Advances in Materials

2013; 2(3): 36-41

Published online July 10, 2013 (http://www.sienepublishin!!"oup.o#/$/%#)
doi: 10.1164&/$.%#.20130203.13



Hybrid effects on tensile properties of carbon/glass angle
ply composites
GuruRaja M. N
1
, A. N. HariRao
2
1
'ese%"h shol%" '() *ent"e +.J *olle!e o, -n!inee"in!, .yso"e /%"n%t%0%
2
)ep%"t#ent o, .eh%ni%l -n!inee"in!, +.J *olle!e o, -n!inee"in!, .yso"e /%"n%t%0%
Email address:
!u"us#n1y%hoo.o#(2u"u'%$% ..3)
To cite this article:
2u"u'%$% .. 3, 4. 3. 5%"i'%o. 5yb"id -,,ets on 6ensile P"ope"ties o, *%"bon/2l%ss 4n!le Ply *o#posites. Advances in Materials.
7ol. 2, 3o. 3, 2013, pp. 36-41. doi: 10.1164&/$.%#.20130203.13

Abstract: 5yb"id o#posites %"e onside"ed #%te"i%ls o, !"e%t potenti%l ,o" en!inee"in! %ppli%tions. 8ne %d9%nt%!e o,
hyb"id o#posite #%te"i%ls ,o" the desi!ne" is th%t the p"ope"ties o, % o#posite %n be ont"olled to % onside"%ble e:tent
by the hoie o, ,ibe"s %nd #%t"i: %nd by %d$ustin! the o"ient%tion o, the ,ibe". 6he sope ,o" this t%ilo"in! o, the p"ope"ties
o, the #%te"i%l is #uh !"e%te", howe9e", when di,,e"ent 0inds o, ,ibe" o"ient%tions %"e ino"po"%ted in the s%#e "esin
#%t"i:. ;o" the study o, potenti%l o, these #%te"i%ls, in this wo"0 spei#ens we"e p"ep%"ed with di,,e"ent %n!le ply
o"ient%tion o, %"bon /!l%ss hyb"id with epo:y "esin %s %n %dhesi9e. 6h"ee o"ient%tions 9i< 0/=0, 4>/4> %nd 30/60 we"e
onside"ed ,o" studies. .eh%ni%l p"ope"ties suh %s tensile st"en!th, tensile #odulus, ( pe%0 lo%d o, the hyb"id
o#posites we"e dete"#ined %s pe" 4+6. st%nd%"ds. 7%uu# b%!!in! tehni?ue w%s %dopted ,o" the ,%b"i%tion o, hyb"id
spei#ens. @t w%s obse"9ed th%t %n!le ply o"ient%tion %t 0/=0 showed si!ni,i%nt in"e%se in tensile p"ope"ties %s
o#p%"ed to othe" o"ient%tion. +%nnin! elet"on #i"o!"%phs o, ,"%tu"ed su",%es we"e used ,o" % ?u%lit%ti9e e9%lu%tion
o, inte",%i%l p"ope"ties o, wo9en %"bonA!l%ss hyb"id o#posites. 6hese "esults indi%ted th%t %"bon A!l%ss hyb"id
o#posites o,,e"ed the #e"its o, syntheti ,ibe"s.
Keyords: 5yb"id, 6ensile .odulus, ;le:u"%l .odulus, *%"bon/2l%ss, 8"ient%tion

1. !"troductio"
4 o#posite is % st"utu"%l #%te"i%l th%t onsists o, two
o" #o"e o#bined onstituents th%t %"e o#bined %t %
#%"osopi le9el %nd %"e not soluble in e%h othe". 8ne
onstituent is %lled "ein,o"in! ph%se %nd one in whih it
is e#bedded is %lled the #%t"i:. 6he "ein,o"in! ph%se
#%te"i%l #%y be in the ,o"# o, ,ibe"s, p%"tiles o" ,l%0e.
6he #%t"i: ph%se #%te"i%ls %"e !ene"%lly ontinuous. 6he
"oles o, #%t"i: in o#posite #%te"i%ls %"e to !i9e sh%pe to
the o#posite p%"t, p"otet the "ein,o"e#ents to the
en9i"on#ent, t"%ns,e" lo%ds to "ein,o"e#ents %nd
tou!hness o, #%te"i%l, to!ethe" with "ein,o"e#ents.
*o#posite #%te"i%ls %"e used ,o" 4uto#obile, +hips,
4i""%,t, spo"ts !oods %nd so on B1-3C.
5yb"id #%te"i%ls %"e o#posites onsistin! o, two
onstituents %t the n%no#ete" o" #oleul%" le9el.
*o##only one o, these o#pounds is ino"!%ni %nd the
othe" one o"!%ni in n%tu"e. 6hus, they di,,e" ,"o#
t"%dition%l o#posites whe"e the onstituents %"e %t the
#%"osopi (#i"o#ete" to #illi#ete" le9el). .i:in! %t
the #i"osopi s%le le%ds to % #o"e ho#o!eneous
#%te"i%l th%t eithe" shows h%"%te"istis in between the
two o"i!in%l ph%ses o" e9en new p"ope"ties.
Pu"pose o, hyb"idi<%tion is to #%0e suh th%t in"e%se %
"esist%ne %!%inst the inte"l%#in%" tou!hness th%t %nnot be
obt%ined with only on9ention%l o#posite #%te"i%l. 6he
use o, hyb"id #%te"i%ls in o#posite st"utu"%l is beo#e
#o"e in % d%y B4C the ,ib"es %n be %""%n!ed in 9%"ious
o"ient%tions du"in! p"ep%"%tion o, o#posite. 5owe9e",
the"e %"e othe" ,%to"s suh %s ost, wei!ht, post-,%ilu"e
beh%9io" le%d the desi!ne" to use o, hyb"idi<%tion in o"de"
to use to t%ilo" the #%te"i%l to e:%t needs unde" desi!nB>C.
-po:y "esin is used in this hyb"id o#posite be%use it
p"o9ides % uni?ue b%l%ne o, he#i%l %nd #eh%ni%l
p"ope"ties o#bined with e:t"e#e p"oessin! 9e"s%tility. @n
%ll %ses, the"#oset "esins #%y be t%ilo"ed to so#e de!"ee
to s%tis,y p%"tiul%" "e?ui"e#ents B6C.
5yb"id l%#in%ted o#posite %"e p"ep%"ed by st%0in!
sheets o, 2l%ss/*%"bon ,ib"es to "e?ui"ed o"ient%tion to
,o"# %n!le ply l%#in%tes. 4n indi9idu%l st"utu"%l !l%ss
4d9%nes in .%te"i%ls 2013; 2(3): 36-41 3D


,ib"e is both sti,, in tensile %nd o#p"ession BDC. 6hi0ness
o, hyb"id l%#in%te is #%int%ined ,o" 3## %s pe" 4+6.
st%nd%"d B&C i.e. 10 plies %"e lo%ted sy##et"i%lly %t ply
position to !et "e?ui"ed o"ient%tion %n!le ply o#posites
%nd whih is p"ep%"ed by h%nd l%yup with 9%u# b%!
tehni?ue.
2. E#$erime"tal %rocedure
2.1. Specimen Fabrication
--!l%ss ,ib"e !"%de 3602+. ( di%#ete" o, !l%ss ,ib"e is
0.2> ## di%#ete" is t%ilo"ed with %"bon ,ib"e 0.2> ##
di%#ete" to p"ep%"e bi-wo9en lothes. 6he thi0ness o, the
loth is 0.3## whih %"e st%0ed l%ye" by l%ye" %bout 10
l%ye"s to %tt%in "e?ui"ed thi0ness.
)u"in! p"ep%"%tion o, l%#in%ted "e?ui"ed o"ient%tion o,
,ib"e is %""ied out ,o" %n!le ply o#posites. ;o" (0
0
/=0
0
)
!l%ss ,ib"e pl%ed %t =0
0
%"bon ,ib"e %t 0
0
, ,o" 60
0
/30
0
!l%ss
,ib"e is pl%ed %t 60
0
%nd %"bon ,ib"e %t 30
0
, ,o" 4>
0

!l%ss is pl%ed in E 4>
0
( %"bon %t-4>
0
.
-po:y "esins, %lso 0nown %s polyepo:ides, !"%de
FG>>6 5G=>1 "esin used. @t onsists o, #ono#e"s o" sho"t
h%in poly#e"s with epo:ide !"oup %t its end. Hhih
ont%in epo:ide !"oups o-"e%t%nts %"e o,ten "e,e""ed to %s
h%"dene"s o" u"%ti9es, %nd the "oss-lin0in! "e%tion is
o##only "e,e""ed to %s u"in!. F%#in%tes %"e p"ep%"ed by
h%nd-l%yup p"oess usin! 9%u# b%! tehni?ue. 4,te"
p"ep%"%tion o, l%#in%tes it is u"ed in % "ehe%tin! ,u"n%e to
1000 * up to 2h"s. 4,te" u"in! spei#ens %"e ,%b"i%ted %s
pe" the 4+6. st%nd%"d %s shown in ,i!1, ,i!2 %nd ,i!3

Fig1. 0
0
/ 90
0
Angle ply laminate
2.2. Tensile Testing
6ensile testin! is % ,und%#ent%l #eh%ni%l testin!
#ethod in whih % s%#ple is sub$eted to uni%:i%l tension
until ,%ilu"e. 6he "esults ,"o# the test %"e o##only used
to selet % #%te"i%l ,o" %n %ppli%tion, ,o" quality control,
%nd to p"edit how % #%te"i%l will "e%t unde" othe" types o,
forces. P"ope"ties suh %s ultimate tensile strength,
#%:i#u# elongation %nd "edution in %"e% %n be
dete"#ined. @n this test spei#en is lo%ded in % 9e"y
ont"olled #%nne" while #e%su"in! the %pplied lo%d %nd
the elon!%tion o, the spei#en o9e" so#e dist%ne.

Fig 2. 45
0
Angle ply laminate

Fig 3. 60
0
/30
0
Angle ply laminate

Fig 4.Specimen loaded in testing machine
3& 2u"u'%$% .. 3 et al.: @n,luene 8, 4n!le Ply 8"ient%tion 8n 6ensile P"ope"ties 8, *%"bon/2l%ss 5yb"id *o#posite



Fig 5. Specimen loaded in universal testing machine

+pei#ens %"e p"ep%"ed %s pe" 4+6. )303= st%nd%"d,
whih onsists t%bs %t eithe" ends. 6he uni9e"s%l testin!
#%hine (I6.) is used ,o" testin! with hi!he" %u"%y,
the #%:i#u# %p%ity o, #%hine 100 /3 is used ,o"
testin!, whih ope"%ted on elet"oni ont"ol se"9o
#eh%nis#. +peed "%te is 2##/#in; the spei#en is ,i:ed
between lowe" "osshe%d ( inte"#edi%te "oss he%d %s
shown in ,i!4 %nd ,i!>
&. Results ' (iscussio"s
Table 1. For 0
0
/90
0
longation! "ensile Modulus o# $ar%on/glass hy%rid composite
)l.No. )am$le Number
)tac*i"+
)e,ue"ce
Elo"+atio" at
brea* -./
A0era+e elo"+atio"
at brea* -./
Te"sile
Modulus
-G%a/
A0era+e Te"sile
Modulus -G%a/
1 61 0
0
/=0
0
1.DJ
1.33J
34.=0
36.0>6 2 62 0
0
/=0
0
0.&J 3D.=21
3 63 0
0
/=0
0
1.>J 3>.34D
Table 2. For &45
0
longation! "ensile Modulus o# $ar%on/glass hy%rid composite
)l.No. )am$le Number
)tac*i"+
)e,ue"ce
Elo"+atio" at
brea* -./
A0era+e
elo"+atio" at
brea* -./
Te"sile
Modulus
-G%a/
A0era+e Te"sile
Modulus -G%a/
1 61 K4>
0
1.2J
1.0>J
11.2&=
11.3D6 2 62 K4>
0
0.=>J 11.>6&
3 63 K4>
0
1J 11.2&2
Table 3. For 60
0
/30
0
longation! "ensile Modulus o# $ar%on/glass hy%rid composite

Fig 6. 'oad (s )isplacement graph #or $ar%on/*lass #i%er +y%rid composite
)l.No. )am$le Number
)tac*i"+
)e,ue"ce
Elo"+atio" at
brea* -./
A0era+e
elo"+atio" at
brea* -./
Te"sile
Modulus
-G%a/
A0era+e Te"sile
Modulus -G%a/
1 61 60
0
/30
0
0.&1J
0.&6J
13.6=&
13.633 2 62 60
0
/30
0
0.>DJ 14.14
3 63 60
0
/30
0
1.1=J 13.0&
4d9%nes in .%te"i%ls 2013; 2(3): 36-41 3=



Fig 7. Stress (s Strain #or graph $ar%on/*lass #i%er +y%rid composite
6he 10 l%ye" %"bon/!l%ss hyb"id o#posites e:hibited
%9e"%!e tensile st"en!th 9%lues o, 36.0> 2P% ,o" ply
o"ient%tion o, 0/=0, 11.3&2P% ,o" K4>, %nd 13.64 2P%
,o" 30/60. 6he 0/=0 ply o"ient%tion in"e%ses the
#eh%ni%l p"ope"ties o, %"bon/!l%ss #%ts B=C. Hhen the
pe%0 st"ess o, %n!le ply 0
0
/=0 when o#p%"ed with 4>
0
is
,ound to be 1&.6J !"e%te", si#il%"ly when it is o#p%"e
with 60
0
/30
0
it is ,ound th%t 24.==J is !"e%te" th%n th%t
%n!le ply o#posite #%te"i%l. Hhen the pe%0 lo%d o, %n!le
ply 0
0
/=0 is o#p%"ed with 4>
0
, it is ,ound th%t whih is
1&.11J !"e%te", si#il%"ly when it is o#p%"e with 60
0
/30
0
it
is ,ound th%t 24.6=J is !"e%te" th%n th%t %n!le ply
o#posite #%te"i%l. Hhen the #odulus o, %n!le ply 0
0
/=0
is o#p%"e with 4>
0
, it is ,ound th%t whih is 31.>6J
!"e%te", si#il%"ly when it is o#p%"e with 60
0
/30
0
it is
,ound th%t 3D.&3J is !"e%te" th%n th%t %n!le ply o#posite
#%te"i%l.

Fig 8. Failure o# "ensile Specimen

Fig 9. Failure o# "ensile Specimen

Fig 10. SM image o# void content in glass/car%on specimens
Fractured glass fiber
40 2u"u'%$% .. 3 et al.: @n,luene 8, 4n!le Ply 8"ient%tion 8n 6ensile P"ope"ties 8, *%"bon/2l%ss 5yb"id *o#posite



Fig 11. SM image o# glass/car%on specimens a#ter tensile #racture #rom
top
1. 2ailure A"alysis
;i!. & shows the #%t"i: "%0in! o, hyb"id spei#ens
unde" the #%:i#u# st"ess #%:L43& .P%; the density is
de,ined %s the %9e"%!e nu#be" o, #%t"i: "%0s in e%h
hyb"id l%ye" pe" unit len!th in the lon!itudin%l di"etion.
;i!. = shows the side su",%e o, *;'P ( 2;'P hyb"id
spei#ens with #%t"i: "%0, del%#in%tion unde"
#%:i#u# st"ess #%:L43& .P%. 6he #%t"i: "%0s o,
hyb"id spei#ens %"e nule%ted in the ent"%l 4>M plies o,
the %n!le-ply spei#en %nd the del%#in%tion o, hyb"id
spei#ens %"e obse"9ed to %ppe%" ,"o# the spei#en
su",%e. 6he d%#%!e initi%tion is del%yed by the
inte"le%9in! in the %n!le-ply hyb"id spei#ens. @t is
obse"9ed th%t ,"o# the e:pe"i#ent %"bon ,ibe"s %"e
d%#%!ed #o"e th%n the !l%ss ,ibe"s %s shown in ,i! = ( 10,
sine %"bon is #o"e b"ittle in n%tu"e th%n !l%ss ,ibe"s. 8n
the othe" h%nd, d%#%!e initi%tion %t 4> %nd 30/60
o"ient%tion is ,ound to be less si!ni,i%nt.
6he +-. %n%lyses o, ,"%tu"ed su",%es %,te" the
#eh%ni%l tests %"e shown in ,i! A 10 ( ,i!A11. 6he
#%t"i: "%0in!, ,o"#%tion o, ,"%tu"e line, ,ibe" pull out
%nd ,ibe"A"esin o#p%tibility we"e studied usin! +-.
i#%!es. 6he obse"9%tions "e9e%led th%t the l%e"%tion w%s
,ound on !l%ss ,ibe" due to the %pplied lo%ds du"in! tests.
6he ,o"#%tion o, 9oids due to ,ibe" pull out w%s ,ound in
,ibe"s be%use o, poo" "esin o#p%tibility o, syntheti
,ibe"s B10C. 6he #%t"i: "%0in! %nd ,"%tu"e lines we"e
,o"#ed on the su",%es th%t e:hibited poo" inte",%i%l bond.
5owe9e", inlusion o, %"bon ,ibe"s e:hibited the
i#p"o9e#ent in st"en!th %nd thus Nhyb"idi<%tion e,,etO
w%s notied in the spei#ens.

3. 4o"clusio"s
-:pe"i#ents we"e onduted on 2l%ss ,ib"e/*%"bon
,ib"e/-po:y "esin hyb"id %n!le ply l%#in%tes with di,,e"ent
,ib"e o"ient%tion to h%"%te"i<e the tensile p"ope"ties. 6he
,ollowin! onlusions we"e d"%wn %nd "eo"ded:
(%) 6he !l%ss ,ibe"s ,%il ?ui0ly th%n the %"bon ,ibe"s.
6he ,i9e l%ye"s o, !l%ss plies %t ,"ont opposed the %pplied
lo%d !"e%te" th%n the ,i9e l%ye"s o, !l%ss plies %t b%0 in
wo9en !l%ss/%"bon hyb"id o#posites.
(b) @no"po"%tion o, wo9en !l%ss/%"bon in e:t"e#e plies
o, o#posites enh%nes the i#p"o9ed #eh%ni%l
p"ope"ties o, hyb"id o#posites.
() ;%ilu"es o, o#posite #%te"i%ls inlude the ,"%tu"e
o, ,ibe"s, ,"%tu"e o, #%t"i: in tension no"#%l to the ,ibe"s.
4nd the n%tu"e o, ,%ilu"e is %lso depends on the A"+le $ly
between the ,ibe"s %nd spei#enOs %:is.
(d) +%nnin! elet"on #i"o!"%phs showed th%t the ,ibe"
pull out st%"ted ,"o# !l%ss ,ibe"s %nd !ood inte",%i%l bond
w%s de9eloped between wo9en !l%ss %nd epo:y "esin
#%t"i:. 5owe9e", so#e #i"o!"%phs %"e "e9e%led the
p"esene o, 9oids, thus de!"%din! the st"en!th.
;u"the" "ese%"h wo"0 needs to be %""ied out in the
de9elop#ent o, hyb"id ,ibe"-"ein,o"ed o#posites by the
inlusion o, ,ille" #%te"i%l %nd ,ibe" t"e%t#ent ,o" !ettin!
i#p"o9ed #eh%ni%l p"ope"ties

Re5ere"ces
B1C +w%nson +'. @nt"odution to desi!n %nd %n%lysis with
%d9%ned o#posite #%te"i%ls. -n!lewood *li,,s, 3J:
P"entie 5%ll, 1==D
B2C Gon! P. 2%n -,,et o, inte",%e on #eh%ni%l p"ope"ties o,
%d9%ned o#posite #%te"i%ls J o, .ol.si.200=:>11>->134
B3C .%"issen '. ;li!ht si#ul%tion beh%9io" o, %"%#id "ein,o"ed
%lu#inu# l%#in%tes. -n! ;"%t .eh 1=&4:1=:261-DD.
B4C 6ensile p"ope"ties %nd ,%ti!ue h%"%te"istis o, hyb"id
o#posites with non-wo9en %"bon tissue Jl. o, ,%ti!ue
20D:3=D-40>.
B>C 4+. )%t% h%nd boo0: 1=>
B6C 2. /"etsis, % "e9iew o, the 6ensile, *o#p"essi9e, ;le:u"%l
%nd she%" p"ope"ties o, hyb"id ,ib"e "ein,o"ed pl%stis,
*o#posites, 7ol 1&:1=&D
BDC J. 5%"din! %nd F.. Helsh, 4 tensile testin! tehni?ue ,o"
,ib"e-"ein,o"ed o#posites %t i#p%t "%tes o, st"%in, J
.%ste" +i 1&:1=&3.
B&C J.*ho, .eh%ni%l enh%ne#ent o, %"bon ,ib"e/epo:y
o#posites by !"%phite n%nopl%telet "ein,o"e#ent, +.
)i"et 200D:6&>-6&&
B=C +t%nd%"d test #ethod ,o" tensile p"ope"ties o, poly#e"
#%t"i: o#posite #%te"i%ls, 4+6. ) 303=-=>.
B10C .%lli0 P / 1==3 ;ib"es "ein,o"ed o#positesA#%te"i%ls,
#%nu,%tu"in! %nd desi!n (3ew Go"0: .%"el )e00e", @n.)
2nd edn, pp. 243A244
4d9%nes in .%te"i%ls 2013; 2(3): 36-41 41


B11C + J%y%b%l et.%l Q-,,et o, !l%ss hyb"idi<%tion %nd st%0in!
se?uene on #eh%ni%l beh%9iou" o, inte"ply oi"A!l%ss
hyb"id l%#in%teR Sulletin o, .%te"i%l +iene., 7ol. 34, 3o.
2, 4p"il 2011, pp. 2=3A2=&. T @ndi%n 4%de#y o, +ienes