PILE FOUNDATION

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
KHANGEMBAM SAHENDRA SINGH
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING


Under The Guidance of Submitted by
L. Hemchandra Sharma Khangembam Sahendra Singh
Assistant Engineer Regd. No. 11110684

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Phagwara144401, Punjab (India)




LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project entitled PILE FOUNDATION submitted by
KHANGEMBAM SAHENDRA SINGH, reg. no. 11110684 student of Civil
Engineering Department, Lovely professional university, Phagwara, Punjab who
carried out the project under my supervision.

This report has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the
award of any degree.




Mandeep Kaur L. Hemchandra Sharma
Head of Department, Civil SUPERVISOR
Assistant Engineer
PWD Department, Manipur



INTRODUCTION
ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEED FOR A DEEP FOUNDATION
The first difficult problem facing the foundation designer is to establish
whether or not the site conditions dictate that a deep foundation must be
used. Typical situations in which piles may be needed as well as additional uses of
deep foundations are shown in Fig.
Figure 9-1(a) shows the most common case in which the upper soil strata are too
compressible or too weak to support heavy vertical loads. In this case, deep
foundations transfer loads to a deeper dense stratum and act as toe bearing
foundations. In the absence of a dense stratum within a reasonable depth, the loads
must be gradually transferred, mainly through soil resistance along shaft, Figure 9-
1(b). An important point to remember is that deep foundations transfer load
through unsuitable layers to suitable layers. The foundation designer must define
at what depth suitable soil layers begin the soil profile.
Deep foundations are frequently needed because of the relative inability of
shallow footings to resist inclined, lateral, or uplift loads and overturning
moments. Deep foundations resist uplift loads by shaft resistance, Figure 9-
1(c). Lateral loads are resisted either by vertical deep foundations in bending,
Figure 9-1 (d), or by groups are vertical and battered foundations, which combine
the axial and lateral resistances of all deep foundations in the group, Figure
9-1(e). Lateral loads from overhead highway signs and noisewalls may also be
resisted by groups of deep foundations, Figure 9-1(f)



Deep foundations are often required when scour around footings could cause
loss of bearing capacity at shallow depths, Figure 9-1(g). In this case the deep
foundations must extend below the depth of scour and develop the full capacity in
the support zone below the level of expected scour. Costly damage and the need
for future underpinning can be avoided by properly designing scour conditions














DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
Driving piles for a foundation is a crude and brutal process. The
interactions among the piles and the surrounding soil are complex.
Insertion of piles generally alters the character of the soil and intense
strains are set up locally near the piles. The nonhomogenity of soils,
along with the effects of the pile group and pile shape, add further
difficulties to the understanding of soil-pile interaction.

Broad generalizations about pile behavior are unrealistic. An
understanding of the significance of several factors involved is required
to be successful in the design of pile foundations. Because of the
inherent complexities of pile behavior, it is necessary to use practical,
semi-empirical methods of design, and to focus attention on significant
factors rather than minor or peripheral details. Thefoundation engineer
must have a thorough understanding of foundation loads,
subsurface conditions including soil/rock properties and behavior, the
significance or special design events, foundation performance criteria,
and current practices in foundation design and construction in the
area where the work is to be done to arrive at the optimum foundation
solution.


CONSTRUCTION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS
Construction of a successful driven pile foundation that meets the design objectives
depends on relating the requirements of the static analysis methods presented on
the plans to the dynamic methods of field installation and construction control. The
tools for obtaining such a foundation must be explicitly incorporated into the plans
and specifications as well as included in the contract administration of the project.
It is important that a pile foundation be installed to meet the design requirements
for compressive, lateral and uplift capacity. This may dictate driving piles for a
required ultimate capacity or to a predetermined length established by the designer.
It is equally important to avoid pile damage or foundation cost overruns by
excessive driving. These objectives can all be satisfactorily achieved by use of
wave equation analysis, dynamic monitoring of pile driving, and in some cases,
static load testing. Commonly used dynamic formulas, suchas Engineering New
formula, have proven unreliable as pile capacities increased and more
sophisticated pile installation equipment was routinely used by contractors.
Knowledgeable construction supervision and inspection are the keys to
proper installation of piles. State-of-the art designs and detailed plansand
specifications must be coupled with good construction supervision to achieve
desired results. Post construction review of pile driving results versus
predictions regarding pile driving resistances, pile length, field problems, and
load test capacities is essential. These reviews add to the experience of all
engineers involved on the project and will enhance their skills for future projects.



SELECTION OF PILE TYPE
The selection of appropriate pile types for any project involves the consideration of
several design and installation factors including pile characteristics subsurface
conditions and performance criteria. Figure 9-3 shows several pile classifications.
In addition to the considerations provided in the tables, the problems posed by the
specific project location and topography must be considered in any pile selection
process. Following are some of the usually encountered problems:
1. Driven piles may cause vibration damage to adjacent structures or facilities.
2. Remote areas may restrict driving equipment size and, therefore, pile size.
3. Local availability of certain materials and capability of contractors may have
decisive effects on pile selection.
4. Waterborne operations and transportation limitations may dictate use of shorter
pile sections due to pile handling restrictions.
5. Steep terrain may make the use of certain pile equipment costly or impossible.
Although one pile type may emerge as the only logical choice for a given set of
conditions, more often several different types may meet all the requirements
for a particular structure. In such cases, the final choice should be made on the
basis of a cost analysis that assesses the over-all cost of alternatives. This would
include uncertainties in execution, time delays, cost of load testing programs,
as well as differences in the cost of pile caps and other elements of the
structure that may differ among alternatives. For major projects, alternate
foundation designs should be considered for inclusion in the contract
documents if there is a potential for cost savings.









7. GROUP EFFECTS
7.1 GENERAL
Piles installed in a group to form a foundation will, when loaded, give rise to
interaction between individual piles as well as between the structure and the piles.
The pilesoil-pile interaction arises as a result of overlapping of stress (or strain)
fields and could affect both the capacity and the settlement of the piles. The piled
foundation as a whole also interacts with the structure by virtue of the difference in
stiffness. This foundation-structure interaction affects the distribution of loads in
the piles, together with forces and movements experienced by the structure.
The analysis of the behaviour of a pile group is a complex soil-structure interaction
problem. The behaviour of a pile group foundation will be influenced by, inter alia
:
(a) method of pile installation, e.g. replacement or displacement
piles,
(b) dominant mode of load transfer, i.e. shaft resistance or endbearing,
(c) nature of founding materials,
(d) three-dimensional geometry of the pile group configuration,
(e) presence or otherwise of a ground-bearing cap, and
(f) relative stiffness of the structure, the piles and the ground.
Traditionally, the assessment of group effects is based on some 'rules-of-thumb' or
semi-empirical rules derived from field observations. Recent advances in analytical
studies have enabled more rational design principlesto be developed. With
improved computing capabilities, general pilegroups with a combination of vertical
and raking piles subjected to complex loading can be analysed in a fairly rigorous
manner and parametric studies can be carried out relatively efficiently and
economically. This Chapter firstly considers the ultimate limit states for a range of
design situations for pile groups. Methods of assessing the deformation of single
piles and pile groups are then presented. Finally, some design considerations for
soil-structure interaction problems are
discussed.
7.2 MINIMUM SPACING OF PILES
The minimum spacing between piles in a group should be chosen in relation to the
method of pile construction and the mode of load transfer. It is recommended that
the following guidelines on minimum pile spacing may be adopted for routine
design :
(a) For bored piles which derive their capacities mainly from
shaft resistance and for all types of driven piles, minimum
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centre-to-centre spacing should be greater than the perimeter
of the pile (which should be taken as that of the larger pile
where piles of different sizes are used); this spacing should
not be less than 1 m as stipulated in the Code of Practice for
Foundations (BD, 2004a).
(b) For bored piles which derive their capacities mainly from
end-bearing, minimum clear spacing between the surfaces
of adjacent piles should be based on practical
considerations of positional and verticality tolerances of
piles. It is prudent to provide a nominal minimum clear
spacing of about 0.5 m between shaft surfaces or edge of
bell-outs. For mini-piles socketed into rock, the minimum
spacing should be taken as the greater of 0.75 m or twice
the pile diameter (BD, 2004a).
The recommended tolerances of installed piles are shown in Table 7.1 (HKG,
1992).
Closer spacing than that given above may beadopted only when it has been
justified by
detailed analyses of the effect on the settlement and bearing capacityof the pile
group.
Particular note should be taken of adjacent piles founded at different levels, in
which case the
effects of the load transfer and soil deformations arising from the piles at a higher
level on
those at a lower level need to be examined. The designer should also specify a pile
installation sequence within a group that will assure maximum spacing between
shafts being
installed and those recently concreted.


OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of this report is to document the lessons learned from the
installation of
driven piles on the CA/T project. This includes review and analysis of pile design
criteria and
specifications, pile driving equipment and methods, issues encountered during
construction,
dynamic and static load test data, and cost data for different pile types and site
conditions.
SCOPE
This report consists of six chapters, the first of which presents introductory and
background
information about the contracts where significant pile driving occurred. The second
chapter
discusses the criteria and specifications usedfor pile design and construction on the
CA/T
project. The third chapter documents the equipment and methods used for pile
driving. Major
construction issues encountered during driving, such as pile and soil heave, are
also discussed.
The fourth chapter presents the results of pile load tests performed on test piles
using static and
dynamic test methods, including a discussion of axial capacity, dynamic soil
parameters, and pile
driving criteria. The fifth chapter presents the unit costs for pile driving and
preaugering for the
different pile types used, as identified in the original construction bids. Finally, the
sixth chapter
summarizes the important findings of this study