Jan Ivonne O.

Samonte
IV- Campos
Couple of months have passed and our course Advanced Physics gets trickier each day that will pass. Many lessons
had welcomed us with difficulties. Weve done several group activities and also individual activities that helped us in
comprehending our topics easily. Our thoughts and ideas widened and we knew different things that we arent
familiar. Our lessons in Advanced Physics were very exciting and taught us a bunch of values, information and facts
that Physics is everywhere. In our first meeting, Dr. De Leon reviewed us about Mechanics that weve encountered
during our Physics I. It is composed of lessons like the components of displacement (Direction, gravitational force,
angle and velocity). According to our main goal in our course, Physics will help us understand the physical world. In
all the things that Ive faced in our subject, Im starting to understand and appreciate the goals and concepts of our
subject. Some of my favorite topics in Advanced Physics are the nature of Physics, the two branches namely Applied
and theoretical Physics, Sub-branches, and the fundamentals of physics. Weve tackled the Physics giants that left a
mark in every heart of a Physician, student and the whole generation like the inventor of telescope named Galileo
Galilei. Previously on our Physics subject, weve discussed waves specially its nature. Ive learned the different types
of waves specifically; longitudinal, transverse, and surface waves. Learning our course Advanced Physics with Dr.
De Leon if fun and adventurous because of the activities that we have done. Waves have several parts; crest, trough,
and amplitude. In physics, a wave is disturbance or oscillation that travels through matter or space, accompanied by
a transfer of energy. Wave motion transfers energy from one point to another, often with no permanent displacement
of the particles of the mediumthat is, with little or no associated mass transport. They consist, instead, of
oscillations or vibrations around almost fixed locations. Waves are described by a wave equation which sets out how
the disturbance proceeds over time. The mathematical form of this equation varies depending on the type of wave.
There are two main types of waves. Mechanical waves propagate through a medium, and the substance of this
medium is deformed. The deformation reverses itself owing to restoring forces resulting from its deformation. For
example, sound waves propagate via air molecules colliding with their neighbors. When air molecules collide, they
also bounce away from each other (a restoring force). This keeps the molecules from continuing to travel in the
direction of the wave. The second main type of wave, electromagnetic waves, do not require a medium. Instead, they
consist of periodic oscillations of electrical and magnetic fields generated by charged particles, and can therefore
travel through a vacuum. These types of waves vary in wavelength, and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared
radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Further, the behavior of particles in quantum
mechanics are described by waves. In addition, gravitational waves also travel through space, which are a result of a
vibration or movement in gravitational fields. Ive learned on how the wave speed travel and how it can be measured.
Sir Sonny taught us formulae that we should memorize in order for us to be aware in our lesson. The behaviors of
waves; reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference are some of the things that weve also learned. The behavior
of waves when travelling in a fixed end, free end and changed in medium boundaries. The law of reflection states
that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Refraction is also known as the bending of waves that
has a change in speed in waves and change in direction. Standing waves that are formed when two waves with the
same frequency interfere with one another while travelling in opposite direction with the same medium were also one
of our lessons. Ive learned the nodes, antinodes, modes or segment and also its diagram. For the most awaited
lesson in the first grading period of the year is the Optics. Optics is defined as a branch of physics which deals with
the study and behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves. Optics is the branch of physics which involves the
behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or
detect it.
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Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an
electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit
similar properties. Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of
light. Complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are, however, often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics
is usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics, treats light as a collection of
rays that travel in straight lines and bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a more
comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as diffraction and interference that cannot be
accounted for in geometric optics. Historically, the ray-based model of light was developed first, followed by the wave
model of light. Progress in electromagnetic theory in the 19th century led to the discovery that light waves were in
fact electromagnetic radiation. It has two branches; the geometric and physical. According to Sir Sonny, there are
also theories that we should imply like the dualistic nature of light that states that light behaves like a particle and a
wave. It is proposed and explained by Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens. There are also three sources of light
namely incandescent- energy from heat, luminescent- energy comes from another source and synchrotron- the
artificial source of light. I was amazed by the measure of the exact speed of light- 2.99792458 x

m/s. For the

second half of the first grading period, weve studied the Law of reflection. I have lots of realizations and learning in
this topic. It includes that the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line all lie on the same plane. When a ray of light
strikes a plane mirror, the light ray reflects off the mirror. Reflection involves a change in direction of the light ray. The
convention used to express the direction of a light ray is to indicate the angle which the light ray makes with a normal
line drawn to the surface of the mirror. The angle of incidence is the angle between this normal line and the incident
ray; the angle of reflection is the angle between this normal line and the reflected ray. According to the law of
reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Sir Sonny taught us on how the waves travel rarer to
denser and vice versa. One of my favorite one is the Snells law. In this law, it states that for a given pair of materials,
a and b, the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence and angle of refraction is equal to the inverse of the ration of the
indices of refraction on the given materials. Ive learned the values of n or the values of index of refraction like the
values of ice, fluoride, polysterine, rock salt, diamond and so much more. Weve also learned on how we can solve
the problems that arise regarding this topic. Second, is the total internal reflection commonly called TIR. Total internal
reflection occurs when angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle. Total internal reflection is a phenomenon
that happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle
with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the
incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical
angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflectance occurs. This is particularly common as an
optical phenomenon, where light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of waves, such as
electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves. Third, is the plane mirrors. A plane mirror is a mirror with a planar
reflective surface. For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. The
angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the surface normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to
the surface). Therefore the angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal and a collimated
beam of light does not spread out after reflection from a plane mirror, except for diffraction effects. A plane mirror
makes an image of objects in front of it; these images appear to be behind the plane in which the mirror lies. A
straight line drawn from part of an object to the corresponding part of its image makes a right angle with, and is
bisected by, the surface of the plane mirror. The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual (meaning that the
light rays do not actually come from the image), upright, and of the same shape and size as the object it is reflecting.
A virtual image is a copy of an object formed at the location from which the light rays appear to come. However, the
image is a laterally-inverted "mirror image" of the object. If a person is reflected in a plane mirror, the image of his
right hand appears to be the left hand of the image. It is the only type of mirror which always gives us an image which
is virtual, erect and of the same size as that of the object. In plane mirror, image formed is in terms of size, attitude,
location and type. It depends on the object, reflected ray and the incident ray. The difference between real and virtual
image are; real images can be projected while virtual cant. Plane mirror consists of two parts called the sheet of
glass on front and the thin layer of reflective silver or aluminum on the back. We can draw representation of these
plane mirrors through many ways. Like the shortcut method or the representation with the observers eye. Weve
tackled about spherical mirror. Spherical mirror is defined as a section of a sphere. It has two types. Convex is called
the diverging mirror while concave is also called as the converging mirror. There are several parts namely principal
axis, center of curvature, radius of curvature, focal point and focal length. There are three types of rays. First, the
parallel ray that is along a path or parallel to the optic axis. Second, the chief (Radial) ray that is incident through the
center of curvature C and reflected back along its incident path through C. Last, is the focal ray that passes through
the focal point and is reflected parallel to the optic axis. The last topic is the mirror equation. It is defined when the
object and image distance, p and q, are related to its focal length. Ive learned the sign conversions that are under
positive and negative. Weve solved some problems regarding this lesson. Listening and cooperating in our course
are a must. Even how tired and sleepy we are, we should focus on the discussion and listen attentively to avoid
missing the topic and we can understand the lesson. This grading was hard for us to adjust because of our previous
Physics subject. It gets trickier and harder. But with good understanding and giving attention to the teacher, we can
finish the tasks.