School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
SUSTAINABILITY AND ARCHITECTURE
A climate based approach AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai Buildings today contribute to serious environmental problems because of excessive consumption of natural resources.
The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy-intensive solutions sought to construct a building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources.
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai Buildings can be designed to meet the occupants need for thermal and visual comfort at reduced levels of energy and resources consumption.
Energy resources efficiency in new constructions can be effected by adopting an integrated approach to building design.
One of the key measures to be adopted is to understand the climate and suit the building in it.
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE Weather and climate are not interchangeable terms.
Climate is the average weather conditions over a long period of time. School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE Earth is a complex mix of climates.
Geographers identify these climate by observing: Temperature Precipitation Native plant life School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE With these observations we can divide Planet Earth into fiver basic climate zones: Tropical Temperate Polar Dry Highland/Mountain School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE Tropical Climates Occur near the equator and the lower latitudes
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai Architects can achieve energy efficiency in the buildings they design by studying the macro and microclimate of the site, applying bioclimatic architectural principles to combat the adverse conditions, taking advantage of the desirable conditions, using:
Successive modulation of ambient conditions so as to bring internal conditions with in the comfort zone.
Simple passive techniques can be achieved in buildings without much additional cost
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
A few common design elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption in a building are listed below:
Site Conditions
Building envelope and fenestration
Planform
Location of water bodies
Ratio of built form to open spaces
Landscaping
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai SITE CONDITIONS: It occupy important position Careful selection of site can help saving Considerable amount of energy and also provide fairly good / satisfactory indoor environment throughout the year.
It involves the following conditions: Macro climate Micro climate
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai The macro climatic condition will mainly define the climatic zones and requirements of the comfort for a particular place.
They include:
Solar radiation. Air temperature. Humidity Precipitation Wind etc.
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai The Micro climate involves: - the condition that matter for both the transfer of energy through the building fabric, and for determining the thermal sensation of people, are very much site specific local ones.
- these are generally grouped under the headings of micro climate are the conditions of wind, sun, radiation, and temperature, experienced at particular location around the building.
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai Micro climate of the site is affected by the following factors:
Landform Vegetation Water bodies Street width and orientation Open space and built form.
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
LANDFORM
HOT CLIMATE
Building in depression implies lower air temperature
In slopes, leeward side is preferable provided orientation is acceptable
COOLER CLIMATE
Buildings should be avoided in depression as well as cool air path down the slope
Vegetation can help protection from cold wind
HUMID CLIMATE
Buildings should be located on windward slope and on the crest to maximize air movement
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
LAND FORM
In northern latitudes away from equator, north slope is preferable for building considering least radiation. Provided slope is steep enough to shade the building
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
VEGETATION PATTERN
HOT CLIMATE
Trees to be used to cut off the east west sun Deciduous trees are useful in hot dry climate
COOLER CLIMATE
Ever green can be used to cut off cold wind
HUMID CLIMATE
Vegetation can used to maximise air flow
Vegetation can increase, decrease and direct air flow
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
WATER BODIES
HOT CLIMATE
In hot dry climate, water bodies can be used both for evaporative cooling and minimising heat gain
Roof pond minimizes heat gain
COOLER CLIMATE
Water body can be beneficial only if heat gain and loss can be controlled
Better to stay away from the water bodies
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
WATER BODIES
HUMID CLIMATE
Better to avoid water bodies. The minimum benefit of evaporative cooling can be offset by higher humidity level
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
STREET PATTERNAND ORIENTATION
HOT CLIMATE
Provide north south street narrow to maximise shadows
COOLER CLIMATE
Wide east west streets allows building to receive south sun. North south streets should be narrow
Low building heights preferred
To prevent heat loss, compact planning is essential
HUMID CLIMATE
Streets to be oriented to maximise air flow and utilise natural wind pattern
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM
HOT CLIMATE
In hot dry climate compact planning with little or no open space minimise heat gain as well as heat loss
Soft surfaces with green, less reflective are preferred
COOLER CLIMATE
Open spaces should be small. Surfaces to be hard and absorptive. Compact planning preferred
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM
HUMID CLIMATE
Spread out planning, streets and open spaces should be oriented to wind patterns
Funnel effect can be used to maximise air flow within the complex
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai GROUND CHARACTER
HOT CLIMATE
Ground surfaces should be preferably green
Hard surfaces and paving should be rough but not dark
Less reflective but not highly absorptive
COOLER CLIMATE
Hard surfaces, dark but smooth to
increase absorbtivity and reflectivity
HUMID CLIMATE
Surface should absorb moisture
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
BUILDING ENVELOPE
The nature of building envelope determine the amount of radiation and wind that will enter inside the building.
It consist of the following: plan form roof form walls fenestrations shading devises external colour and texture
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
PLANFORM
HOT CLIMATE
P/A should be minimum to minimise heat gain
COOLER CLIMATE
P/A should be minimum to prevent heat loss
HUMID CLIMATE
Prime concern is plan form to maximise air movement
P/A should be minimum to minimise heat gain
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
PLAN ELEMENTS
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
PLAN ELEMENTS
HOT CLIMATE
Integration of plant and vegetation in to plan form. Gardens, roof gardens and planters on windows and shades can reduce heat gain
Shaded courtyard would lead to lower air temperature
During winter operable glazing at the roof level is required for courtyards
COOLER CLIMATE
Green houses and glass boxes are very effective heat traps
HUMID CLIMATE
Courtyards and verandah aid in ventilation
Wind catchers may be effective if properly designed
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
BUILDING ORIENTATION
Preferred orientation is North South. Northern orientation receives little radiation in summer, only if the latitude is far from equator. Southern faces receive more radiation in winter.
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO
HOT CLIMATE
In hot dry climate Surface Volume ratio should be as low as possible as this would minimise heat gain
COOLER CLIMATE
In cold dry climate Surface Volume ratio should be as as low as possible to minimise heat losses
HUMID CLIMATE
In warm humid climate, this is not important creation of airy spaces is important
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
ROOF FORM
In general, roof can act to enhance the light levels indoors. In overheated areas roof lighting should be shaded to prevent heat gain. In under heated areas, roof lighting will act as a supplementary source of heat
HOT CLIMATE AND COOLER CLIMATE
The natural ventilation should be minimised and as such the building should have a flat roof. The shorter side will face the maximum air flow
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
ROOF FORM
HUMID CLIMATE
Longest side perpendicular to the direction of air flows to maximise ventilation
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
FENESTRATION PATTERN AND CONFIGURATION
HOT CLIMATE
In hot dry climates windows require shading
Smaller openings preferred. Large openings if provided must be well protected
High openings or ventilators would be effective as heat vents
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
FENESTRATION PATTERN AND CONFIGURATION
COOLER CLIMATE
Fenestration should be large, un shaded but sealed. Location of fenestration is of no significance
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
FENESTRATION PATTERN AND CONFIGURATION
WINDOW LOCATION AND QUALITY OF DAY LIGHT
High windows (ventilators) provide the best distribution of light
Low windows allow ground reflected light
Middle level windows do not effectively distribute light
WINDOWS SHOULD BE STAGGERED THAN ALIGNED FOR
BETTER AIR MOVEMENT
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai WALLS AND ROOF
HUMID CLIMATE
Walls should have low thermal capacity
Roof should be light, having high U value and low heat capacities
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai WALLS AND ROOF
HOT CLIMATE
Wall materials and roof materials should be of low U values
COOLER CLIMATE
Trombe, solar and water wall are effective means of heat gain in cold Climates
Low transmittance value ensure maximum heat gain and heat loss
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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai COLOURS AND TEXTURES
HOT CLIMATE Surface colour should be light, texture should be rough resulting in greater reflectivity, shading and reflectivity, re- Radiation
If rough texture not possible, smooth surface would be preferable
COOLER CLIMATECOOLER CLIMATE
Surface colour should be dark, surface flat though not smooth, ensuring maximum absorption, minimum shading and re radiation
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai COLOURS AND TEXTURES
HUMID CLIMATE
Light coloured and rough surfaces preferable to minimise heat gain
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE
School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai Any Questions?