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\
|
c
c
c
c
= e .
Fig. 7 presents its distributions in the streamwise planes for the experimental case and for
two numerical cases corresponding to Tu=1.5% and 30%. To facilitate the observation of the
jet flow dynamics, the in-plane vector field is also represented on the plots. The four regions
of counter-rotating outflow vortices pairs from the jet center in the diagonal direction are
specific to this type of orifice jet [2, 13].
By examining the shape and intensity of the main vortices pairs for both simulated flows
we can observe a slight difference on the maximum values which amplifies beginning with
X=2D
e
. At this distance, the maximum values of the streamwise vorticity were
X
=1.95 for
Tu=1.5% and
X
=1.65 for Tu=30%, respectively, which is translated through a relative
difference of 14%. At X=5D
e
the maximum values of the streamwise vorticity were
X
=0.25
for Tu=1.5% and
X
=0.15 for Tu=30% respectively, which is translated through a relative
difference as high as 30%.The Tu=1.5% case gives overall values of the streamwise vorticity
closer to the experimental case than the Tu=30%.
Also of interest is the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) prediction. It is assumed that the
mean flow is affected by the turbulence, and so a misrepresentation of the turbulence
quantities by the turbulence models leads to errors in the mean flow prediction. This way, we
wanted to check the influence of Tu on the TKE distributions. In Fig. 8 are given the plots of
the TKE in the transverse planes at the same axial positions as in the case of the vorticity
35 Influence of the inlet turbulence intensity on the performance of numerically simulated jet flows
INCAS BULLETIN, Volume 5, Issue 4/ 2013
fields and for the same values of Tu=1.5% and 30%. As expected, an obvious difference is
found between the two cases from the exit plane of the jet. It is very interesting to observe
that the mean streamwise velocity is not affected by these differences of the TKE
distributions.
Contrary, the transverse field is modified as it was displayed by the vorticity
distributions. This observation allows us to predict a possible modification of the entire mean
flow field in the far region of the jet flow.
Once again, as for the vorticity fields, the Tu=1.5% case gives overall values of the
streamwise vorticity closer to the experimental case than the Tu=30%. Indeed, in Fig. 8 it
may be observed that maximum TKE levels obtained for the experimental case are closer to
the ones for the numerical simulation where Tu=1.5%.
4. CONCLUSIONS
One of the problems we encountered in our approach of developing numerical models which
attempt to solve the flow through orifices or nozzles was the choice of a correct value for the
turbulence intensity at the inlet of the numerical domain. The correctitude of this choice
would be validated by obtaining for instance at the exit plane of the jet the same values of
the turbulence intensity as in an experimental evaluation.
In this article we tried to determine the influence of the variation of the inlet turbulence
intensity on the jet flow behavior. This article is focusing only on the near exit region of the
jet. Five values of the inlet turbulence intensity Tu were imposed at the inlet of the
computational domain, from 1.5% to 30%. One of these values, Tu= 2% was the one
measured with a hot wire anemometer at the jet exit plane, and another one Tu= 8.8% was
issued from the recommendation of Jaramillo [1]. The choice of the mesh-grid and of the
turbulence model which was the SST k- model were previously established [2]. We found
that in the initial region of the jet flow, the mean streamwise velocity profiles and the
volumetric flow rate do not seem to be sensitive at all at the variation of the inlet turbulence
intensity. On the opposite, for the vorticity and the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)
distributions we found a difference between the maximum values as high as 30%. The
closest values to the experimental case were found for the lowest value of Tu, on the same
order of magnitude as the measurement at the exit plane of the jet flow. Mean streamwise
velocity is not affected by these differences of the TKE distributions. Contrary, the
transverse field is modified as it was displayed by the vorticity distributions. This
observation allows us to predict a possible modification of the entire mean flow field in the
far region of the jet flow.
There are few indications in the literature concerning this issue, and the imposed boundary
conditions are usually taken into consideration by usage without any physical fundament. In
our case it was proven that choosing a value of the inlet turbulence intensity that was close to
an experimental determination, even if that determination was not spatially matched with the
boundary condition, was a better solution than an empirical recommendation from the
literature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the grants of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific
Research, CNCS UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0835 and PNII-RU-
PD-2012-3-0144
Radu DOLINSKI, Florin BODE, Ilinca NASTASE, Amina MESLEM, Cristiana CROITORU 36
INCAS BULLETIN, Volume 5, Issue 4/ 2013
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