005).
Preserving the Mekong fishery is central to food security in the region. The wild
fishery is particularly important for the poorest rural households, making
significant contributions to their nutrition, food security and income (MRC, 2003).
Industry
There are no significant industrial activities in the Dauntri Sub-basin at present.
4
Dubeau, P., Poeu, O. and Sjorslev, J. (2001) Estimating fish and aquatic animal
productivity /yield per area in Kampong Tralach: An integrated approach.
http://www.mekonginfo.org/
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Navigation
The roads and tracks in the study area are generally very poor and virtually
impassible during the wet season. Many villagers thus rely on waterborne transport
when they need to travel beyond their own village in the wet season.
Micro-hydropower
There are no known active or planned micro-hydropower schemes in the Dauntri
basin. The scale of such schemes is such that, if implemented, they would have no
impact upon water availability.
Summary
As is the case with the Boribo basin, agriculture is also the biggest user of water in
the Dauntri Sub-basin and is likely to expand its share of water demand
significantly if the basin’s irrigation potential is fully exploited (Figure 8.4).
Domestic demands are almost insignificant by comparison (in terms of volume),
although they are important in value. With the available data, it is not possible to
quantify industrial demands but these are negligible at present and expected to
continue to be so. Instream demands (such as fisheries and ecology) are also
difficult to quantify, not least of all because the relationships between productivity
and water flows are generally not yet well understood. Note how the profile of
demand is almost identical to that of Boribo, the scale of total demand is up to
three times greater even though the per capita and per unit area demands are the
same.
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Figure 8.4: Present and future composition of major extractive water demands
400
350
This section attempts to quantify, in monetary terms, the value of water uses in the
Dauntri Sub-basin.
Irrigated agriculture
The value of water used for irrigation can be broadly estimated by determining the
net value of irrigated crop harvests.
Wet season paddy is the principal crop. with only relatively small areas of dry
season paddy and other supplementary crops receiving any form of irrigation.
Supplementary crops are, however, more widely grown in Dauntri than in Boribo,
and all output is sold.
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Assumptions:
1/ Labour is valued at US$1.50 per day (both hired and family); wet season rice requires around 65 days of labour per ha
2/ Seed costs US$0.12 per kg. To cultivate 1 ha of rice requires approx 100kg of seed
3/ Fertiliser is applied at a rate of around 60kg/ha. One kg costs 1,232 riel
4/ Pesticides are applied at a rate of around 0.4 bottles per ha. One bottle costs 8.166 riel
5/ Yields for supplementary crops are based on MAFF (2004-5) statistics for Pursat
6/ Producer prices for supplementary crops are based on FAOStat database for Cambodia (2003)
7/ In the absence of detailed data, production costs for supplementary costs are assumed to be 75% of farmgate prices.
This is consistent with values obtained from individual farm budget studies
Despite the low profitability of agriculture, it employs more than 80% of the
workforce (in terms of person-days) and accounts for around 70% of total
household income. In Dauntri district, the production and sale of supplementary
crops provides a valuable source of income to households.
Improving the irrigation system would allow more farmers to engage in dry season
paddy production but is unlikely to have the desired effect on poverty unless
irrigation improvements are accompanied by:
• investments in appropriate technologies (including higher yield varieties,
more water efficient crops and cropping techniques, a shift to higher value
crops)
• agricultural extension (including marketing and value-adding), access to
markets (including storage, transport infrastructure and the terms of trade
offered to farmers)
• some form of agricultural insurance for farmers who are prepared to diversify
against the risks of external shocks and stresses such as drought and severe
flooding
Livestock
As mentioned earlier, livestock is regarded as both a source of income and as a
livelihood safety net. Animal sales are a major source of income for subsistence
farmers who see them as ‘banks’ for accumulation of wealth. However, in most
cases, livestock are only sold in times of need, for instance in response to shocks
such as illness or expenses associated with marriage or death.
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value is not known, the net benefit values in Table 23 reflect the total value
of livestock that water availability supports. They do not reflect the value-
added by water alone.
• The gross value of livestock to individual households is equivalent to the
market value of total stock holdings (and not simply cash sales) at any given
time
• The net value of livestock includes the cost of purchase and raising
Raising
Gross costs from
Number of Gross Net value to Net value
value to Purchase time of
head in Sales value value to the the basin to each
each costs purchase
Dauntry (US$/head) basin (US$ (US$ household
household (US$/head) to time of
basin millions) millions) (US$)
(US$) sale
(US$/head)
Cows 64,297 289 19 420 169 0 7.75 175
Buffalo 20,050 289 6 131 169 0 2.42 55
Pigs 40,333 108 4 99 24 36 1.94 44
Poultry 386,026 3 1 25 0 0 1.12 25
Total 510,706 30 674 13 298
Assumptions:
1/ Market price of chicken is 8000 riel/kg. Each head of chicken produces 1.5kg of meat
2/ Households purchase young cows and buffaloes (<3 years) at a cost of 600,000 - 800,000 riel.
3/ Households are able to sell mature cows and buffaloes (>3 years) at a price of 1,200, 000 riel.
4/ Costs of raising cows and buffalo are minimal (but not zero)
5/ Each household spends 2,000 riel per day on pig feed (for 2-3 pigs) or 1,000 riel per day per pig
6/ Replacement/purchase costs of poultry are zero. The poultry population regenerates itself.
7/ Households sell cows and buffalo on average once every 3 years
8/ Pigs are sold every 4-6 months
Information from the household surveys shows that on average, households earn
around US$150 per year from the sale of livestock, but the net value of total
holdings (shown in Table 8.10) is up to two times higher and provides an important
safety net to these households in times of need.
It is important to note that the water-related benefits presented above are believed
to be overstated for the following reasons:
• They do not reflect the value-added by water alone, but rather the total net
benefits of livestock, where water is just one of a number of inputs.
• The full economic costs of livestock husbandry have not been considered. In
practice, there are real costs associated with the feeding and care of animals,
including provision of shelter, medication, etc.
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Domestic consumption
The value of water for household consumption is based on estimates of household
willingness-to-pay (WTP).
Most households in the study area collect and store rainwater in large 225 litre jars
during the wet season. Each household will have between 3 and 5 jars. The
harvested rainwater is used for drinking and cooking only and will last until around
Feb/March, where after households either purchase water from vendors (in urban
areas) or fetch it from rivers in rural areas.
Those households who purchase water from vendors spend up to US$2 per m3
(information from household surveys). Those households who cannot afford to pay
for water are able obtain it from the nearest pagoda or community well. Assuming
that all households hold the same value for a reliable source of clean drinking water
(regardless of ability to pay), the value of the benefits derived from drinking water
can be set equivalent to the willingness-to-pay for water from vendors.
Water also has significant real costs of supply. Various kinds of costs are involved
(Briscoe, 1996; Cotton et al, 1991; Winpenny, 1994; Herrington, 1987; Rogers,
Bhatia and Huber, 1997; Webster, 1998):
• Supply costs (the capital and recurrent costs associated with the installation
of the necessary infrastructure required to treat, transport and provide service
levels, operation and maintenance costs of this infrastructure and the
depreciation costs which accrue over the life of the project as parts need to be
repaired or upgraded).
• Opportunity costs (the value of water in its next best alternative use). The
size of the opportunity cost depends on the value of the water in its highest
alternative current-use value.
• Environmental costs (both direct and indirect, relating to the abstraction,
distribution and use of the resource)
Together, the opportunity and supply or use costs make up what is commonly
referred to as the ‘economic cost’ of water.
Table 8.10 shows average tariffs and unit production costs for the Phnom Penh
water supply authority. It is assumed that district authorities will face similar, if not
higher unit production costs.
Based on this information, the annual net benefits of domestic water supplies are
estimated to be in the region of US$81 per household (Table 8.11).
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Unit
WTP US$/m3 1.927711
Cost of provision US$/m3 0.082
Net benefit US$/m3 1.845711
Net benefit per
US$ 80.57144
household
Assumptions:
Vendors sell water for 10,000 riel per truck load (1,250
1/
litres)
The unit costs of production are based on data from
2/
Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (ADB, 2004)
Fisheries
Net fishery values can be estimated as the yield, times average farm-gate price less
the cost of harvesting or production.
A very simplistic analysis of the potential gross value of fish in the Dauntri Sub-
basin is shown in the table below.
Assumptions:
Ave fish density is uniform across all water bodies in
1/
the Boribo sub-basin
Fish productivity is based on work by Van Zalinge et al
2/
(2001)
Fish value is based on farmgate prices for capture
3/
fisheries (MRC, 2006)
To estimate the net value (i.e. sales value less costs of raising and production), the
production costs are estimated to be around 30% of gross (or sales) value (MRC,
2006). This works out to approximately US$21,000.
Standard functional forms for the evaluation of the relationship between water
flows and the value of fish production (necessary to calculate the value added by
water to the value of fisheries) are not readily available. However, productivity is
known to be a function of multiple factors including:
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• fishing practices
• total fishing effort
• river flows
• barriers to river migration
• access to and from floodplain habitats and habitat changes
From a household perspective, the value of the fishery can be simply estimated on
the basis of the value of household consumption and sales. If each household in
Boribo Sub-basin is assumed to consume around 100kg per year, then the value of
fish to each household is around US$70 per annum.
Summary
The findings of the analysis above, suggest that – from a household perspective –
agriculture is indeed the most valuable use of water (see Fig. 8.5). The net benefits
per household are still low (< US$1 per day) but are significantly higher than in
Boribo basin, owing primarily to higher yields and diversification beyond rice to
cash crops. Livestock raising provides equivalent net worth in terms of the average
value of livestock held by each household.
350
Net benefits (US$/household)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Irrigated agriculture Livestock Domestic Fisheries
consumption
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Information on Water User Groups (WUGs) was collected from the PDWRAMs.
The WUGs were established with support from the SEILA Program and
PDWRAM.
Based on the field survey and interview, we found out that those WUGs do not
work at all because:
- The irrigation scheme are not yet complete, it has only the main canal and the
tributaries are not yet rehabilitated. So the supply of water for farmers are not
efficient.
- The water regulation does not work well
- The capacity of the Water User Group Committee is limited
- Lack of budget for O&M of the irrigation system because the community
members are not willing to pay because of inefficient service of water supply.
For example in Prek Am WUG, the people said that they do not get any benefit
from the irrigation scheme because in the wet season the cultivated areas mostly
flooded and in the dry season this irrigation scheme is also dry up no water for
irrigation. This is the main reason that people do not to participate in the Water
User Group.
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References
(References marked 'EL' are available in the Electronic Library)
CTI and DHI (Aug 03): Consolidation of hydro-meteorological data and multi-functional hydrological roles of Tonle Sap
Lake and its vicinities, Phase II. Final reports. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. and DHI – Water &
Environment. Client: Mekong River Commission (EL)
CTI (May 04): Consolidation of hydro-meteorological data and multi-functional hydrological roles of Tonle Sap Lake and its
vicinities, Phase III. Final report. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. And DHI – Water & Environment. Client:
Mekong River Commission (EL)
Halcrow (Dec 03): Ranking criteria report. Irrigation Rehabilitation Study in Cambodia, prepared for the Mekong Secretariat
by Sir William Halcrow and Partners Ltd. in association with Mandala Agricultural Development Corporation.
Contract CAM.IRS 238.93, UNDP Grant 3.3.37/92/UNP, B/L 21
Halcrow (Apr 04): Inventory & analysis of existing systems. Volume 1: Main report; Volume 2: Banteay Meanchey,
Battambang, Kampot, Kandal; and Volume 6: Pursat, Siem Reap, Svay Rieng, Takeo. Irrigation Rehabilitation Study
in Cambodia, prepared for the Mekong Secretariat by Sir William Halcrow and Partners Ltd. in association with
Mandala Agricultural Development Corporation. Contract CAM.IRS 238.93, UNDP Grant 3.3.37/92/UNP, B/L 21
Halcrow (Jun 04): Final report: Main report; Annex A: Hydrology; Annex B: Agronomy; Annex C: Lowland rice soils of
Cambodia; Annex D: Socio-economics; and Annex F: Environmental assessment. Irrigation Rehabilitation Study in
Cambodia, prepared for the Mekong Secretariat by Sir William Halcrow and Partners Ltd. in association with
Mandala Agricultural Development Corporation. Contract CAM.IRS 238.93, UNDP Grant 3.3.37/92/UNP, B/L 21
JICA and MRD (May 02): The study on groundwater development in Central Cambodia. Final report prepared for Japan
International Cooperation Agency and Ministry of Rural Development, Cambodia, by Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd.
MOWRAM (March 2002): Smallholder water and land management in Cambodia. Prepared for Ministry of Water Resources
and Meteorology with the assistance of M. P. Mosley as Project Report 5 under the North West Irrigation Sector
Project, Part A: Capacity-building in Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, Cambodia, funded by ADB (TA
3758-CAM)
MRC-BDP (Nov 05): National Sector Reviews. BDP Library Volume 13, October 2004, revised November 2005. Mekong
River Commission
MRC-WUP-JICA (Mar 04a): The study on hydro-meteorological monitoring for water quantity rules in Mekong River Basin.
Final report, Volume I (Main report), prepared by CTI and Nippon Koei (EL)
MRC-WUP-JICA (Mar 04b): The study on hydro-meteorological monitoring for water quantity rules in Mekong River Basin.
Final report, Volume 2a (supporting documents 1: Improvement of hydrological stations; 2: Gap filling of rainfall
data; 3: Hydrological monitoring; 4: Development of hydro-hydraulic model for the Cambodian floodplains; 5:
Application of hydro-hydraulic model; and 6: Water use in the Lower Mekong Basin), prepared by CTI and Nippon
Koei (EL)
MRC-WUP-JICA (Mar 04c): The study on hydro-meteorological monitoring for water quantity rules in Mekong River Basin.
Final report, Volume 2b (supporting documents 7: Maintenance of flows on the Mekong mainstream; 8: institutional
strengthening; and 9: Water use management), prepared by CTI and Nippon Koei (EL)
MRC-WUP-JICA (Mar 04d): The study on hydro-meteorological monitoring for water quantity rules in Mekong River Basin.
Final report, Volume III (Summary), prepared by CTI and Nippon Koei (EL)
Le van Sanh (June 02): Mission Report, Analysis of Hydrological Data at Stations around the Great Lake and on Mekong,
Bassac Rivers in 1960s and from 1998 to 2001. Phnom Penh
Nanni, Marcella (April 2001): End of assignment report, submitted to MOWRAM (Cambodia) by SMEC International Pty.
Ltd. under the Agricultural Hydraulics Component of the Agricultural Productivity Improvement Project
Nhim Sophea (Mar 06): Water quality data assessment 2005, MRC water quality monitoring network. Water Quality Office,
Department of Hydrology and River Works, MOWRAM
OADA (Mar 03): Study report on Kamping Puoy Irrigation Scheme Rehabilitation project in Battambang Province, the
Kingdom of Cambodia. Overseas Agricultural Development Association
WUP-FIN (Aug 02b): Data report. MRC Water Utilization Program, WUP-FIN component - Modelling of the flow regime
and water quality of the Tonle Sap Karri Eloheimo, Seppo Hellsten, Teemu Jantunen, Janos Jozsa, Mikko Kiirikki,
Hannu Lauri, Jorma Koponen, Juha Sarkkula, Olli Varis, and Markku Virtanen (EL)
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Base situation
Rainfall Evaporation Storage and Water Domestic Irrigation Livestock Outflow
losses availability uses uses uses from catchment
[m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s]
January 3.9 19.6 -19.2 3.6 0.066 1.466 0.360 1.7
February 4.9 7.1 -4.4 2.2 0.066 1.466 0.360 0.3
March 45.2 45.2 -3.4 3.4 0.066 2.933 0.360 0.0
April 84.6 84.6 -3.4 3.4 0.066 2.933 0.360 0.0
May 163.2 135.7 24.2 3.4 0.066 2.933 0.360 0.0
June 143.6 126.9 10.3 6.4 0.066 2.933 0.360 3.0
July 151.4 111.1 -7.7 48.0 0.066 12.489 0.360 35.1
August 197.7 98.3 -12.3 111.6 0.066 12.489 0.360 98.7
September 256.7 77.7 29.4 149.6 0.066 12.489 0.360 136.7
October 246.8 85.6 50.6 110.6 0.066 12.489 0.360 97.7
November 121.0 102.3 -15.3 34.0 0.066 12.489 0.360 21.0
December 19.7 78.3 -67.5 8.8 0.066 1.466 0.360 6.9
Yearly 119.9 81.0 0.1 38.8 0.066 6.548 0.360 31.8
Table A4.2: Summary water balance, base situation with Damnak Ampil Canal
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Table A4.3: Summary water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects
Table A4.4: Summary water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change
Scenario with Damnak Ampil Channel and Candidate projects and climate change included
Rainfall Evaporation Storage and Water Domestic Irrigation Livestock Outflow
losses availability uses uses uses from catchment
[m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s] [m3/s]
January 3.9 19.6 -24.0 8.4 0.066 1.866 0.360 6.1
February 4.9 7.1 -8.8 6.6 0.066 1.866 0.360 4.3
March 45.2 45.2 -6.9 6.9 0.066 3.333 0.360 3.2
April 84.6 84.6 -7.9 7.9 0.066 3.333 0.360 4.2
May 163.2 135.7 17.0 10.5 0.066 3.333 0.360 6.8
June 143.6 126.9 2.3 14.5 0.066 3.333 0.360 10.7
July 151.4 111.1 -11.5 51.8 0.066 23.689 0.360 27.7
August 197.7 98.3 -20.1 119.4 0.066 23.689 0.360 95.3
September 256.7 77.7 21.3 157.7 0.066 23.689 0.360 133.6
October 246.8 85.6 41.2 120.1 0.066 23.689 0.360 96.0
November 121.0 102.3 -22.8 41.5 0.066 23.689 0.360 17.4
December 19.7 78.3 -75.2 16.5 0.066 1.866 0.360 14.2
Yearly 119.9 81.0 -8.0 46.8 0.066 11.448 0.360 34.9
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Table A4.5a: Water balance, base situation. Catchments 23, 25 and 26.
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Table A4.6a: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 23, 25 and 26
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Table A4.6b: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 24, 8 and 2
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Table A4.6c: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 1, 17 and 21
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Table A4.6d: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 20, 18 and 15
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Table A4.6e: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 16,19 and 14.
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Table A4.6f: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 10,12 and 4
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Table A4.6g: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, catchments 6, 22 and 7
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Table A4.7a: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 23, 25 and 26
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Table A4.7b: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 24, 8 and 2
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Table A4.7c: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 1, 17 and 21
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Table A4.7d: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 20, 18 and 15
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Table A4.7e: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 16, 19 and 14
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Table A4.7f: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 10, 12 and 4
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Table A4.7g: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal and candidate sub-projects,
catchments 6, 22 and 7
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Table A4.8a: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change,
catchments 23, 25 and 26
.
Catchment 23 Damnak Ampil/Candidate projects and climate change
Area (km2): 196.3 Water use
Runoff Rainfall Inflow from Domestic Irrigation Livestock Outflow
m3/s m3/s upstream m3/s m3/s m3/s m3/s
jan 0.16 0.21 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.15
feb 0.06 0.28 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.06
mar 0.03 2.49 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.02
apr 0.01 4.70 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.01
may 0.00 9.04 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.00
jun 0.12 7.97 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.12
jul 2.02 8.40 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 2.02
aug 5.79 10.96 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 5.78
sep 7.91 14.24 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 7.91
oct 5.83 13.67 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 5.82
nov 1.68 6.69 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 1.68
dec 0.46 1.07 0.00 0.0002 0.0000 0.0014 0.46
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Table A4.8b: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change,
catchments 24, 8 and 2
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Table A4.8c: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change,
catchments 1, 17 and 21
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Table A4.8d: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change,
catchments 20, 18 and 15
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Table A4.8e: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change,
catchments 16,19 and 14
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Table A4.8f: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate sub-projects and climate change,
catchments 10, 12 and 4
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Table A4.8g: Water balance with Damnak Ampil Canal, candidate subprojects and climate change,
catchments 6, 22 and 7
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A5.1 General
MIKE Basin set-up
A MIKE Basin Water Quality model was setup for the Dauntri study area based on the water balance.
The water balance is based on down stream discharges calculated from the water level measurements
and Q/h relations which are available for 1998 – 2005. Calculated discharges have been translated
into area specific runoffs as input for the MIKE Basin model.
A constant water temperature of 27 degrees Celsius was applied to correct for temperature dependent
processes.
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Base-flow concentrations
Base-flow concentrations are most often significanty lower than concentration of pollutants in surface
or drainage runoff due to much longer residence time in the groundwater and a significant retention of
pollutants. The base-flow concentrations applied were:
BOD: 0.1 mg/l
NO3: 0.5 mg/l
NH4 0.05 mg/l
TP: 0.01 mg/l
Ecoli: 0
Preliminary calibration
Targets (= average concentration levels) for simulated concentrations of water quality components:
BOD 1 mg/l
NO3 0.5 – 1 mg/l
NH4 0.1 – 0.5 mg/l
TP 0.01-0.05
Ecoli (no target available)
Results are shown below before and after the planned irrigation development.
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Version 2
Project Working Team of River Basin Study-Package 2
Dr. Tue Kell Nielsen Team Leader
Mr. Toch Sophon Co Team Leader
Mr. Henrik Garsdal Hydrology Expert
Mr. Jens Erik Lyngby Water Quality Expert
Mr. Teang Sokhom GIS and Remote Sensing Specialist
Mr. Prum Peurn Water Use and Water Balance Specialist
Ms. Petrina Rowcroft Environmental Economic Expert
Ms. Sorn Somoline Socio-Economic Specialist
Mr. Nay Sophon Community Development Specialist