New Thoughts About the History of

Ancient Mathematics
The aim of the discussion in this book has been to try to spread some light
over the difficult question of differences and similarities between form and
content of mathematics in the corpus of mathematical papyri from Egypt
on one hand and the corpus of mathematical cuneiform texts from Meso-
potamia on the other. The result of the discussion should be a better under-
standing of the development of what may be called the ancient
mathematical tradition . Here is a brief summary of what the situation
seems to be like, in the opinion of the present writer.
Conceivably, the initial development of mathematical ideas started at a
very early date with the invention of words for sexagesimal or decimal
numbers in various ancient languages, and with the widespread use of
number tokens in the Middle East. A major step forward was then the
invention of an integrated family of number and measure systems, in con-
nection with the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and neighboring
areas of Iran in the late fourth millennium BCE. There must have been a
similar development in Egypt, about which not much is known at present.
A small number of known examples of proto-Sumerian, Old Sumerian,
Old Akkadian, and Eblaite mathematical exercises and table texts are wit-
nesses of the continuing important role played by education in mathemat-
ics in the scribe schools of Mesopotamia throughout the third millennium.
Then there is a strange gap in the documentation, with almost no math-
ematical texts known from the Ur III period in Mesopotamia towards the
end of the third millennium BCE. Nevertheless, at some time in the Ur III
period a new major step in the development of mathematics was taken with
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270 Unexpected Links Between Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics
the invention of sexagesimal place value notation. To a large part as a
result of that invention, mathematics flourished in the Old Babylonian
scribe schools in Mesopotamia. Simultaneously, mathematics may have
reached a comparable level in Egypt, and, in spite of the fundamentally
different ways of counting in the two regions, there was clearly some com-
munication of mathematical ideas between Egypt and Mesopotamia.
A few late Kassite mathematical texts seem to indicate that the Old
Babylonian mathematical tradition was still operative, although reduced to
a small trickle, in the second half of the second millennium BCE.
Then follows a new strange gap in the documentation. When mathe-
matics flourished again in Mesopotamia in the Late Babylonian and Seleu-
cid periods in the second half of the first millennium BCE, possibly in
connection with the rise of mathematical astronomy, a great part of the Old
Babylonian corpus of mathematical knowledge had been taken over rela-
tively intact. However, for some reason, the transmission of knowledge
cannot have been direct, which is shown by an almost complete transfor-
mation of the mathematical vocabulary.
Similarly in Egypt, after a comparable gap in the documentation, there
was a new flourishing of mathematics, documented by demotic and Greek
mathematical papyri and ostraca from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods.
Some of the Greek mathematical texts are associated with the Euclidean
type of high-level mathematics. Except for those, the remainder of the
demotic and Greek mathematical texts show clear signs of having been
influenced both by Egyptian traditions, principally the counting with sums
of parts, and by Babylonian traditions. An interesting new development
was the experimentation with new kinds of representations of fractions,
first sexagesimally adapted sums of parts, soon to be abandoned in favor
of binomial fractions, the predecessors of our common fractions.
The observation that Greek ostraca and papyri with Euclidean style
mathematics existed side by side with demotic and Greek papyri with
Babylonian style mathematics is important for the reason that this surpris-
ing circumstance is an indication that when the Greeks themselves claimed
that they got their mathematics from Egypt, they can really have meant that
they got their mathematical inspiration from Egyptian texts with mathe-
matics of the Babylonian type. To make this thought much more explicit
would be a natural continuation of the present investigation.

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Index of Texts
Text Sec. Fig. Topic Kind
AO5449 1.2 d growth of a heard of cows UrIII
AO6484#1 L i e sum of 10 first powers of 2 Sel.
AO6484#2 3.3 a sum of 10 first square numbers Sel.
AO 8862 2 4.4 c, 4.5 d tabular array, unequal shares OB
BM 13901 # 13 2.3 a quadratic-linear system of equations OB
BM 22706 1.1b table of powers OB
BM 34568 4.7 a exerc. for sides and diagonal of rect. Sel.
BM 34568 #12 3.1b pole against a wall Sel.
BM 34601 3.3 c explicit multiplication algorithm LB
BM 34800 2.1b, 4.4 c 2.1.2-3 repeated division problem OB
BM 47437 3.3 g field plan LB
BM 67314 3.3 g application of quadrilateral area rule LB
BM 85194 2.4 2.4.1 outline, contents OB
BM85194#4 3.7c volume of a ring wall; work norm OB
BM 85194 ##22, 35 2.3 b content of cylindrical vessels OB
BM 85194 #28 4.8 g volume of a truncated pyramid OB
BM 85194 #29 3.1k circle segment (corrupt text) OB
BM 85194 #36 3.1 j orientation of circular segments OB
BM 85196 #9 3.1b pole against a wall OB
BM 85210 2.2 e constants for semicircle OB
BM 96954+ 2.1 d, 2.2 d, 4.5 c pyramids and cones OB
BM 96954+ 4.8 g 4.8.4 outline, table of contents OB
Elements XII 2.2 d volume of a pyramid Greek
Haddad 104 # 2 3.2 b capacity measure of a truncated cone OB
IM 43996 2.1 d, 3.7 c 2.1.9 striped triangle OB
IM 52301 3.3 g the general quadrilateral area rule OB
IM 53957 2.1b applied division problem OB
IM 58045 3.7 c equipartitioned trapezoid OAkk
IM 67118 = Db
2
-146 3.1 i metric algebra, rectangle OB
IM 73355 Li b 1.1.3 two tables of powers OB
IM 121565 3.3 g quadrilateral area rule OB
IM 121613 # 1 2.2 c, 3.1 e 1.4.4 a rectangle, metric algebra OB
Inventor of chess 1.2 d 64 powers of 2 Ind.
271

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272 Unexpected Links Between Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics
1st. O 236 2.1 e 2.1.21 bread rations of various sizes OB
1st. 0 3826 1.1b table of powers OB
JZSS 1:35-36 3.1k segment area rule Chin.
JZSS5 2.2 A volume of a pyramid Chin.
7255 6:18 2.1c arithmetic progression Chin.
Liber abaci, fol. 138 r 1.1 g Septem vetule vadunt romam Eur.
M. 7857 1.1a 1.1.2 sum of geometric progression OB
M. 8631 1.2 1.2.1 geometric progression., 30 terms OB
Metrica 1:5-6 4.7 b height of unsymmetric triangles Greek
Metrica 1; 30 3.1 k, 4.3 c segment area rule Greek
Michael 62 1.2 c, 4.6 prices and market rates Greek
MLC 1354 2.2 e problem for a semicircle OB
MLC 1842 4.6 buying and selling exercise OB
Mother Goose 1.1 g sum of geometric progression Eur.
MS 1844 1.1 d, 3.1 g 1.1.6 7 brothers, geometric progression OB
MS 2049, obv. 3.1 j orientation of circular segment OB
MS 2221, rev. 2.2 b 2.2.1 a combined work norm OB
MS 2242 1.1b 1.1.4 descending table of powers OB
MS 2268/19 4.4 c tabular array, combined market rate OB
MS 2830, obv. 3.1 g 4 brothers, geometric progression OB
MS 2832 4.4 c tabular array, combined market rate OB
MS 3037 1.1b descending table of powers OB
MS 3048 3.3 a 3.3.1 a quasi-cube table OB
MS 3049 3.2 a circle-and-chord problem late OB?
MS 3050 3.1k 3.1.12 square in a circle OB
MS 3051 3.1 j 3.1.8 equilateral triangle in a circle OB
MS 3052 1 3.2 a growth rate of a mud wall OB
MS 3866 3.3 b smallest head number OB
MS 3876 4.8 a outer shell of an icosahedron Kassite
MS 5112 1 4.4 c completing the square OB
MS 5112 1, 5 4.4 c 'since it was said to you' Kassite?
MS 3971 2 3.1 i metric algebra, rectangle OB
MS 5112 9 3.1 f reshaping a rectangle OB
MSV0 4,66 2.1 e 2.1.18-19bread-and-beer-text proto-cun.
NCBT1913 2.1 d 2.1.10 almost round area number OB
O.Bodl. ii 1847 4.1, 4.7 c land survey, eight fields Greek
Pack no. 2323 4, Intr. El. XIII, 10,16 Greek
P.Akhmim 1.2 c, 4.5 table of contents Greek
P.Berlin 6619 # 1 2.3 a 2.3.1 quadratic-linear system of equations hier.
P.BM 10399 1 3.2 a 3.2.2 circle-and-chord problem? dem.
P.BM 10399 2 3.2 b, 4.3 capacity measure of masts dem.
P.BM 10399 3 3.2 c the reciprocal of 1 + \ln dem.
P.BM 10520 1 3.3 a the iterated sum of 1 through 10 dem.
P.BM 10520 2 3.3 b a multiplication table for 64 dem.
P.BM 10520 3 3.3 c a new multiplication rule dem.
P.BM 10520 4 3.3 d 2/35 expressed as a sum of parts dem.

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Index of Texts 273
P.BM 10520 5 3.3 e, 4.5 e operations with fractions dem.
P.BM 10520 6 3.1 d, 3.3 f the square side rule dem.
P.BM 10520 7 a 3.3 g 3.3.2 the quadrilateral area rule dem.
P.BM 10520 7 b 3.3 g, 3.7 a, 4.7 c schematic quadrilateral dem.
P.BM 10794 3.4,4.5 a the 90 and T50 tables dem.
P.Cairo 3.1a table of contents dem.
P.Cairo I 3.1c 3.1.2 two related division problems dem
P.Cairo 2 3.1 d completion problems dem
P.Cairo 3 3.1 e a rectangular sail dem
P.Cairo 4 3.1 f, 3.2 c 3.1.4 reshaping a rectangular cloth dem
P.Cairo 7 3.1 g shares in a geometric progression dem
P.Cairo 8 3.1b, 4.7 a 3.1.1 pole against a wall dem.
P.Cairo 9 4.2,4.3 b circle area rule dem.
P.Cairo 9 a 3.1 h 3.1.5 diameter of a circle w. given area dem.
P.Cairo 10 3.1 b, 3.1 i 3.1.6 rectangle w. given area and diagonal dem.
P.Cairo 11 4.3 b, 4.8 a circle area rule dem.
P.Cairo 11 a 3.1 j , 3.3 f 3.1.7 equilateral triangle in a circle dem.
P.Cairo 12 3.1k 3.1.9 square in a circle dem.
P.Cairo 13-14 3.11 pyramids with a square base dem.
P.Cairo 15-16 3.1m 3.1.13 metric algebra dem.
P.Carlsberg 30 # 1 3.1b, 3.5 a 3.5.1 drawings of geometric figures dem.
P.Carlsberg 30 #2 3,5 b, 4.4 c linear equations, four metals dem.
P.Chicago lift. 3 A.I b 4.7.1-2 non-symmetric trapezoids Greek
P.Cornell 69 4.7 c 4.7.3-6 non-symm. trap, and birectangle Greek
P.Fay.9 4,Intr. El. 1,39,41 Greek
P.Geneve 259 4.7 a problems for right triangles Greek
P.Griffith Inst. I. E. 7 3.6 linear equations dem.
P.Heidelberg 663 3.1 j , 3.7 striped trapezoids dem.
P.Herc. 1061 4, Intr. essay on El. I Greek
P.IFAOSS 1.2 c 1.2.3 geometric progression, 30 terms Greek
Plato, Laws vii 3.5 b counting w. gold, bronze, silver Greek
Plimpton 322 3.3 f semi-regular square sides OB
P.Mich. 620 4.4 systems of linear equations Greek
P.Mich. Hi 143 4, Intr. El. I, Definitions Greek
P.Moscow 2.2 b table of contents hier.
P.Moscow #10 2.2 e 2.2.6 area of semicircle (basket) hier.
P.Moscow # 14 2.2 d 2.2.5 volume of truncated pyramid hier.
P.Moscow 11 3.1 e, 2.2 c 2.2.2 a triangle, metric algebra hier.
P.Moscow # 23 2.2 a a combined work norm hier.
P.Oxy. i 29 4, Intr. El. II exercises Greek
P.Oxy. Hi 470 4.2 truncated cone (water clock) Greek
P.Rhind 2.1a table of contents hier.
P.Rhind 3.3 d the 2/n table hier.
P.Rhind 4.5 a the TO table hier.
P.Rhind #23 3.1c 3.1.3 completion problem hier.
P.Rhind ## 28-29 2.1b 2.1.1 incomplete division exercises hier.

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274 Unexpected Links Between Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics
P.Rhind ftif 35-38 2.1b applied division problem hier.
P.Rhind ## 40,64 2.1c sharing problems hier.
P.Rhind ffif 41-55 2.4 ' 2.4.3 outline hier.
P.Rhind ##41-43 2.1 d, 4.5 c cylindrical granaries hier.
P.Rhind ## 44-46 2.1 d, 4.5 c rectangular granaries hier.
P.Rhind ##48,50 2.1 d 2.1.4 circle area rule, hieratic hier.
P.Rhind #51 3.3 g the area of a triangle hier.
P.Rhind # 53 a 2.1 d, 3.7 c 2.1.7-8 a striped triangle hier.
P.Rhind # 53 b 2.1 d 2.1.7, 15 almost round area number hier.
P.Rhind ## 54-55 2.1 d subtracting pieces of land hier.
P.Rhind## 56-60 2.1 d 2.1.16 slope of pyramids and cone hier.
P./WHW #62 2.1 f, 3.5 b bag of gold, silver, lead hier.
P.Rhind # 63 4.5 d unequal sharing hier.
P.Rhind if 64 2.1c, 2.3 c unequal sharing hier.
P.Rhind ## 65-81 2.4 2.4.4 outline hier.
P.Rhind ##69-78 2.1 e baking and brewing numbers hier.
P.Rhind if 79 1.1.f 1.1.7 sum of powers of 7 hier.
P.UC 32160 2.4 2.4.2 outline hier.
P.UC32160ft \ 2.3 b 2.3.3 content of cylindrical granary hier.
P.UC 32160 if 2 2.3 c 2.3.4 problem for arithm. progression hier.
P.UC 32161 2.3 d 2.3.5 many-digit decimal numbers hier.
P.Vindob.G 26740 3.1k segment area rule Greek
P.Vindob. G. 19996 3.3 f, 4.8 4.8.1 pyramids and cones Greek
P.Vindob. G.26740 4.3 4.3.1 five illustrated geom. exercises Greek
Str. 362 #1 2.1c 10 brothers, arithmetic progression OB
Str. 364 2.1 d striped triangle OB
ThebanO.D12 3.3 g, 3.7 a 3.3.4 land survey, four fields dem.
7M51 3.2 a 3.2.1 circle-and-chord problem OB
TMS 3 (BR) 2.1 d, 3.1k 3.1.11 constants for circle segments OB
TMS13 4.6 buying and selling exercise OB
7MS14 2.2 d, 4.8 g volume of a ridge pyramid OB
UET6/2 222, rev. 3.3 f semi-regular square sides OB
UET 6/2 233, rev. 4.4 c tabular array for cost of digging OB
UET 612 21 A, rev. 2.3 a, 4.4 c 2.3.2 tabular array for quadratic equations OB
UET 6/2 290, rev. 4.4 c tabular array for capacity measures OB
UM 29.13.21 1.2.b 1.2.2 doubling and halving algorithm OB
VAT 7530 6 4.5 e repetitive construction of data OB
VAT 7531 3.7 c 3.7.8-10 trapezoid with vertical transversals OB
VAT 7532 3.1 f, 3.2 c unknown original length of a reed OB
VAT 7535 3.1 f, 3,2 c reciprocal of 1 - 1/5 OB
VAT 7621 #1 3.7 c striped trapezoid OB
VAT 7848 1 3.1 j area of equilateral triangle LB
VAT 7848 3 4.7 b symmetric trapezoid OB
VAT 8389 2.1 f, 3.5 b system of linear equations OB
VAT 8390 4.4 c 'since he said' OB
VAT 8391 2.1 f, 3.5 b system of linear equations OB

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Index of Texts 275
VAT 8522 #1 3.2 b, 4.5 b capacity measure of a truncated cone OB
VAT 8522 #2 2.1c arithmetic progression OB
VPBIV92 4.7 c areas of fields Greek
W14148 2.1 d 2.1.12 almost round area number proto-cun.
W19408,76 3.3 g quadrilateral area rule proto-cun.
W 20044,28 2.1 d 2.1.12 almost round area number proto-cun.
W 23021 1.1c 1.1.5 trailing part algorithm LB
W 23291 1 f 3.2 a metric algebra, seed measure LB
W 23291 4 b-c 3.1 j drawings of heights in triangles LB
W 23291 4 c 3.1 j area of equilateral triangle LB
W23291-xl 4.8 a circle segment LB
W 23291-x 2 4.3 a four concentric circular bands LB
W 23291-x 11 3.3 g tables for reed measure LB
YBC4652#9 2.1b repeated division problem OB
YBC 4663 4.8 g series of exercises OB
YBC4698 2.1 e 2.1.17 outline, table of contents OB
YBC 4698 1 1.2 d interest on capital OB
YBC46982a 2.1 e 2.1.17 combined market rate OB
YBC 4698 3 a 2.1 f, 3.5 b linear equations: iron and gold OB
YBC 4698 4 4.6 prices and market rates OB
YBC 5022 (NSd) 2.1 d, 2.2 e circle constants OB
YBC 7243 (NSe) 2.1 d, 2.2 e circle constants OB
YBC 7290 2.1 d 2.1.11 almost round area number OB
YBC 7326 4.4 c tabular array, sheep and lambs OB
YBC 7353 4.4 c tabular array, combined market rate OB
YBC 8588 4.4 c 'that he said' OB
YBC 9856 2.1c arithmetic progression OB
YBC 11125 4.4 c tabular array, combined market rate OB
YBC 11126 2.2 c, 3.1 e 2.2.3 metric algebra: trapezoid OB

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Index of Subjects
2/n table P.Rhind 29,96,144,150
10- stable P.Rhind 29,32,211
90 and 150 tables P.BM 10794 165, 211
algorithm, doubling and halving UM 29.13.21 18
algorithm, trailing part W 23021 8
almost round area numbers NCBT1913 51
P.Rhind # 53 a-b 56,114
W14148 53
W 20044, 28 53
YBC 7290 52
basket, area of semicircle P.Moscow # 10 78
bread rations of various sizes 1st. O 236 66
MSVO 4, 66 63
buying and selling exercise TMS \3 218
YBC 4698 #9 217
circle area rule, Babylonian TMS 3 (BR) 42
circle area rule, demotic P.BM 10399 2 142
P.Cairo 9 a 123
P.Cairo 11 127
P.Cairo 12 131
circle area rule, Greek P.Oxy. Hi 470 195
P. Vindob. G.26740 ## 2-4 198
circle area rule, hieratic P.Rhind # 48 40, 42, 44, 98
P.UC 32160 85
circle constants TMS 3 (BR) 42
YBC 5022 (NSd) 42
YBC 7243 (NSe) 42
circle segment (corrupt text) BM 85194 # 29 133
circle segments, constants TMS3(BR) 134
circle segment area rule see segment area rule
circle-and-chord problem MS 3049 141
P.BM 10399 1 138
TMS 1 139
circle, given area, unknown diameter P.Cairo 9 a 122
circles and a segment of a circular band P. Vindob. G. 26740 ## 1-5 196
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circular bands, concentric W 23291-x 2 197
combined baking number P.Rhind # 76 60
combined market rate MS 2832, YBC 7535, etc. 207
VAT 7530 6 214
YBC 4698 2 a 60, 103
combined work norm MS 2221 70
P.Moscow # 23 69
completing the square MS 5112 1 208
completion problem P.Cairo % 2 106,112
P.Rhind ## 21-23 27, 29, 96, 112
cone, truncated BM 96954+ 4 e 262
P.Vindob. G. 19996 234, 242
("log") Haddad 104 # 2 143
VAT 8522 #1 142,211
(mast) P.BM 10399 2 142
(storeroom) P.Akhmlm\\ 211
(water clock) P.Oxy.iii470 195
corrupt text BM 85194 # 29 133
P.BM 10520 5 c 153
P.Rhind ## 28-29 30
P.Rhind ## 40, 43 37, 44
cylindrical vessels, content BM 85194 ## 22, 35 86, 88
UET 6/2 290 rev. 206
division problems P.Cairo ##2-3 109
P.Rhind ## 24-38 28, 30
division problem, applied IM 53957 25,36
P.Rhind ## 35-38 35
division problem, repeated BM 34800 33,204
P.Rhind ## 28-29 30,102
YBC 4652 #9 32
doubling and halving algorithm UM 29.13.21 18,22
drawing of basket (semicircle?) P.Moscow # 10 79
birectangle P.Cornell 69 #3 230
circle P.Rhind # 50, P.UC 32160 42,85,98
circle and square P.Rhind #48 41
circles, etc. P. Vindob. G. 26740 ##1-5 197
equilateral triangle in circle P.Cairo # 36 128
MS 3051 130
pyramid and cone P.Rhind ## 56,60 58
striped trapezoids P.Heidelberg 663 ##1-3 175 ff
rectangles and trapezoid P.Carlsberg 30, obv. 167
rectangular field P.BM 10520 7 a 157
rectangular field, schematic P.BM 10520 7 b 158
rectangular granary P.Rhind # 44 44
square in circle P.Cairo #37 131
MS 3050 135

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Index of Subjects 279
striped triangle P.Rhind # 53a 45 ff
striped triangle IM 43996 49
trapezoid YBC 7290, YBC 11126 52,72
trapezoids, nonsymmetric P Chic. litt. 3, P.Cornell 69 ## 1-2 221 ff
triangle in circle TMS1 139
triangular pyramids P.Vindob. G. 19996, col. v; 234
truncated pyramid P'Moscow # 14 76
upright triangles W232914b-c 238
Elements I, essay on P.Herc. 1061 193
Elements I, Definitions P.Mich. Hi 143 193
Elements I, 39, 41 P.Fay. 9 193
Elements II, exercises P.Oxy.i29 193
Elements XIII, 10, 16 Pack no. 2323 193
equilateral triangle, area MS 3876 # 3 237
VAT 7848 1 129
W232914b-c 127,156,238
equilateral triangle in a circle MS 3051 129
P.Cairo #36 126
equilateral triangular base of pyramid P.Vindob. G. 19996 # 10 235
equipartitioned trapezoid IM 58045 181
VAT 7621 #1 188
fractions, counting with P.BM 10520 5 150 ff
fractions, operations with P.Akhmim 4-10 212 ff
granary, cylindrical P.UC 32160 #1 85
, rectangular P.Akhmim 2 211
, repeated division problem BM 34800 33
, square and circular P.Rhind ## 44-46 44
height of unsymmetric triangle Metrica 1:5-6 224
icosahedron, outer shell MS 3876 236
iterated sum of 10 first integers P.BM 10520 1 145
land survey, one field BM 47437 162
, four fields Theban Ostracon D 12 159,194
, eight fields O.Bodl. ii 1847 194
linear equations P.Griffith Inst. I. E. 7 174
linear equations, four metals P.Carlsberg 30 #2 67,168
linear equations, iron and gold YBC 4698 #4 67, 170
linear equations, system of VAT 8389, VAT 8391 68, 170
linear equations, systems of P.Mich. 620 173, 200 ff
many-digit decimal numbers P.UC 32161 90
metric algebra, rectangle BM 34568 221
P.Cairo ##"32-333" 136
, area and side ratio IM 121613 #1 73, 115
P.Moscow#6 75fn.l6
, diagonal and side ratio P.Berlin 6619 #1 81
, expanded rectangle P.Rhind # 53 b 57
, area and diagonal P.Cairo ## 34-35 125

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IM 67118 = Db2-146 126
MS 3971 2 126
, striped triangle P.Rhind # 53 a 45 f, 54
, reshaping a rectangle P.Cairo 1 110
P.Cairo 3 115
MS 5112 9 120
.quadrilateral IM 121565 160
, trapezoid YBC 11126 72, 115
.triangle P.Moscow # 17 71
multiplication algorithm, explicit BM 34601 = LBAT1644 149
multiplication rule P.BM 10520 3 149
multiplication table, times 64 P.BM 10520 2 (# 54) 149
non-symmetric trapezoids P.Chicago lift. 3 (= P.Ayer) 221
non-symmetric trapezoids, birectangle P.Cornell 69 224 fn. 40, 226
orientation of circular segment BM 85194 11 (## 20-21) 128
MS 2049, obv. 128
original length of a reed VAT 7532 117, 144, 208
outline of text BM 85194 95
BM 96954+ 249
P.Rhind ## 41-55 100
P.Rhind ## 65-81 101
P. UC 32160 98
YBC 4698 61
Plimpton 322 82,93,155
pole against a wall BM 34568 # 12 108
BM 85196 #9 108
P.Cairo % 8 (##24-31) 107
powers of 2, 64 Inventor of game of chess 23
prices and market rates Michael 62 215
PAkhmim 9 214
YBC 4698 61,68, 215 f
progression, arithmetic, 5 persons Jiu Zhang Suan Shu 6:18 39
, 5 brothers YBC 9856 38
, 10 terms P.UC32160 #2 89
, 10 brothers Str. 362 # 1 37
progression, geometric, sum of M. 7857 2
Mother Goose rhyme 12
P.Rhind #19 11
, sum of, 7 brothers MS 1844 9
, 4 terms (tgs
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, 4 brothers MS 2830, obv. 122
, 30 terms M. 8631 14
P.IFAO 88 21
progression, quasi-arithmetic, 5 brothers VAT 8522 #2 38
pyramid and cone? seked P.Rhind 21-22 (## 56,60) 58
pyramids and cones BM 96954+ 76, 249

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Index of Subjects 281
P.Vindob. G. 19996 233 ff
quadratic-linear system of equations BM 13901 # 13 83
P.Berlin 6619 #1 81
UET 6/2 214 rev. 84,206
quadrilateral, schematic P.BM 10520 7 b 158,194
quadrilateral area rule BM 67314 165
IM121565 160
P.BM 10520 %1& 157
W 19408, 76 159
, general IM 52301 161
quasi-cube table MS 3048 148
reciprocal of 1 - 1/5 VAT 7535 117
1 - 1/ 6 VAT 7532 117
1 + l//j P.BM 10399 ## 46-51 143
reshaping a rectangle MS 5112 9 120
reshaping a rectangular cloth P.Cairo #8 115
ridge pyramid, volume of TMS14 77,245
right triangles, problems P.Geneve 259 220
segment area rule Jiu Zhang Suan Shu 1:35-36 133
Metrical: 30 133,199
P.Cairo ##36-37 129 ff
P.Vindob. G 26140 #5 133
semicircle (basket), area of P.Moscow #10 78
semicircle, constants BM 85210 81
TMS 3 (BR) 80
semicircle, problem for a MLC 1354 80
semi-regular square sides Plimpton 322, UET 6/2 222, rev. 156, fn. 27
series of exercises YBC 4663 251
sharing problems P.Rhind 11-12, 27 29
'since he said' VAT 8390 206
'since it was said to you' MS 5112 1, 5 206
square in a circle P.Cairo 12 (#37) 131
sum of 10 first square numbers AO 6484 #2 10
square in a circle MS 3050 135
square side rule P.BM 10520 6 155
striped trapezoids P.Heidelberg 663 174 ff
VAT 7621 #1 188
striped triangle IM 43996 49,102,181
P.Rhind #53 a 45,98
Str. 364 48
symmetric trapezoid VAT 7848 3 225
table of contents P.Akhmtm 208
P.Cairo J. E. 89127-30 + 106
P.Moscow 69
P.Rhind 27
P.Vindob. G. 19996 234

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and outline of the text BM 85194 95
BM96954+102366+SE93 249
P. UC 32160. 98
YBC 4698 61
tables of fractions P.Akhmim 210
table of powers BM 22706, IM 73355,1st. O 3826 6
, descending MS 2242, MS 3037 7
tables for reed measure W 23291-x 11 163
tabular array, combined market rate MS 2268/19, MS 2832 207
YBC 7353, YBC 11125 207
tabular array, combined work norm MS 2221 rev. 70
tabular array, cost of excavation UET 6/2 233, rev. 206
, quadratic-linear equations UET 6/2 21 A, rev. 84
, systems of linear equations P.Mich. 620 200 ff
, sheep and lambs YBC 7326 207
, unequal shares AO 8862 207
thousand-cubit-strip P.Rhind 17 (# 51) 40,158
trailing part algorithm. W 23021 8
trapezoid with vertical transversals VAT 7531 182 ff
truncated cone BM 96954+ 4 264
P.Vindob. G. 19996 234
truncated pyramid, square BM 85194 16 (# 28) 243
P.Moscow # 14, P.Vindob. G. 19996 74, 234
, triangular P.Vindob. G. 19996 234
, with ridge BM 96954 1 f 252
unequal sharing, loaves P.Rhind 12 36 ff
, gold, silver, lead P.Rhind # 62 67
work norm, volume of a ring wall BM 85194 3 (# 4) 186, fn. 31

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