SC正確句子 Clean

Brick walls are for a reason: they let us prove how badly we want things.
BE 動詞求概念要能對等(包括 to be)
NOUN + BE-VERB + NOUN/ADJECTIVE
(x)The greatest change in my life was when I immigrated to the US.

(o)The greatest change in my life occurred/ happened when I immigrated to the US.
PS：人 be 形容詞 /介係詞片語/ 副詞/ 副詞片語，be 動詞不可以當作等號。
Y64 The technical term "pagination" refers to a process that allows editors, rather than printers,
to assemble the page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing.
這個專有名詞 pagination(分頁)指的是一個過程，可以讓編輯，而不是印工，集合分配每一
頁影像成為用於印刷用的金屬或塑膠版。
(X) term is a process

Y133 Although the term "psychopath" is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in
psychology it refers to someone who is apparently incapable of feeling compassion or the
pangs of conscience.
(X) term is a person

Y58 Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner, the investigators had no doubt
that the body recovered from the river was that of the man who had attempted to escape
from the state prison.
(x) the body was the man

Astronomers at the Palomar Observatory have discovered a distant supernova explosion,
one they believe to be of a trype previously unknown to science.
(x) one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.  It would cause
"explosion" and "type" to be compared.
The proposed rural development zones represent not a new principle, but one that was
employed in "Let's Work Together!!" in Bora Bora.
(x) The proposed rural development zones are not a new principle, but one that
舊 One legacy of Madison Avenue’s recent campaign to appeal to people fifty years old and
OG over is the realization that as people age, their concerns change as well.
* campaign為名詞，需找概念the realization配，不可用to realize.

Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial
expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create a robot
that will empathize with us.
Y65 The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to have it quickly processed into juice
concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit.
The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after
pounding them with a mortar and pestle.
* To see is to believe.
1
The domestication of the camel, thought by some scholars to have occurred around the
twelfth century B.C., was the key to the development of the spice trade in the ancient
world.
* We say the domestication of (an animal) to show that at a point in historical time the
animal was used by civilizations for food, work, or travel.
Example; The domestication of the horse 3000 years ago allowed ancient civilizations to
travel over greater distances in shorter periods of time.
(o) The domestication of the camel"  12th century BC people domesticated camel
(x) "Camel's domestication "  ambiguous i.e. Camel was domesticating
something....which is awkward
Y101 El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in
which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has
accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.
Analysts and retailers agree that computers, unlike many other products of advanced
techonology, are generally cheaper and of better quality than they once were.
* of better quality 不可省 of，因為句子會變成 computers are cheaper and better quality,
which is WRONG because it says computers = quality
Y110 In June of 1987, The Bridge of Trinquetaille, Vincent van Gogh's view of an iron bridge
over the Rhone, was sold for $20.2 million, the second highest price ever paid for a
painting at auction.
(x) 20.2 million and it was 變成「畫=第二高價」

P03 Native American burial sites dating back 5,000 years indicate that the residents of Maine at
that time were part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people.
* 文化包含人，注意 Algonquian-speaking 要修飾 people 非 culture

kaplan Uninformed about students' experience in urban classrooms, critics often condemn
schools' performance gauged by a so-called objective index, such as standardized test
scores, that is quantified and overlook less measurable progress, such as that in higher-
level reasoning.
* "that can be quantified" vs "that is quantified".

Numerical test scores are already numbers - therefore, they already ARE quantified.
P27 Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states where there is still a sizable
population of wolves and where this predator remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep.
P107 The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to
0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength—0.1
millimeters—is too long to be registered by the eye.
AND
時態要一致，但不一致不一定是錯
AS WELL AS 為附屬地位
BE 動詞平衡
舊 A President entering the final two years of a second term is likely to be at a severe
OG disadvantage and is often unable to carry out a legislative program.
2
Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement,
the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in
his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to
complete.
Y30 An inventory equal to 90 days sales is as much as even the strongest businesses carry,
and then only as a way to anticipate higher prices or ensure against storages.
P1-Q55 Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow costal
waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to
anyone in scuba gear, whether archaeologist, treasure hunter, or sport diver.
During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of
writing, the Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly
sophisticated as that of the Maya and was more pictographic in nature.
Pianist, composer, scholar, and essayist on a variety of learned subjects, Camille Saint-
Saens (1835-1921) was among the most gifted and versatile Musicians of his time, and
was, as many of his contemporaries were, deeply interested in Oriental themes.
Unlike the other major planets, Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit and is thus closer to the
Sun than Neptune is for 20 years out of every 230-year cycle, even though it is commonly
described as the remotest planet in the solar system.
強調 It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that
句型 it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that
the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
* and 後面的 it was 不可省

被動
主動與被動，兩個 verb 可算平衡
錯誤選項: adj. 不可與被動 verb 平衡
Y92 Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered
that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results
published.
* and (that)
* (be) published
Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor car was demonstrated and its
superiority to the horse proved, much of the early hostility to it in rural regions disappeared.
* (was) proved
The first commercially successful drama to depict Black family life sympathetically and the
first play by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway, Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in
the Sun won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award in 1959 and was later made into
both a film and a musical.
*作者’s作品寫法最簡潔
Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first
woman to draw a soldier’s pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22,
was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to
serve.
* 主動…被動
Construction of the Roman Colosseum, which was officially known as the Flavian
Amphitheater, began in A.D. 69, during the reign of Vespasian, and was completed a
decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day
cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.
3
Doctors hope that one day the body’s master cells, called stem cells, can be directed to
grow in organs or tissues appropriate for transplant, used to test drugs and potentially toxic
chemicals, and studied to gain insight into basic human biology.
* 三個動詞都是被動，後面兩個省略can be
助動詞平衡
助動詞+V….and V
expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create a robot
Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, the airline's
board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and
compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past.
A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place,
researchers have discovered, and tends not to bother recovering a perishable treat stored
long enough to have rotted.
(x) can tend

* bother to do 或者 bother doing
Y45 According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that
the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead
come in for a "soft landing," followed by a gradual increase in business activity.
Y91 The Senate approved immigration legislation that would grant permanent residency to
millions of aliens currently residing here and penalize employers who hire illegal aliens.
In addition to being China's first administrators, in the sense that they developed a
coherent bureaucracy for their empire, the Shang were the first literate culture in East Asia
and are well known as the crafters of ornate bronze ritual vessels.
The discovery that glass can be expanded and shaped by human breath revolutionized
glassworking to such an extent that today "glassblowing" has become the generic term for
all glassworking, whether the glass is blown or formed by other techniques.
P85 Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate
that it is present when it is not.
According to a recent survey of municipal services, the city’s streets could be cleaner, its
fire code better enforced, and its crime rate reduced if the current administration improved
its management practices.
* 原為 could be cleaner…could be enforced…could be reduced 舊式文法，被動可省 be

As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen
in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject its outer envelope of gases to
become a white dwarf.
Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike those in department stores, do very little impulse
shopping; someone who comes in for a basketball will leave with a basketball only and not
buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well.
P26 Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and aid sufferers of
rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, according to three research studies published in the New
England Journal of Medicine
動詞平衡，時態最好一致
(進行式) is Ving …..and Ving
(完成式) have V-ed…and V-ed (have 的詞性也是助動詞)
Warmed by the Sun, ocean water evaporates, rises high into the atmosphere, and
4
condenses in tiny droplets on minute particles of dust to form clouds.
Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low,
protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.
Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility
vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily,
and have a smoother ride.
Section 301 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act enables the United
States Trade Representative to single out a country as an unfair trader, begin trade
negotiations with that country, and, if the negotiations do not conclude to the United States
government’s satisfaction, impose sanctions.
* to one’s saisfaction
PS In James Cameron's 1984 classic THE TERMINATOR, the plot centers around the
implications of time travel when a futuristic robot travels fifty five years back in time and
attempts to change the outcome of events by assassinating the leader of successful future
uprisings.
Y60 More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater
economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite
strained municipal budgets and fading federal support.
The company is negotiating to sell its profitable credit card subsidiary and plans to use
money from that sale to acquire some of the mortgage-servicing operations that are being
sold by troubled savings institutions.
The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing
service, announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some
unneeded operations, and grounding twenty-two planes.
Y129 Joan of Arc, a young Frenchwoman who claimed to be divinely inspired, turned the tide of
English victories in her country by liberating the city of Orleans and persuaded Charles VII
of France to claim his throne.
* 不可在 and 後面補 she

P06 From the earliest days of the tribe, kinship determined the way in which the Ojibwa society
organized its labor, provided access to its resources, and defined rights and obligations
involved in the distribution and consumption of those resources.
Known today by a name they would not have recognized Anasazi, — Navajo for "ancient
enemies"— the ancestors of the modern Zuni and Hopi built and then, for reasons still
mysterious, abandoned the complex roads and structures of the domain they ruled a
millennium ago in the American southwest.
Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750, Conestoga wagons had high
wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and
a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent cargo from shifting on steep
grades.
Y78 Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping
on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and
shown that in societies where little salt is consumed, blood pressure typically does not rise
with age.
Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, scientists have
examined molars of prehuman ancestors and determined that their diets were more varied
than had been supposed.
雖然動作有先後，但是用 and 時，時態需一致
錯誤選項會故意設計時態不一致
Y88 The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic
5
control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fears
among some officials that safety is being compromised.
Y113 The original building and loan associations were organized as limited life funds, whose
members made monthly payments on their share and then took turns drawing
subscriptions on the funds for home mortgages.
* take turns + Ving/N

France's longest ruling monarch. Louis, inherited the throne at the age of four and ruled
the country for 72 years.
不定詞平衡
to V…and to V
to V….., V…..and V
Y70 Displays of the aurora borealis, or "northern lights," can heat the atmosphere over the
Arctic enough to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce electric currents that
can cause blackouts in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines.
Y115 George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the
rural poor legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them these with sympathy and
respect in her novels.
P22 In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, partly to acquire
certain characteristics in their steers and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide
hybrid vigor.
* partly to acquire... and partly ... to provide... 平衡兩個不定詞，雖然多了一個 because

* use..to
P45 In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce
several different kinds of steel, small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized
group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain
economically viable.
(x) remained
P62 Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and
account requirements in writing, to provide free cashing of government checks, and to
create basic savings accounts that carry minimal fees and require minima initial deposits.
*為了區隔主要的平衡, to carry 改成 that carry 比較清楚

* cashing 兌換
舊 Faced with an estimated $2 billion budget gap, the city's mayor proposed a nearly 17
OG percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city's major
cultural institutions and to subsidize hundreds of local arts groups.
Although it was once funded entirely by the government, the Victoria and Albert Museum
was among the first of Britain's national museums to seek support from corporations and
private donors and to increase income by increasing attendance.
* support from
(x) one of the first of Britain's national museums seeking support from
The yield of natural gas from Norway’s Troil gas field is expected to increase annually until
the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will
allow at least 50 years’ production.
(x) , allowing such an extraction rate for at least

* allow for TIME/MONEY to plan to use a particular amount of money, time, etc for
6
something. ex: Allow three hours for the whole journey.
There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively
used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air
drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar.
Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, struggled against overwhelming odds
to become a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns
Hopkins University.
The principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed instructions that the
company hopes will help merchants confirm a check's authenticity, including reminders to
watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view the watermark while holding the
check to the light.
Y11 Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of
Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new
emergency response teams, and create a special nongovernment organization to take
charge of computer security planning.
As envisioned by researchers, commercial farming of lobsters will enable fisheries to sell
the shellfish year-round, taking advantage of off-season demand, to standardize its sizes
and colors, and to predict sales volume in advance.
* fishery: (n.c) a place where fish are bred; fish hatchery

* off-season (adj)淡季
形容詞/副詞/分詞平衡
可以過去分詞與現在分詞平衡，注意過去分詞是被動且一定要省 be
Y35 Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found that local witnesses are difficult
to locate, reticent, and suspicious of strangers.
* reticent = reserved
Y39 Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism
on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles
spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than
30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
* (which was) be spawned by

* extend (vi) 主動用法就像樹的根自己長
* spawned…extending…修飾 filigree
The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, determined by when the sun
reached the observer's meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of
regional times.
* 不可改寫成 which was determined by，因為平衡時被動的 be 需省略。

* determined by… and differing 視為插入語
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal
found in the Philippines and resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on
its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a
red eye.
For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, provided with high-energy feed, and
milked regularly, Holstein cows will produce an average of 2,275 gallons of
milk each per year.
*三個動詞都是 keep them + adj.

In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United
7
States the term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less
than 82 kilograms (180 pounds).
* ready(adj.)….weighing(動名詞)
The discovery that Earth's inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than
Earth's outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner
through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's
magnetic field.
* rotates independently of (Earth's outer layers) 的省略形式

翻譯: 地球內部核心是與地球外部地層獨立開來旋轉且旋轉速度也比地球外部層來的快, 這項
發現是源自於更進一步研究, 從內部行星流向外部行星的熱流和地球磁場方向的形成與週期
性翻轉的流動而得的研究
The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with
individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting
enormous interest whenever they were put on show.
* 三個動名詞平衡
Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world’s social wasps, wasps
that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females
—the queen and her sterile female workers.
名詞平衡
名詞可跟動名詞平衡
名詞平衡時選項挑單複數一致、抽象對抽象、連冠詞有無最好一致。
注意名詞平衡時，名詞的修飾語詞性也要一致，adj 對 adj.
Y117 New theories propose that catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused
reversals in the Earth's magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, the splitting apart of
continents 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
* 介+N = adj
Y119 The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses
on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries
and increased pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.
* less(adj.) lending(動名詞)….increased(adj.) pressure(名詞)

(x) increasing (participle) the pressure
P82 Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden
fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust,
changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in the electrical
properties of underground rocks.
* tilting 動名詞
* measured strain 測量到的張力
(x) variations among...非慣用語
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling
places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4
million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.
During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian
revolution, involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming
techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.
8
* a of b and of c
magnetic field.
* a of b and of c
In his experiments with gravity, Isaac Newton showed how the motion of each planet in the
solar system results from the combined gravitational pull of the Sun and all the other
planets, each contributing according to its mass and distance from the others.
* a of (b and c) 與 a of b and of c 意義不同

(x) of all the other planets  It says COMBINED gravitational pull of sun and other
planets...
if you repeat OF before other planets - it'll become the combined gravitational pull of sun
and the combined gravitational pull of other planets which would obviously be absurd.
Until recently, trade flows were of interest mainly to economic experts and executives of
large corporations, but over the past few years, the movement of goods and services
across national boundaries has become the subject of intense public attention all over the
world.
(x) the movement across national boundaries of goods and services

Y80 New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly
irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding
varieties.
* (a + b) of c
* costly: adj.
* hardy: a hardy plant is able to live through the winter
Navigators have known for thousands of years that the ocean has variable currents, but it
is only in the last half century that a reasonably clear picture has emerged of the patterns
and causes of ocean currents.
* (a + b) of c
* emerge (vi)
* 原句 a reasonably clear picture of the patterns and causes of ocean currents has
emerged
P54 The extraordinary diary of William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada for over
twenty years, revealed that this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic guided in
both public and private life by omens, messages received at séances, and signs from
heaven.
* (a + b) of c
* this most bland and circumspect (省 man) of men
Y46 Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her
home, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an
intelligence agent for the Resistance.
(x) Paris was home to Josephine Baker 主詞不平行

9
Recent findings lend strong support to the theory that a black hole lies at the center of the
Milky Way and of many of the 100 billion other galaxies estimated to exist in the universe
* and of many 省 galaxies

* An indefinite article 'A' makes it clear that we are not talking of a specific black hole.
(x) that a black hole lies at the Milky Way’s center and
The most common reasons for an employee's unwillingness to accept a transfer are high
mortgage rates, the greater cost of housing in the new location, and the difficulty of selling
the old home.
In 1850 Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, a treatise that argued for equal
political and legal rights for women and for changes in the married women’s property laws.
(x) X published a book, arguing in a treatise ... .

 presence of "a" in underlined portion points towards some other treatise and not to
"Discourse on women". Treatise/papers/discourses can ,of course, argue, advocate...
P97 Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are
still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the
upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic
signals detected hours before the temblor.
* 限定用法對限定用法
Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, since
erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the
surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of anybody with a pan or shovel.
* 注意: thrust 三態同行，此為分詞

Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to
save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas
company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing
the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
(x) the nation’s leading gas and electric company 看起來像是一家公司，但是題意最好是表

達兩家公司的合併
* in question 考慮中
The first shots of the American Revolution, fired at Lexington and Concord.
Massachusetts, were, according to legend, heard around the world, but news of these
shots took four days by swift messenger to reach New York City and another eleven days
to reach Charleston, South Carolina.
The water supply of New York City was endangered by the deterioration of the old tunnels,
the drought in much of New York State, and the scarcity of funds with which to complete
new tunnels.
THAT/ WHICH 子句内的平衡
and 前面不打逗號
D50 By developing the Secure Digital Music Initiative, the recording industry associations of
North America, Japan, and Europe hope to create a standardized way of distributing songs
and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders and foil the
many audio pirates who copy and distribute digital music illegally.
* that 指 way
* (x) a way for
10
The proposed budget includes more than $1 billion in cuts that will shrink the police
department through attrition, halt some ambulance shifts, and suspend plastic and glass
recycling.
Repousse is a method of sculpture in which workers lay copper sheets over wooden molds
and then, using a variety of exotic hammers, carefully pound the metal into shape.
(x) In repousse, a method of sculpture, workers lay copper sheets over wooden molds ,
and then, using a variety of exotic hammers, carefully pounding the metal into shape. 因為
lay跟pounding不平衡
In an attempt to produce premium oysters, a firm in Scotland has developed a prototype of
a submersible oyster farm that sits below the surface of the ocean and provides ideal
conditions for the mollusks’ growth.
Fossils of a whale that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and
was subsequently butchered by hominids have been recovered by paleontologists.
* if a whale beaches itself or is beached, it swims onto the shore and cannot get back in
the water
* that 子句修飾whale
THAT 子句平衡
同一類型的子句平行 that…that…; where…where….

1. that
2. whether/ if
3. 疑問句 wh~ (where / who / what / when) how
注意: and 前面沒有逗號

P11 It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and how
frequently the inventory turns over can be crucial to profits.
* how + N
(x) how 子句跟名詞 the frequency of N 不平行
In Greek theology the supreme being was Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who
dwelt in an upper realm in which the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and
to take away the breath of life.
* supreme being 上帝
P47 The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world's capital markets are
more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village
may be transmitted to the rest of the village -almost instantaneously.
Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated
to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed a statue of the goddess Athena and
that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena's father, and giants.
Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest
surviving example of a "built" boat—in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted
together—and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology,
over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.
As a result of a supernova explosion, every human being on Earth was bombarded on
February 23, 1987, by about 100 billion neutrinos; fortunately, neutrinos are harmless
11
elementary particles that are produced in nuclear reactions and that interact very weakly
with matter.
Almost a decade after New York State passed laws to protect patients by reducing the
grueling hours worked by medical residents, an investigation of twelve hospitals by state
medical officials has found that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents
work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical residents work
more than 95 hours a week.
介係詞片語平衡
P25 The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at
decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
* 不加強語氣詞，可以省略 and 後面介係詞

In her later poems, Phyllis Wheatley's blending of solar imagery, Judeo-Christian thought
and figures, and images borrowed from ancient classicism suggests her range and depth
of influences, not the least of which is her African heritage.
wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and
a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent cargo from shifting on steep
grades.
Once made exclusively from the wool of sheep that roam the Isle of Lewis and Harris off
the coast of Scotland, Harris tweed is now made only with wools that are importer,
sometimes from the mainland and sometimes—as a result of a 1996 amendment to the
Harris Tweed Act—from outside Scotland.
The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final
tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, are geared
toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them for international
competition.
* are geared toward Ving = are geared to N

In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans’ creative energy was expended on the
creation of Buddha images and on the construction and decoration of the temples in which
they were enshrined.
* (A and B) of C
* expend: to use or spend a lot of energy etc in order to do something
The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously, because a single tree, depending
on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce enough berries to make between
one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.
Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton,
Abu Ali al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and
vision, laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be
based on experiment as well as on philosophical arguments.
Y26 Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics,
would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly
through the water as to a person standing on land.
The doctrinal dispute resulted in the dismissal of the president of the seminary, who was
charged with teaching false doctrine and with administrative misconduct.
* if we don't use with, we would have ambiguity about whether misconduct was parallel
with teaching or with doctrine. In other words, it sounds like the president was teaching
administrative misconduct.
12
Consider this: The motorist was charged with running a red light, and with fleeing the scene?
The second with is idiomatic. Additionally, the second with is required because he will be
prosecuted on those charges separately.
Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) was unprecedented in its
firsthand accounts of the indignities suffered by women and in the eloquence and passion with
which it exposed and criticized these indignities.
(x) and in that it was eloquent and passionate when exposing and criticizing 因為 in that =
because 原句沒有因果關係。
The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins may share
certain cognitive abilities with humans and great apes; the studies indicate that dolphins
are capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign
of self-awareness—and of spontaneously grasping the mood or intention of humans.
Gas hydrates, chemical compounds of water and natural gas, are increasingly being
studied for their potential as huge reservoirs of energy, as possible causes of sea floor
instability, and even as significant contributors to global warming.
* “potential(n.) as” and "potential to be" are both idiomatic

平衡三個或三個以上 ( and 有沒有逗號不是考點)
平衡三個 (1) A, B ,and C (2) V, Ving and Ving
woman to draw a soldier's pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22,
serve.
The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic
control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting
fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.
* had clogged…has led to…has prompted
* 介+N = adj
P01 Some bat caves, like honeybee hives, have residents that take on different duties such as
defending the entrance, acting as sentinels and sounding a warning at the approach of
danger, and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites.
* 平衡三個 defending.., acting as…and sounding

* new food and roosting sites 是作 for 的受詞
The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadening the
flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no
dangerous fangs and no venom, and eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the
performance, will fall over and play dead.
* The snake puts on N,(插入語), but it has (no A and no B) and (if…) will ….
* 插入句的平行結構 hissing and rearing...., broadening...and feigning...
AND 特殊用法: 為附屬結構,目的在補充說明.
13
In metalwork one advantage of adhesive-bonding over spot-welding is that the contact,
and hence the bonding, is effected continuously over a broad surface rather than at a
series of regularly spaced points with no bonding in between.
(o) advantage of
(x) advantage to
Discussion of greenhouse effects has usually focused on whether the Earth would warm
and by how much, but climatologists have indicated all along that the most obvious effects,
and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of
temperature, precipitation, and storminess.
那些最明顯的,而且(同樣也是)對人造成最大影響的效果.....
* those 指 effects
AS WELL AS
不是對等連接詞是，所以無法用在"動詞"上的對稱，因為它並"非正統的對等連接詞"，可用在"名
詞"上的對稱 N1. as well as N2. (但焦點在於 N1)
(1)從屬連接詞
(2)介係詞判斷準則就是"是否有逗號在 as well as 之前
as well as ≠ and also ≠ as well (ps: as well = also)

P73 Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the
weather, which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing sales of
barbecue grills and lawn furniture.
P104 The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution as well as an
important body of work in political science, represent the handiwork of three different
authors.
(x) and…as well

(x) and as….too
The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable - to natural processes such as
shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to the ever-
increasing pressures of development.
P23 Like Auden’s, James Merrill's language is chatty, arch, and conversational—given to
complex syntactic flights as well as to prosaic free-verse strolls.
Y52 While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the
regulatory environment of each state obviously determine the types and amounts of waste
produced, as well as the cost of disposal.
Diesel engines burn as much as 30 percent less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable
size, as well as (介) emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gases
that have been implicated in global warming.
Giuseppe Alessi, a world-class chef whose life has been a search for the genuine and the
delicious in Florentine cooking, is an accomplished scholar who unearths many of his
recipes from medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, as well as a poet and a philosopher
who draws his inspiration from the idyllic frescoes of Etruscan tombs.
*選項有 not only …but also…

Although Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales that are among the most frequently
translated works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as
several autobiographies, remain almost unknown outside his native Denmark.
Examples of "tulipomania," a term coined from the seventeenth-century tulip craze in the
14
Netherlands, include speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s,
Victorian real estate in the 1880s, and the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, as well as the
obsession for Beanie Babies in the 1990s.
注意分類!
* 平衡三個 bubbles in South Seas trading rights, (bubbles in) Victorian real estate, and
(bubbles in) the U.S. stock market.
* 平衡 bubbles …obsession
The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early
experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle
as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.
*'..a critique of X and a vision of Y...'

分號 ; 表兩句獨立
Y131 Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the 4,000 Acadians who migrated
there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which English,
Spanish, and Italian words have been added.
P14 From the time of its defeat by the Germans in 1940 until its liberation in 1944, France was
a bitter and divided country; a kind of civil war raged in the Vichy government between
those who wanted to collaborate with the Nazis and those who opposed them.
AS WELL 也
舊 One legacy of Madison Avenue’s recent campaign to appeal to people fifty years old and
OG over is the realization that as people age, their concerns change as well.
BOTH A AND B
特別注意介係詞 in both X and Y 或 both in X and in Y
錯誤選項特徵 on both A and on B, both A and also B, both A as well as B
名詞
Both the Federal Reserve’s decision to raise borrowing rates and investors’ speculation
that another increase might be on the way helped to bolster the dollar in recent weeks by
making deposits more attractive.
Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the
biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of
biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the
planet's many endangered life-forms.
Y112 The Federal Reserve Board's reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is
both an acknowledgment of past economic trends and an effort to influence their future
direction.
The soft drink company's flat earnings for the second quarter reflect both the success of its
restructured global bottling system and the extent to which poor currency exchange rates
are keeping down profits for multinational companies.
Although it was expected that workers under forty would show hostility to the plan, the
research report indicates that both younger and older people approve of governmental
appropriations for Social Security.
* the younger and the older people

 there is no article needed since it is a research report, therefore generalization without
15
'the'
 we usually use "the" to show a specific subject... and younger and older is a general
group...
 when we say " the younger" and "the older" , we mention people of the kind.
Thus, adding "people" is redudant.
介+O
Although 1998 saw several new ventures promoting online distance learning for both
college- and graduate-level courses, it was also a year when a large number of faculty
members began questioning whether the computer screen was an adequate replacement
for the classroom.
The arrest of a programmer accused of violating an American digital copyright law has
stirred significant opposition, against both the law itself and the software company that
initiated the case.
Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private
employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring
comparable skill that are usually held by men.
In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish
competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of
woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.
The Environmental Protection Agency’s proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel
and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, which says that the
move will exacerbate the nation’s fuel supply problems.
Methane, which has long been counted among the greenhouse gases that are implicated
in global warming, comes both from natural sources such as bogs and from a host of
human sources, including coal mines, leaking pipelines, landfills, and rice paddies.
The current economic downturn has significantly reduced advertising income both for
business journals and for general consumer magazines, especially those focusing on
technology.
* especially….為插入句
* those指magazines
* downturn有一段時間的意思
The country's currency, weakened both by concern about the government's agreement
with the International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a rise in inflation, continued
its slide to a record low against the dollar, forcing the central bank to intervene for the
fourth time in a week.
動詞
Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, the airline's
board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and
compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past.
子句
P93 Intar, the oldest Hispanic theater company in New York, has moved away from the Spanish
classics and now draws on the works of contemporary Hispanic authors, both those who
live abroad and those who live in the United States.
* and 之後不可出現 it
The survival of a rare New Zealand species of mistletoe that produces spectacular sprays
of scarlet flowers is threatened both because its leaves are extremely tasty to a voracious
opossum species and because its flowers are pollinated by two species of birds whose
populations are in decline.
16
OR
注意邏輯上有些東西不能同時有，不能用 and，需用 or
For both neither/nor and either/or (or just plain "or") constructions, the verb should agree with the
LAST noun on the list.
動詞跟最近的名詞走
名詞
P88 Down-zoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more
open space in areas where there are few services and little available water.
* zone: v. 分區，將某區歸為某類用途
(x) little water or services exist
 a (b or c) little 不可修飾可數 N
Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged
wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the
Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the
heartland of the North American continent.
* 不可改 and
Meteor showers and individual streaks of light that flash across the sky every night are
generated when tiny flecks of celestial detritus, often no larger than grains of sand or
pebbles, burn up while speeding through the atmosphere.
* grains of sugar/sand/salt 細小沙狀物才可用 a grain of 修飾，pebble是大顆的石頭。

The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; besides possibly
preventing or inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may
also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
* 不可改 and
Y14 The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word "natural" to foods
that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or anything that has
been synthesized.
動詞
P37 Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had
been constructed in violation of the city’s building code.
* 不可改 and
Surveys have shown that up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in
affluent countries consume insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or have
deficient levels of these nutrients in their blood.
Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved from the previous year, only look less
appetizing than their round and red supermarket cousins; they are often green and striped,
or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but they are more flavorful.
Like ants, termites have an elaborate social structure in which a few individuals reproduce
and the rest serve the colony by tending juveniles, gathering food, building the nest, or
battling intruders.
助動詞
比 Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into
較 view 340,000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's
protective ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.
介+O
17
P30 Thomas Eakins’ powerful style and his choices of subject — the advances in modern
surgery, the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with
themselves — were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.
Hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electric currents, in bursts or as steady
electric fields around their bodies, using their power to find and attack prey, to defend
themselves, or to communicate and navigate.
Stock levels for domestic crude oil are far lower than in past years, leaving domestic oil
prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or any unexpected
growth in consumer demand that might be prompted by colder-than-normal temperatures.
* or 後面的介係詞to省略
分詞/ 形容詞
Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received
inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be
effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
Researchers hypothesize that granitic soil is the ideal construction material for the desert
tortoise because it is not so hard that it makes burrowing difficult or so soft that it could
cause tunnels to collapse.
介係詞
The Rorschzch test is gaining new respect as a diagnostic tool because it takes only one
hour to expose behavior and thought processes that might not emerge in other procedures
or in weeks of ordinary interviews.
* process 此字喜歡用 that 子句

OR 「即」表說明
Y27 Health officials estimate that 35 million Africans are in danger of contracting trypanosomiasis,
or "African sleeping sickness," a parasitic disease spread by the bites of tsetse flies.
* officials (n.) 政府官員，非軍警【比較】officers 軍警

Whereas a ramjet generally cannot achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of a
rocket, a scramjet, or supersonic combustion ramjet, can attain high speeds by reducing
airflow compression at the entrance of the engine and letting air pass through at supersonic
speeds.
EITHER A OR B
平衡名詞
Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested
areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work
has not addressed either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that
burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest.
* logging (n)
平衡動詞
P84 The rooted systems of most flowing perennials either become too crowded, resulting in
loss of vigor, or spread too far outward, producing a bare center.
Y106 Among the objects found in the excavated temple were small terra-cotta effigies left by
supplicants who were either asking the goddess Bona Dea's aid in healing physical and
mental ills or thanking her for such help.
* aid in
(x) aid to heal
18
Y84 Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required either
to approve individual state plans for controlling the discharge of wastes into underground
water or to force its own plan for states without adequate regulations.
Genetic engineering sometimes entails splicing plant or animal genes into the DNA of other
species, either to improve crop yields or to ward off insects or disease.
Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool climates and is propagated by seeds sown either
directly in the field or in plant beds designed to produce transplants.
Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure
if the gas is enclosed in a container or by an increase in volume if the gas is able to
expand.
* 原題選項沒有any正確答案有
Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the
Kushan empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
Gandharan grey schist.
Thunderclouds form when warm, moist air rises into cooler air above, either because the
ground is warmer than usual or because the interaction of two air masses, one warm and
one cold, forces warm air to rise.
否定句連接詞
避免雙重否定不簡潔
NOT …and …NOT

Classical guitar was not prestigious and was not often played in concert halls until Andres
Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, after he was won over by the sound despite
the instrument's relative obscurity.
(x) Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was
revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the
instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity.
 because "neither prestigious nor was often played" is not parallel.
 the participial phrase "having been won..." seems to modify (illogically) the subject of the
sentence, "classical guitar."
(x) "played" ≠ "performed." You don't perform an instrument; you play it or perform on it.
(NOT/ NO/ FEW) OR
No = not any = not a
been synthesized.
The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their
mechanisms of growth, or the ways in which they are related to one another.
Many children ride their bicycles at night unprotected by rudimentary safety equipment,
reflectors, or headlights.
*當前面已經有一個否定的詞時，不可用 neither
Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research
indicates that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made
fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.
19
* “have reduced" vs. (have) made
A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would generate no blast, shock, or heat,
but rather an intense electromagnetic pulse disrupting, like a lightning bolt, all unshielded
electric lines and electronic equipment.
NOT (A OR B), NOR C
* nor 句子要倒裝
* nor 可以單獨用 neither 不行單獨用
錯誤選項設計有 but: "but" would signal a reversal in thought, but when the sentence continues with
the same train of thought, use “nor”.
Contrary to popular opinion, the movement toward a service not leading to lower standards
of living or to a more unequal distribution of income, nor is it displacing the physical
production of goods.
* The movement is not leading to x or y, nor is it displacing z.

One report concludes that many schools do not have, nor are they likely to have, enough
computers to use them effectively.
Unlike the Shiites, who constitute the other major branch of Islam, the Sunnites do not await
the Mahdi as a messenger from God, nor do they endow him with divine qualities or
immunity from failure in judgment.
* endow …with: supply with a talent or quality

NEITHER (A OR B), NOR C
Neither the children nor the mother was ready to leave the old house behind.
Neither First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt nor Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins sought
recognition by the press, and both cautiously allowed others of the Roosevelt brain trust to
take credit for the genesis of historic programs in public employment, relief, and social
security for which the two women were in large measure responsible.
考 The commission acknowledged that neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff can
古 ensure the safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved the
installation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken.
* vast(adj) amounts(n.) of money(n.u)……a large(adj.) staff(集合名詞，視為單數)
(x) neither vast amounts of money nor staff members

 "vast amounts of money" is a group so it is a singular where as "staff members" is just
plural noun.
WITHOUT A OR B
In the early part of the twentieth century, many vacationers found that driving automobiles
and sleeping in tents allowed them to enjoy nature close at hand and tour at their own pace,
without the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or the formalities,
expenses, and impersonality of hotels.
WHETHER TO V / WHETHER (THAT)子句/ WHETHER A OR B
* was or was not ; is or is not  一定會用 whether 取代

whether + to V 引導名詞片語 (不定詞前必放 whether)
Y108 The first decision for most tenants living in a building undergoing conversion to cooperative
ownership is whether to sign a no-buy pledge with the other tenants.
20
* undergo(vt) + N/Ving 此動詞已經包含 process 意味
* a pledge 保證書
P100 Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can
understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason like an
expert—computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment
breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan.
Whether > if (省 that)
當有 can 助動詞時，選項必要有，其他的改寫方式會改變句意
In an assessment of the problmes faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether
they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
(x) In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they
are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.
In A, the phrase "in assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers" is a dangling
modifier. Taken literally, choice A says that the question is assessing. D is better because it
speaks more logically of a question in the context of an assessment.
Y94 The Coast Guard is conducting tests to see whether pigeons can be trained to help find
survivors of wrecks at sea.
Y28 Beyond the immediate cash flow crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends on
whether it can broaden its membership and leave its cramped quarters for a site where it
can store and exhibit its more than 12,000 artifacts.
Y63 A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the
question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the
animals' horns have been trimmed.
Those skeptical of the extent of global warming argue that short-term temperature data are
an inadequate means of predicting long-term trends and point out that the scientific
community remains divided over whether significant warming will occur and what impact it
would have.
* date 複數 N
* will 是很確定 warming 會發生，但是發生了之後會產生什麼影響就不清楚了，所以用 would
It is unclear whether chimpanzees are unique among nonhuman species in their ability to
learn behaviors from one another, or whether other animals would exhibit similar patterns if
they were studied in as much depth.
* in depth
NASA's methodical approach to the exploration of Mars has not yet answered the questions
of whether biological life forms ever emerged on Mars and whether, presuming such life
forms left fossil traces to begin with, those traces still exist in some moist recesses of the
cold and arid planet.
and those that would have the largest impact on people, would be extremes of temperature,
precipitation, and storminess.
* those 指 effects
Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was
extremely important but that more research was needed to determine whether balloon
angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than the balloon
procedure by itself.
21
* precede by
* 第二個 that 不可省
WEITHER A OR B
The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with
mainland China or preserves the status quo, since the island nation is the United States’
seventh-largest trading partner.
當 doubt 用於否定句時，要用 that 子句，不可用 whether
當 doubt 用於肯定句則可
(x) did not doubt whether
NOT ONLY…BUT (ALSO) 不等於 A AND B...ALSO

Not (only/merely/just) ….but also….
Not only... but also... 後面接的應該是句意或詞性相同屬性的東西
Changes in the composition of the light of a supernova—an exploding star— reveal not only
the chemical elements in the explosion but also the speed at which the outer layers of
stellar gas are expanding.
Y55 Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in
fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate
genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.
P66 Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers
not only helps to control the employer’s costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by
making patients more careful consumers．
P46 The psychologist William James believed that facial expressions not only provide a visible
sign of an emotion but also actually contribute to the feeling itself．
P71 By offering lower prices and a menu of personal communications options, such as caller
identification and voice mail, the new telecommunications company has not only captured
customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies to offer
competitive prices.
P52 The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, thereby
reducing the potential crop yield of a tract of land, but also damage or destroy young plants.
Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add
convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes where
customers can shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.
Biologists working in Spain say that their discovery of teeming life in a highly acidic river
may not only broaden the search for life, or for evidence of past life, no other planets but
also show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that scientists
have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria.
In 1926, in her second attempt to swim across the English Channel, Gertrude Ederle not
only crossed the Channel against currents that forced her to swim thirty-five miles instead
of the minimal twenty-one, but also set a record for speed, swimming the distance almost
two hours faster than anyone had yet done.
22
(x) but also swam the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done, and
setting a record for speed.  swimming 不平衡
P108 The Sun is the source not only of heat and light, but also of a continuous stream of atomic
particles known as the solar wind.
The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a
symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not
only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil sticks, and trash, but also by dropped
anchors, probing drivers, and global warming.
* to be + composed of + thing
Dental caries and gingivitis can be exacerbated not only by what patients eat but also by
when they eat it.
* "it" refers to thing to which "what patients eat" is referring to.

It is like saying,
I was trying to figure out where I will go and what should be the time to reach there.
here "there" refers to place to which "where I will go" is referring.
The rise of the Incan empire rested not only on the Incas' military might and the ability of
their rulers but also on their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system
on many different ethnic groups, who were permitted to retain many of their customs and
often their own leaders.
By pressing a tiny amount of nitrogen between two diamonds to a pressure of 25 million
pounds per square inch, scientists were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but to
create a semiconductor similar to silicon.
Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness and encouraged
voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but also with outsiders.
Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water
density, but also from the melting of glaciers.
The quality of early pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe far
surpasses that of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only with regard to the variety
of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniques and functionality.
The commission’s office of compliance, inspection, and investigations plans to intensify its
security of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent
function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts results when analysts own the stocks
they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking
division.
In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on
prescription drugs, a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are
becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing many more
prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.
是 A 不是 B: NOT/BUT vs. RATHER THAN

rather than (連) > instead of (介)
I need X, not Y = I need X but not Y = I need not Y but X
is not A but rather B / is not A but B / is not A but instead B
V, but does not V
注意 instead 此字也可跟 and 用
錯誤選項:
1. is not A rather B
23
2. 故意將 but 前面之逗號改成分號
名詞
A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would generate no blast, shock, or
heat, but rather an intense electromagnetic pulse disrupting, like a lightning bolt, all
unshielded electric lines and electronic equipment.
* no = not any = not a

(x) A nuclear weapon detonated above the atmosphere would not generate a blast, shock,
or heat, but rather an intense electromagnetic pulse
 First, we need to remember that "not... but..." is a conjunction and therefore requires
parallel structure, right? So in D, after "not" we have "generate," a verb, and after "but" we
have "pulse," a noun. So we can rule out D for this reason.
Y87 The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively
broken apart, but rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to
produce power.
It could be argued that the most significant virtue of a popular democracy is not the right to
participate in the selection of leaders, but rather its affirmation of our importance in the
scheme of things.
(x) but rather it's affirmation in terms of

According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech,
but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication,
and only later merged with spoken language.
* 平衡三個動詞 was…began…and merged

* more likey(adv) than 很有可能地
(x) but was more likely(adj) to begin as ∵more….than
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the
products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
(x) 不可省略but後面的are
 one could (probably should, even) take ALL the words '...favored because they enhance
reproduction or survival, but simply random byproducts...' as an elaboration on the phrase
'products of natural selection'.
The budget for education reflects the administration's demand that the money is controlled
by local school districts, but it can only be spent on teachers, not on books, computers, or
other materials or activities.
Medicare, the United States government's health insurance program for the elderly and
disabled, covers the full cost of home health care, but not of other nonhospital services, for
which beneficiaries must pay 20 percent of the costs.
Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead
comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems
human ancestors faced millions of years ago.
形式上不對稱，意義對稱，所以結構是為意思服務的
The first English settlers to establish a permanent colony in America did so not at Plymouth
but along the shore of the James River west of Chesapeake Bay.
24
(x) 不可省so會造成句子缺動詞
G18 One critic’s response to the philosopher’s new work is not that the position it takes is
- heretical, as some have asserted, but rather that it is nothing new to anyone who knows
Q anything about the topic.
2
7 (x) , but instead it is …
The failing of the book lies not in a lack of attention to scientific detail but in the depiction of
scenes of life and death in the marine world with emotional overtones that reduce the
credibility of the work.
動詞
此句型並沒有時間的先後
P04 The voluminous personal papers of Thomas Alva Edison reveal that his inventions typically
did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous works.
* evolve (vi)
In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane,
a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the
production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
被動時，注意 not 的位置與兩個介係詞均不可省
be [participle] + not by A but by B ex: My breakfast was stolen not by Laurel but by Hardy.
A new genetically engineered papaya was produced not by profited-motivated seed
companies, as was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for
commercial use, but by university and United States Department of Agriculture researchers
who allowed growers to sue it free of charge.
*注意 not 的位置不能與 produced 對調

Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich
lode was produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of
microbes that over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and
rocks.
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are caused not by stress,
alcohol, or rich foods, but by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
* by 介係詞不可省
In the sixteenth century, the push for greater precision in measuring time was motivated not
by complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, as has
been the case more recently, but by the practical matters of navigation: sailors simply
needed more highly accurate timepieces in order to compute their longitude form the
positions of the stars.
By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an
otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on
computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not continuous but consisted of
individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.
* 不可改寫成 found the noise not continuous 因為not adj. but V. 不平衡
RATHER THAN(連) 可以接動詞或是名詞
We are expressing a preference for one thing over another thing.
Instead of(介) 只能接名詞(包括 Ving)

25
Y104 Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging
the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do.
(x) and not

Y125 Samuel Sewall, like other seventeenth-century colonists, viewed marriage as a property
arrangement rather than an emotional bond based on romantic love.
P99 Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each
day rather than be confined to a hotel.
* rather than 後面省略 be

Rather than accept the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus
sailed west to see whether he could reach India, having been sent by the king and queen of
Spain.
* 平衡 active verbs “accept” and “sailed.”

Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths
of Numbing, Australia, call female moths to them using acoustical signals, rather than
olfactory ones, and attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
The parachutelike membranes of Africa's scaly-tailed flying squirrels differ from those of the
flying squirrels in the family Sciuridae in that they are attached to a cartilage rod at the
elbow rather than at the wrist.
Reptiles, by drawing their body heat directly from the Sun rather than burning calories to
generate it, can survive on ten percent of the nourishment that a mammal of similar size
would normally require.
P40 A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors have elected to retire
early rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.
Intended primarily to stimulate family summer travel, the new airfare, which allows both an
adult and a child to fly for the price of one ticket, also shortens the advance-purchase
requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than fourteen.
* to V rather than V
注意 rather than 非比較級
P89 Those who come to church with a predisposition to religious belief will be happy in an
auditorium or even a storefront, and there is no doubt that religion is sometimes better
served by such adapted spaces than by some of the buildings actually designed for it.
因為未畫線處有 better 所以需要比較級

(x) rather than
INSTEAD ≠ INSTEAD OF
Instead (adv): as an alternative 表 contrast
Instead of N (prep.)  "in place of" (near substitutes): as an alternative to sb/sth
Y45 According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that
the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead
come in for a "soft landing," followed by a gradual increase in business activity.
Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the
telephone; instead, it has become precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a
large, public audience.
(x) it 指 radio
Pioneered by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, BEAM robots are not
26
programmed to walk; instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to
walk through trial and error.
Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that
produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying
simplicity.
* by which it is produced and understood has revealed not underlying simplicity but great
complexity
 Would you really say a study showed not simplicity but great complexity?
 not underlying simplicity but great complexity 不平行
only crossed the Channel against currents that forced her to swim thirty-five miles instead of
the minimal twenty-one, but also set a record for speed, swimming the distance almost two
hours faster than anyone had yet done.
Most of Portugal's 250,000 university students boycotted classes in a one-day strike to
protest a law that requires them to contribute $330 a year toward the cost of higher
education, instead of the $7 per year required previously.
* D compares ($330 for higher education) with ($7 for higher education) previously
(x) a year, compared to the previously $7 per year

 adverb previously incorrectly qualifies noun
 You need "compare with" for comparing like things
(x) a year as opposed to the $7 per year required previously for the cost of higher education
 the cost of higher education only modifies the 7$ paid in previous year and doesn't
modify the currect 330$. I believe that phrase as opposed to the $7 per year required
previously should be in commas
SUBSTITUTE A FOR B (A, B 需概念對稱，讓意思更清楚)

P91 In theory, international civil servants at the United Nations are prohibited from continuing to
draw salaries from their own governments; in practice, however some governments merely
substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned to
the United Nations.
(x) for their employee’s paychecks
連接詞 BUT, YET 表轉折 (一好正面屬性, 一負面屬性)

副詞 nonetheless
Y9 Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark
spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
Y136 Joachim Raft and Giacomo Meyerbeer are examples of the kind of composer who receives
popular acclaim while living, but whose reputation declines after death and never regains
its former status.
* the kind of 描述某一種作家

* 三個動作雖有先後，但是時態一致
27
P101 In the United States, farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, but in most
parts of Sri Lanka the rains are concentrated in the monsoon months, June to September,
and the skies are generally clear for the rest of the year.
* 主詞不同的對比意思
(x) those of the United States 與 most parts of Sri lanka’s rains 變成國家跟雨比較
Children's programming was once limited to a few hours a week, but now there are at least
four cable networks dedicated entirely to shows produced specifically for children.
Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to local history or various ethnic groups,
but there are many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for
exploration on summer weekends.
The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the
Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also
caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.
* 以 not only …but also 作混淆選項，因為其非講屬性相反的事情。

Many writers of modern English have acquired careless habits that damage the clarity of
their prose, but they can break these habits if they are willing to take the necessary trouble.
Dolphins lack vocal cords, but they do create sounds, producing a complicated system of
whistles, squeaks, moans, trills, and clicks with sphincter muscles inside the blowhole.
Federal regulations once prohibited developing television programs in conjunction with the
marketing of toys, but such programs are thriving in the free market conditions permitted by
the current Federal Communications Commission.
G28-21 According to entomologists, single locusts are quiet creatures, but when locusts are placed
with others of their species, they become excited, change color, vibrate, and even hum.
In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low
ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually
administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and
technology.
After several years of rapid growth, the healthy care company became one of the largest
health care providers in the metropolitan area, but then proved unable to handle the
increase in business, falling months behind in paying.
* proved 需用被動語態, it is 一起省

Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument
had been made, he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
Y67 Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a
reaction to something ingested, but if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an
allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their
actions.
The first trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong
evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle
East arose simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of
southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.
The United States minted about 857 million silver-colored “Susan B. Anthony” dollars
between 1979 and 1981, but the coin proved unpopular because it looked and felt too much
like a quarter.
YET(連)
Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in
the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he
stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long
28
and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight
hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around
impeding rapids.
As the housing affordability gap widens, middle-income families are especially hard-hit, for
these families can no longer afford to buy homes, yet rising rental rates force them to use
far more than the standard 25 percent of their incomes for housing, leaving them with no
equity or tax write-offs to offset the expenditures.
ALTHOUGH/ THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH = EVEN IF 表讓步

用途: contrast
"even if " shows a "surprising contrast."
Y1 Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally underway, many
economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
Y33 Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an
economic drain on many developing countries.
雖然血吸蟲病不會致命，但是他會讓人衰落，故變成很多國家的經濟負擔。
* debilitating 意思是指使人衰頹失去活力的意思
Y86 Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they were
moved to the daytime hours in the 1930's when the evening schedule became crowded
with comedians and variety shows.
* in the 1920's 年代
P18 Although accounting for only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens
consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its
automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.
Although the vast constellation of small islands that dot the South Pacific has a population
of only a few million people, it is home to about a sixth of the world's 6,000 or so
languages.
Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb
solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up
or freezing over, thev also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).
* If the basic structure of a sentence is 'Although X, Y' (where X and Y are clauses), then X
and Y must, in some sense, stand in opposition to one another.
Although the bite of the brown recluse spiders is rarely fatal, it causes chronic flesh wounds
and poses the greatest danger to infants and the elderly, who are particularly vulnerable to
its poison.
Although one link in the chain was demonstrably weak, it was not so weak as to require the
recall of the automobile.
Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought
into the country by visitors.
Although the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the
country and its sales have increased dramatically, its sales at restaurants open for more
than a year have declined.
29
*注意三個動詞都是 have + past perfect 雖然動作順序有先後
(x) having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales
increasing dramatically, the restaurant company’s sales
 the modifying phrase should modify a NOUN/PRONOUN but in option D, it tries to
modify the possessive form of it (the restaurant company’s) - i think this is not correct.
Although the vast constellation of small islands that dot the South Pacific has a population
of only a few million people, it is home to about a sixth of the world's 6,000 or so
languages.
Although they are more temperamental and far more expensive than transistor-driven
amplifiers, vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred by many audiophiles and audio
professionals because these amplifiers produce warmer, richer tones.
Although Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales that are among the most frequently
translated works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as
several autobiographies, remain almost unknown outside his native Denmark.
Although shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia were not fundamentally different
from those in other parts of Northern Europe, archaeological evidence shows that Viking
ships were lighter, slimmer, faster, and thus probably more seaworthy than the heavier
vessels used by the English at that time.
Although not all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were
carried live, Soviet audiences have seen a great deal of coverage.
Y15 The Iroquois were primarily planters, although they supplemented their cultivation of maize,
squash, and beans with fishing and hunting.
* main clause – primary activity, subordinary clause – supplementary activity

(x) but supplementing
Y90 The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air
flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary
although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is known as "standing waves."
* remain stationary…althought ….is moving rapidly

主要子句在前 (不需要打逗號) 副詞子句在後
Books in European libraries last longer than books in libraries in the United States because,
although the climate in Europe is fairly humid, libraries there are not subjected to the
extremes of temperature and humidity that damage collections in the United States.
* be subjected to N
* that 不可改 as  “as” is used to subordinate clauses – require verb – eliminate it
(x) because the climate in Europe is fairly humid, but libraries there are not subjected to the
extremities of temperature and humidity such as those that
 It seems the books are better because of the climate in Europe. Which is not true. it is
because that they are not exposed to extreme climates
P44 Though the term “graphic design＂may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual
reports, it has come to signify a wide range of work, from package designs and company
logotypes to signs, book jackets, computer graphics, and film titles.
Though subject to the same wild-animal control efforts that killed off almost all the wolves in
North America over the past century, the coyote, because of its amazing ability to adapt to
the presence of humans, has been able to expand its range into Alaska and Central
America.
Though the hypothesis sounds plausible, its weakness is that it does not incorporate all
relevant evidence.
30
(x) Plasuible though it sounds,the weakness of the hypothesis
(x) Even though it sounds plasuible, the weakness of the hypothesis
 the hypothesis should be modified NOT the hypothesis' weakness.
Ozone reaches high concentrations twelve miles above Earth, where it had long appeared
immune to human influence; we have now realized, though, that emissions of industrial
chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer. 強調過去與現在的對比
Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and
farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment
of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in
population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis.
Y77 Even though the direct costs of malpractice disputes amounted to less than 1 percent of the
$541 billion the nation spent on health care last year, doctors say fear of lawsuits plays a
major role in health-care inflation.
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial
information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the
state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by
failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.
Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were relatively simple and
static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes
might operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery
that the genes in corn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another.
Even though her career was cut short when she was in her prime and the fifteen recordings
she made were disappointing artistically as well as technically, Olive Fremstad (1871-1951)
has never been entirely forgotten by opera aficionados.
Distinguished architecture requires the expenditure of large sums of money, even though it
is by no means certain that the expenditure of large sums of money produces distinguished
architecture.
The ideal cities of Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, different from
one another as they were, were all based on a belief that physical order in itself could bring
about the good life.
1. "as" here means something along the lines of "even though."

"As comfortable as you may be, I will have to ask you to give up your seat to the older
man and sit on the floor."
which means something along the lines of
"Even though you are comfortable, I will have to ask you to give up your seat to the
older man and sit on the floor."
2. we often omit the first "as" when we invert.
different from one another as they were
is the same thing as
as different from one another as they were
For most consumers, the price of the automobile insurance continues to rise annually, even
if they are free of damage claims and moving violations.
(x) 不可將they are省略，因為what (insurance? price? consumers?) is free of damage

claims and moving violations.
(x) although they may be  even if shows a "surprising contrast."
Nonetheless 副詞
D46 Research has shown that when speaking, individuals who have been blind from birth and
have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently
31
and in the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when
conversing with another blind person.
表對比: WHILE, WHEREAS
* similar situation of all states 對比 varing condictions of each state

* the regulatory environment 單數，對 each state
While they remove carbon dioxide from the air, conserve soil and water, and house
thousands of species, forests also supply potentially valuable pharmaceuticals and, as
sources of building material and firewood, provide employment for millions worldwide.
Y41 While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many
smaller regional and community banks are finding that the costs associated with upgrading
data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products
and technical staff are prohibitive.
* costs…are prohibitive.
While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats
and verbal attacks was not unlike Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in
Montgomery, Alabama.
While many politicians have been able to abuse recent changes in the law, the original
spirit of the bill was that it be equally applied to all residents, no matter their socio-economic
status.
While Hans Holbein the Younger is most often identified with his English portraits, scholars
have long recognized him as a superb draftsman and a remarkably versatile artist who was
fundamental in synthesizing the novelties of the Italian Renaissance with the rational
tradition of Northern Europe.
While more than half of mainstream American businesses fail, the failure rate for
businesses in the Amish community hovers around 5 percent.
(x) While the rate of mainstream American businesses failing is more than half  the rate
cannot be "more than half". This is incorrect usage. The rate has to be tangible - say 5%
Y61 Since 1986 enrollments of African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans in
full-time engineering programs in the United States have steadily increased, while the
number of other students entering the field has fallen.
* 時態需一致
The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year;
transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the
atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.
Both the caribou and the reindeer belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but after 7,000
years of domestication in Eurasia, reindeer have developed a tendency to circle in tight
groups, while caribou tend to spread far and wide.
While 表同時
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living
around the globe while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants that have gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50
years ago.
* while 表同時，不可以與 then 並用

A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of
32
conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying
government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time
supporting many specific government programs for health car, education, and environment.
A South American bird that forages for winged termites and other small insects while
swinging upside down form the foliage of tall trees, the graveteiro belongs to the ovenbird
family, a group of New World tropical birds that includes more than 230 species and is
represented in virtually every kind of habitat.
Y134 Recently implemented "shift-work equations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle
have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, and fatigue among shift workers while raising
production efficiency in various industries.
its former status.
舊 In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences
OG allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public
has risen dramatically
The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry are universal, encompassing much of the
human condition while occasionally dealing with racial issues.
check to the light.
WHEREAS : 主詞也要同類，但是形式上不需要完全對等
Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas
nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.
(x) , whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany
 The, "in Germany" is misplaced and should come after the energy word...otherwise,this
changes the meaning of the sentence...nuclear power in Germany accounts for 33% of the
energy of what ??
D51 Whereas a ramet generally cannot achieve high sppeds without the initial assistance of a
rocket, scramjets, or supersonic combusting ramjets, can attain high speeds by reducing
speeds.
(x) in that they reduce

Whereas a female grizzly bear in the Rockies typically occupies a range of 50 to 300
square miles, a male will cover 200 to 500 and occasionally as many as 600.
*從屬子句用現在式，主要子句用未來式
Whereas a ramjet generally cannot achieve high speeds without the initial assistance of a
rocket, a scramjet, or supersonic combustion ramjet, can attain high speeds by reducing
speeds.
Whereas lines of competition are clearly defined in the more established industries, in the
Internet industry they are blurred and indistinct, as companies that compete one day may
be partners the next (省day).
33
* "as competing industries one day may become.." one day變成修飾become
Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.
In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are
taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.
Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in
many parts of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental
problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may
accelerate soil structure deterioration and soil erosion.
Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in
parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.
According to findings derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the area
of the brain in which a second or third language is stored depends on the age of the
language learner; whereas each language occupies a distinct area of the brain in an adult
learner, language areas overlap in a young child.
DESPITE(介) + N 不可接 Ving

IN SPITE OF + N 不可接 Ving
FOR ALL X, Y
錯誤選項會設計 despite Ving (Y25)(P18)
D43 Despite the increasing number of women graduating from law school an passing bar
examinations, the proportion of judges and partners at major law firms who are women has
not risen comparably.
(x) yet the proportion of women judges and partners at major law firms has not risen to a
comparable extent 因為句首已經有 despite
* comparably 比 to a comparable extent 來的簡潔
Y60 More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic
development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal
budgets and fading federal support.
The market for recycled commodities such as aluminum and other metals remains strong
despite economic changes in the recycling industry.
For all his professed disdain of such activities, Auden was an inveterate literary gossip.
* for all = despite

* profess sth of: 公開宣稱 her professed love of everything about that country
Despite the growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives
are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to
automatic teller machines, many travelers will still use travel agents.
(x) the unidiomatic "prefer X as compared to Y" and "prefer X compared with Y."
(x) prefer A over B
(x), airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human
tellers to automatic teller machines, that many travelers would
 Between (A) and (B), the former is to be preferred because of the placement of "that."
The bank customers' preference is part of what the airline executives are convinced of, and
so "that" should come before that clause.
Japan’s abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperature throughout most of the country
have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally
poor soils, have made it possible to raise a variety of crops.
34
LIKE(介)
優先考慮修飾主句主詞
類似替換: just as
會用 those
錯誤選項: like that of

舊 Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into
OG middle age.
P31 Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in
modem society.
Y6 Like the Brontes and Brawnings, James Joyce and Vrginia Woolf are often subjected to the
kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human being.
* given to: 等於"基於"或有時是"假設", 這裡是基於兩個情境 given to A and to B

* 在複雜的句子奔馳及散文體自由型式的漫步下, JM 的文體就像 A 一樣, 是聊天、嘻戲及對話
式的
* arch (adj) amused
Y97 Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for
their movefment to be observed during a single human lifetime.
Like human DNA, the DNA of grape plants contains sites in which certain unique
sequences of nucleotides are repeated over and over.
Like the thorny ballooning of a frightened pufferfish or the sudden appearance of angry
sapphire hoops for which the blue-ringed octopus is named, the California newt's display of
its red underbelly is a clear warning that predators ignore at their peril.
* 名詞比名詞
D37 Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and
nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the bird itself is
vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial
development and of changes in farming practices.
D47 Like embryonic germ cells, which are cells that develop early in the formation of the fetus
and that later generate eggs or sperm, embryonic steam cells have the ability to develop
into different kinds of body tissue.
Officials in Atlanta's public schools, like those in many districts across the United States,
have eliminated recess in the elementary grades, calling it a waste of time that would be
better spent on academics.
Almost like clones in their similarity to one another, members of the cheetah species are
especially vulnerable to disease because of their homogeneity.
(x) the cheetah species is especially vulnerable to disease because of its homogeneity
 the cheetah species cannot be homogeneous; members of the species can be
homogeneous.
It is possible that, like the Volkswagen, whose unchanging exterior over decades concealed
many changes in its internal machinery, many prehistoric microbes evolved without
significant modification of their sheaths.
35
Artificial intelligence emerged during the late 1950's as an academic discipline based on
the assumption that computers could be programmed to think like people.
* were able to be programmed or are capable of being are very wordy.

(x) can be programmed to think as people can ; as people CAN makes it incorrect because
the parallelism should be established on the verb (THINK) rather than the auxiliary verb
CAN (CAN .. CAN is incorrect).
With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase;
the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.
It s with A as with B.
= A is like B
JUST AS A DO, SO B DO 非對比 (so 可以省略)

考與 whereas 用法之差異，對比
錯誤選項特徵: (1) Like…., so…. (2) Similar to…., so…. (3) …in the same way that…., so….
Y99 Just as reading Samuel Pepys's diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century—
of its texture and psyche—so listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the
operagoer inside turn-of-the-century Vienna.
* Just as Ving ….so Ving… 動名詞當主詞

* guileless = open
D52 It will not be possible to implicate melting sea ice in the coastal flooding that many global
warming models have predicted: just as melting ice cubes do not cause a glass of water to
overflow.
* be implicated in something: if something is implicated in something bad or harmful, it is

shown to be its cause
Just as scientists, because of random fluctuations in the weather, can not determine the
transition from one season to the next by monitoring temperatures on a daily basis, so they
cannot determine the onset of global warming by monitoring average annual temperatures.
Just as English and Italian have elaborate rules for forming words and sentences, so sign
languages have rules for individual signs and signed sentences.
Just as the free computer operating system Linux has of late become even more crash
resistant, so support for it within the computer industry has been growing.
* of late = lately or recently

Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art,
so a nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship
design in order to understand shipwrecks.
*不要用 the +N
and in the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing
with another blind person.
* just as 接 adv.
Although fruit can no longer grow once it is picked, it continues for some time to respire,
36
taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide, just as human beings do when they breathe.
* The fruit's respiration is being compared to human beings respiration.

automatic teller machines, many travelers will still use travel agent
P2-34 Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of
endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like
morphine's.
A is to B what C is to D
= A is to B as C is to D
=As C is to D so is A to B
=What C is to D that is A to B
A leading figure in the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to
democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism.
UNLIKE 優於 DIFFERENT FROM

* unlike 的句意可以改寫成 but 句子
UNLIKE
Y10 Unlike those in the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize lower-paid
workers.
Y16 Unlike the honeybee, the yellow jacket can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a
potent venom that can cause intense pain.
Y66 Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a 15 to 20 percent down payment, a lease-
loan does not require the buyer to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.
Y95 Unlike Schoenberg, whose 12-tone system dominated the music of the postwar period,
Bartok founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.
P68 Unlike the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage are
not affected by the frequency of claims, but if the insurance company is able to prove
excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew the policy．
P42 Unlike a funded pension system, in which contributions are invested to pay future
beneficiaries, Social Security is founded on a pay-as-you-go approach.
Unlike emergency calls that travel through regular telephone lines and thus automatically
inform the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, cellular calls require
emergency operators to determine the location of the caller.
Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period,
mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach
adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in
summer or freeze solid in winter.
D35 Unlike Mesopotamian cities, in which buildings were arranged haphazardly, the cities of the
Indus Valley all followed the same basic plan: houses were laid out on a north-south, east-
west grid, and houses and walls were built of standard-size bricks.
Unlike bananas, which can be picked green and ripened artificially, strawberries must be
picked when they are fully ripe, and they remain at peak flavor for only four or five days after
that.
Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save
money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas
37
Unlike human runners, who broke the four-minute mile in 1954 and have consistently
recorded faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have
shown little improvement in winning times: Secretariat’s world-record-breaking Derby tine of
1:59 2/5, for example, was set in 1973 and remained unsurpassed more than a quarter of a
century later.
Unlike earlier works on slavery, Blassingame’s innovative study relies not on the records of
White slave owners but on the records of the slaves themselves, especially the 70 or so
autobiographies and memoirs that have been preserved.
(x) Unlike that of earlier works on slavery,…

Using the construction "that of" is incorrect because the sentence refers to the studies
themselves, not some aspect of the studies.
"that" when used with "of" creates a possessive pronoun that needs to refer to some
characterstic of the earlier studies, rather than the studies themselves. Additionally, it would
be very rare to use "that of" when referring to a plural noun - we would usually use "those
of". "that of" would only be correct if we were referring to some communal characterstic that
the studies had as a group.
Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in
fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have
to generate its own electricity.
* which 代兩個名詞
(x), with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights
 sufficient enough 兩字不可以並用
A study on couples' retirement transitions found that, unlike men who took new jobs after
retiring from their primary careers, women who did so were more likely than those who
retired completely to report high marital satisfaction.
1000s
c
Blue-winged warblers are unlike most OTHER species of warbler in that it is very difficult to
tell the male and female apart.
(x) Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler
 We can't compare species to warblers - we can only compare species to species or
specific birds to specific birds.
(x) Unlike those in most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warblers are
very difficult to distinguish.
 'those' cannot subsitute 'the male and female'; the only plural noun in the main clause is
'warblers'. obviously, 'warblers in most warbler species' is illogical.
Most vaccines are derived from weakened or killed strains of the same virus that they
prevent, unlike smallpox vaccine, which is derived from a different virus altogether.
* is derived from: to get a chemical substance from another substance

Speckled Red Grinders are unlike most species of Red Grinder in that it is very difficult to
38
* species of Red Grinder = other Grinders......plural subject match
Analysts and retailers agree that computers, unlike many other products of advanced
techonology, are generally cheaper and of better quality than they once were.
* of better quality 不可省 of，因為句子會變成 computers are cheaper and better quality,
which is WRONG because it says computers = quality
Automakers say that unlike battery-powered electric cars, cars with electricity supplied by
fuel cells can exhibit driving range and performance similar to those provided by the internal
combustion engine.
DIFFERENT FROM (比較也要同類)
The parachutelike membranes of Africa's scaly-tailed flying squirrels differ from those of the
P77 Hemingway's wives—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary Welsh
—were all strong and interesting women, very different from the often pallid women who
populate his novels.
A survey of 765 working women over eighteen years of age found that 60 percent of them
worked 40 or more hours a week and that married women with children under eighteen
were more likely than other married women to work shifts different from their husbands'.
Because fish look through water, their eyes are very different from a mammal's.
The investigations of many psychologist and anthropologists support the generalization that
there is little that is significantly different in underlying mental processes manifested by
people from different culture.
In human hearing, subtle differences in how the two ears hear a given sound help the
listener determine the qualities of that sound.
Although shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia were not fundamentally different
from those in other parts of Northern Europe, archaeological evidence shows that Viking
ships were lighter, slimmer, faster, and thus probably more seaworthy than the heavier
vessels used by the English at that time.
* 注意difference between A and B.

The ideal cities of Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, different from
one another as they were, were all based on a belief that physical order in itself could bring
about the good life.
1. "as" here means something along the lines of "even though."

2. we often omit the first "as" when we invert.
different from one another as they were
is the same thing as
as different from one another as they were
IN CONTRAST TO X, Y (POLAR OPPOSITES) 兩極事情 = UNLIKE
= IN CONTRAST WITH X, Y
as opposed to + Noun
【混】In contrast = on the other hand

Antigenic shift refers to the combination of two different strains of influenza; in contrast, antigenic
drift refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza.
錯誤選項: as contrasted with

39
In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade
deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
In contrast to some fish, whose eggs require months to incubate, the Rio Grande silvery
minnow produces eggs that hatch in about 24 hours, yielding larvae that can swim in just
three to four days.
In contrast to environmentalist’s proposals to limit emissions of certain pollutants,
administration’s proposal would call for mandatory restrictions on only three such pollutants
from power plants－mercury, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides－and the plan would delay
such cuts until 2010 or later.
BESIDES(介) / IN ADDITION TO(介) 作用:附加說明強調"除此之外，還包括"

In addition to Ving, S + V. Ving 動作的主詞是後面的 S
In addition?
P2-
34
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of
morphine's.
* adding 形容主詞 hot sauces

(x) in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting 因為 the brewed leaves 是複數，
所以 its 錯
In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey’s contributions to
archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her
painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.
* In addition to X, Leaky's contribution

 comparing two similar things assuming that X is also one of Leaky's contributions.
In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to
archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and
through her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.
* In addition to X, Mary Leakey contributed to Y 兩者不一定是同一類事物

This sentence structure suggest that X and Y are different.
In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than
that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.
In addition to being China's first administrators, in the sense that they developed a coherent
bureaucracy for their empire, the Shang were the first literate culture in East Asia and are
well known as the crafters of ornate bronze ritual vessels.
In addition to worrying about budget cuts and increases in the cost of living, the
administrators of public health care facilities mush contend with the possibility of a strike by
employees.
EXCEPT + 作用: 排除作用「除….之外」

1. 不要將 except 當作連接詞
40
2. except + N：用於同類事物，指同一類事物的總體中除去一部分，強調的是除去
3. except +介(介係詞跟後面的名詞走): 用於非同類事物，兩者完全是兩回事。當想要講大部分的情
況是這樣，除了某些例外。except for = other than
4. except for + person/thing: Everyone is here except for the teacher.
5. except for + gerund: Except for being handsome, he wasn't very special.
錯誤選項:
1. besides
2. excepting
3. with the exception of
P13 Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's
ragtime opera＂Treemonisha＂was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its
completion.
* ragtime 最早的爵士樂初型
* that 為受格, to stage a performance
The average human life span is less than forty years, except in areas where improvements
in health care and preventive medicine have raised life expectancy to past the age of
seventy.
* forty years 與 area 不同類，except 要加介係詞 in (∵in the area)。

G17-
12
Mauritius was a British colony for almost 200 years, but except in the domains of
administration and teaching, the English language was never really spoken on the island.
*S+V…, but except.., S+V. 文意有轉折,加 but

*領域與殖民地不同類，需在 except 後加介係詞 in→in the domains
*在什麼領域用 in/within the domain
(x) excepting for (x) but excepting for  excepting 是不用的古字看到 except 加 ing,永遠不
選
UNLESS 除非
舊 Unless the transplant involves identical twins, who have the same genetic endowment, all
OG patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their
lives.
APART FROM: 其含義主要依據上下文而定，有時可與 except 換用，有時可代替 besides

Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in the
stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood
apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.
AS…..AS / MORE …..THAN….

比較總結
省略原則
(o) She runs faster than I. 最優
(o) She runs faster than do I.
(o) She runs faster than I do.
41
All three are grammatically correct. The first is best because it is the most concise. There is no
need for the "do" in this case because there subject pronoun "I" is clearly being compared with the
subject "she." A verb such as "do" or "does" or "is" is necessary after "than" only when there are
both a subject and an object before.
Example:
"Martin likes football more than his wife." Ambiguous. It is not clear whether "wife" is being
compared with "Martin" or "football."
Should be either:
"Martin likes football more than does his wife."
Or:
"Martin likes football more than his wife does."
[Both of these compare "wife" with "Martin."]
Or:
"Martin likes football more than he likes his wife."
Or:
"Martin likes football more than he does his wife."
[These last two versions compare "wife" with "football."]
No verb is needed after "than" when there is no object. Example:

"Martin drives faster than his wife."
You could write:
"Martin drives faster than his wife does."
Or:
"Martin drives faster than does his wife."
But the "does" is not really necessary because there is only one noun ("Martin") with which "wife"
could be compared.
In any case, "she runs faster than me" is not grammatically correct. "Than" is not a preposition
and does not require the object pronoun. "She runs faster than I" is short for "she runs faster than
I do."
比較句型
 It. they 通用名詞是不帶限定修飾成分的通用概念,不論何時何地都是它, 同一個主詞只是不同時
間點的比較
 those, that 具體名詞則相反,指代具體事物且通常帶介詞結構等修飾成分,修飾成分不同則指代的
事物不同.換了時間地點也不同
 在 at 中凡是看到 that of, those of 的型式, 回頭去找前面有沒有出現過 N1 of N2 或是 N1's
N2 如果沒有 that of 的選項必錯 (錯誤選項設計 has)
不同主詞比較
主詞/名詞: 可以單數跟複數比較(省動詞)
沒有受詞
42
P36 No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new
technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic
recorded performances of the pre-LP era.
(x) 動名詞 develping 與名詞 use 不算平衡

The population of Japan is shrinking faster than that of any other nation and is projected to
decline by 17 percent during the next half century.
Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was
extremely important but that more research was needed to determine whether balloon
angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than the balloon
procedure by itself.
For global managers working with overseas clients, understanding cultural norms is at least
as important as grasping the pivotal business issues.
Today's technology allows manufacturers to make small cars that are more fuel-efficient
than those at any other time in production history.
* 注意 more 位置的擺放
Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, and
converting it to energy-rich sugars.
During the same period in which the Maya were developing a hieroglyphic system of
writing, the Aztec people also developed a written language, but it was not as highly
sophisticated as that of the Maya and was more pictographic in nature.
Among the rise of the greatest naval powers, England's fleet was last, shortly after the
fleets of Spain and France.
The reasons for yesterday's sharp rise in the stock market were much the same as those
behind last week's rally: a surge in the economy to a 5.6 percent annual growth rate and
improved corporate earnings balanced by the lack of signs of inflationary pressure.
Critics of the research study claimed that monkeys are so different from human beings that
comparisons between the two species can be as questionable—or as useless—as
comparisons between humans and mice.
For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than the economies of Britain,
France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained well below that of the
other three countries.
According to a 1996 study published in the Journal of Human Resources, Americans of
Middle Eastern descent were twice as likely as the average American to be self-employed.
According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of
American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other
graduates to plan on practicing in socioeconomically deprived areas.
The Arthritis Research Institute of America advises women of color that they are twice as
likely as White women to get osteoarthritis of the knee.
Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively are at
least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack.
X is at least Y% less likely than Z + complement.
* X has half the chance of winning that Y has

錯誤選項: "X has half the chance, or less, of... than Z".
Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as
adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.
A study on couples' retirement transitions found that, unlike men who took new jobs after
retiring from their primary careers, women who did so were more likely than those who
43
retired completely to report high marital satisfaction.
A survey of 765 working women over eighteen years of age found that 60 percent of them
worked 40 or more hours a week and that married women with children under eighteen
were more likely than other married women to work shifts different from their husbands'.
Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be
enrolled in lower-end insurance plans that impose stricter limits on medical services and
require doctors to see more patients, spending less time with each.
In 1945, after a career as First Lady in which she shattered expectations with an audacity
never matched by Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a
delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman.
* never..修飾 audacity
主詞/名詞: 可以單數跟複數比較(省動詞)
有受詞
P1 Results of a United States study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine have shown
-87 that college-educated women and women living in the South and West are significantly
more likely to use supplemental hormones than women living in the Northeast and Midwest.
*前有受詞，但than未補動詞，會不會因為時態一致所以不補？
* women living ….women living…..平衡
According to a new report by the surgeon general, women with less than a high school
education were three times as likely to begin smoking as women who went to college.
*前有受詞，但as未補動詞，會不會因為時態一致所以不補？
P39 A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and
associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than
those raised in confinement.
* 不可加在 than 後面加 do; the verb do ungrammatically interrupts the comparison and
should be eliminated. 因為有兩個動詞一起作比較
(x) gain weight quicker
G24 According to a 1996 survey by the National Association of College an University Business
-20 Officers, more than three times as many independent institutions of higher education
charge tuition and fees of under $8,000 a year as those charging over $16,000.
比較: The current economic downturn has significantly reduced advertising income both for
technology.
A study on couples' retirement transitions found that women who took new jobs after retiring
from their primary careers reported high marital satisfaction, more so than those who retired
completely.
* more so 尤其如此: so refers to "high satisfaction" here

* more than…加逗點, 因為要修飾的主詞是 women (修飾前一句), 不是 satisfaction.
* took 為過去式代表討論兩種女性，同一群女性可能的兩種選擇滿意度比較
主詞比較時需要不可補出動詞
求簡潔
原級+比較級= at least as adj/adv as

P75 In a recent poll, 86 percent of the public favored a Clean Air Act at least as strong as the
44
present act.
* a strong act
(x) as is the present act  不可補 is 破壞平衡
(x) as strong as or stronger than…. wordy
(x) favored at least strong a Clean Air Act as the present act  名詞的比較不明顯
P1-133 In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most
of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling other stars.
Constructed at least as early as the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581-618), the Altar of Heaven, the
oldest known altar used in Chinese state religious practice, is more than 1,000 years older
than a similar one in Beijing and is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing
dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).
The state religion of ancient China, which came into existence at least as far back as the
Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 220) and perhaps as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty
(1050 B.C. to 771 B.C.), allowed the ritual worship of heaven to be performed only by
emperors, who were perceived as special links between the earthly and celestial realms.
For global managers working with overseas clients, understanding cultural norms is at least
as important as grasping the pivotal business issues.
P94 Last year land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost as fast as, and in some
parts even faster than, those outside the pinelands.
(x) rose almost so fast,

主詞比較時需要補出 be 動詞避免歧義
have 與 had 如果單獨存在，要將視為完成式。

eg:
has visited → have
had flourished → had
Many teenagers undergo stress, but results of a recent study indicate that the patterns of
stress that girls experience are more likely to result in depression than are those that boys
experience.
A study published in the British Medical Journal showed that women who ate nuts more
than five times a week were about one third less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease
than were those who ate no nuts at all.
如果不補出，會變成 suffer from A than B

P106 Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were Aleuts
or Inuits of the Noah Pacific and northern Alaska.
如果不補出，會變成Sun跟Neptune比，than Neptune is是修飾sun
同一個主詞比較
同一個主詞比較，全寫齊，因為時間點不同
用it或they
During the last interglacial period, the climate on the Earth was warmer than it is today,
and the consequent melting of the polar ice caps caused the sea level to rise about 60
45
feet above its present height.
高出60英呎
Traffic safety officials predict that drivers will be as likely to exceed the proposed speed
limit as they are the current one.
Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in such high-
paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state's economy far more diversified
than it was ten years ago.
A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new
construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry's economic
health much more robust than it was five years ago.
(x) making the construction industry's economic health much more robust than five years
ago comparing the health to "five years ago."
Providing initial evidence that airport are a larger source of pollution than they were once
believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant
emitted annually by vehicles at O'Hare International Airport is twice that emitted annually
by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.
- A is twice as much as B，其中 as much as 可以省略--->A is twice B 兩個是一樣的

ex: He's twice her size.
To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers would have to know a
great deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
* 訊號字 forecasts
* economical means cheaper
(x) have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic 因為比較重點
是動詞
Y128 Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage
produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.
Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly
less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.
Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10000 years from
the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
Y76 Never before had taxpayers confronted as many changes at once as they confronted in
the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
還原: taxpayers had never before confronted

For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than it
originally seemed they would.
Scientists have found new evidence that people initially register emotions such as
sadness or anger in much the same way as they experience heartburn—by monitoring
what's going on within their bodies.
其他主詞比較特殊的寫法
*fish 單複數同形
*mammal’省了 eyes
*比較時，可以複數名詞跟單數名詞比；所有格對所有格比較
P72 The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its
numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in
the early 1970’s.
46
* a brush with: a time when you only just avoid an unpleasant situation or argument
A recent United States Census Bureau report shows that there are more than three times
as many households where the children and grandchildren are living in their grandparents'
home as there are households where the grandparents are living in their children's or
grandchildren's home.
Even though more money was removed out of stock funds in July than in any other month
since October 1987, sales of fund shares in July were not as low as what an industry
trade group had previously estimated.
* sales of fund shares 與 an industry trade group 不是同類所以不能比較 what 不能省
同一個主詞比較，as…as 第二個 as 當關代，故省略後面的主詞
(見 AS 其他用法)
同一個主詞比較，不同時間，省 than 後面的主詞及動詞
注意時間的介係詞不可省，且這時間指一個泛稱的概念，沒有一個明確時間點
One reason more young people lose their virginity during the summer than at other times of
the year is undoubtedly that school vacations give adolescents more free time.
(x) One undoubtable reason that young people lose their virginity more during the summer
than other times is
 undoubtable reason doens't make sense
Saying that they lose their virginity more during the summer is awkward because more
should be more often; otherwise, it sounds as if virginity is gradable (i.e., it has degrees--a
little, a lot, some, etc.), which it isn't. I.e., one can't lose one's virginity partially. It'd be like
saying people die more in the summer than in the winter, which isn't right. people sweat
more in the summer than in the winter would be okay, though, since sweating is something
that is gradable.
we should have a preposition after than--than at other times.
P102 Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than for any previous
campaign, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
* than (it had had) for any previous campaign

Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential
campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than in any previous election.
* the proportion in B is a summative modifier; i.e., it sums up the essence of something said
before in the sentence.
(x) a greater proportion than it was 因為比較 soaring TV costs，"it" refers to television
costs, which is plural
WRONG: The average American weighed more last year than he did 100 years ago.
This one doesn't work--the means we have one "average American," and this very same
average American is the one we're talking about. If this sentence were logically correct,
then this average American would have been alive for at least 100 years, and we'd be
comparing his weight now with his weight of the past.
47
CORRECT: The average American weighed more last year than 100 years ago.
This works. This construction, lacking the pronoun, allows us to "shift" the reference of the
"average American" to the current average American.
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher
than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made
up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
* ever (adv.) = at any time

P47 The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world's capital markets are more
closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be
transmitted to the rest of the village -almost instantaneously.
(x) than never before

The amount of paper that will be recycled this year is expected to be greater than ever, due
to new mandatory recycling laws in municipalities across the nation.
* 時態相同 was 省略，不可補出

Thunderclouds form when warm, moist air rises into cooler air above, either because the
ground is warmer than usual or because the interaction of two air masses, one warm and
one cold, forces warm air to rise.
According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which
more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.
(x) than they were 因為不知 they 指 babies 或 women

* - adjective phrase which modifies woman
we don't need an adjective clause here - no need of verbal action and other nouns
BE 動詞後的形容詞
或修飾動詞的副詞
P30 Thomas Eakins’ powerful style and his choices of subject—the advances in modern surgery,
the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with
themselves—were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.
* ours = our own time

The Environmental Protection Agency frequently puts mandatory controls on toxic
substances that present as little risk as one chance in a million of causing cancer.
新聞: I think you have one chance in a million.

說明:
as small a collection as three pirated albums has occasionally drawn the
attention of the recording industry.
in this case, 'collection', not 'albums', is the subject of 'has drawn' (which can be
inferred from the fact that 'has' is singular).
48
this is the case because this sentence is equivalent to the following rearranged
version:
a collection as small as three pirated albums has occasionally drawn the
attention of the recording industry.
The discovery that Earth's inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earth's
outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through
the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic
field.
* rotates (vi.) independently of (Earth's outer layers) and more quickly than Earth's outer
layers 的省略形式
S + HAVE + O
og1 In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than
0 that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.
-19
G29 According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and
-24 meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain
and more (fat) of a kind of fat thought to be good for cardiac health.
(x) wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fed on grain and have more fat of a
kind thought to be
 "that," I suppose, is meant to refer to "total fat," but "total fat" is not followed by "of" or
preceded by a possessive.
 It also says "have less X and have more Y" - we don't need the second have.
There is a widespread belief in the US and Western Europe that young people have less of
a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had and that the
source of the change lies in the collapse of the 'work ethic'.
* had 是一般動詞之過去式
動詞
不只主詞，包括動作的比較
Y85 Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained
townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do.
According to a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, aspirin prevents
blood clots just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug does.
(x) prevents blood clots just as well as does a commonly used and a more expensive blood-
thinning drug 主詞與動詞不一致
An exceptionally literate people, Icelanders publish more books per capita than do the
people of any other nation.
Y103 A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next
phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit
than the space shuttle can, and at a lower cost.
* can 不可省，can 後面省 deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit
49
Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten
to warm the Earth's atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon
dioxide will.
Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechet's student and protégé when he was nineteen and, for a
few years in the 1940's, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in
performance as anyone has ever come.
* "has ever come" - The usage of present perfect indicates that nobody has ever come
close to Bob Wilber till date.
(x) as anyone ever had been 比較的動詞是came
The guiding principles of the tax plan released by the Treasury Department could have
even greater significance for the economy than do the particulars of the plan.
* 直述法與假設語氣比較
不定詞比較
According to a recent study, the elderly in the United States are four times more likely to
give regular financial aid to their children than to receive it from them.
St. John's, Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France, but in spring St.
John's residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes than to be bracing themselves
against arctic chills, shoveling snow, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm.
兩個受詞比較
V +受詞
According to the Better Business Bureau, failure to advertise the highest price in a range of
prices for a service or product as prominently as the lowest violates the New York
Consumer Protection Law.
* vt + O1 as adv.as + O2 副詞修飾語不要插入動詞與受詞之間
* price of the lowest [price].
(x) if one fails to advertise the highest price in a range of prices for a service or product as
prominently as the lowest price, it it 無指代
(x) failure to advertise as prominently the highest price in a range of prices for a service or
product as the lowest  as adjective as – as noun as is not correct – eliminate it
Some scientists contend that many species of dinosaur had a metabolism more like a
warm-blooded mammal's than a cold-blooded reptile's.
Once positioned in space, the Hubble Space Telescope will capture light from sources
twenty times fainter than those that can be detected by ground-based instruments.
The Kwakiutl recognized one social unit larger than the tribe—the confederacy, which was a
cluster of loosely knit, informally related neighboring tribes who interacted with one another
more often than with other tribes.
介+受詞
Y123 Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts
from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.
* the point of comparision: the % of gross national product

G25 Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to
-Q37 excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are
gasoline powered and therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as
those for diesel-powered vehicles.
50
* be subject(adj.) to / be subjected(vt) to
(x) as they are for
 錯誤之處 subjective pronoun they is used in place of objective pronoun those
* Stringent emission standards should be followed by "for". If we use " of" that means
standards are formed with regard to diesel vehicles but the sentence specifies that even
the diesel vehicles follow the same standards.
If current trends continue, by the year 2010 carbon emissions in the United States will soar
to a level more than one-third higher than that in 1990, according to official projections.
(x) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than it was，錯在 would
D48 Critics contend that the new missles is a weapon whose importance is largely symbolic,
more a tool for manipulating people’s perceptions than for fulfilling a real military need.
Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private
employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring
Though certain breeds of dog are renowned for their sense of smell, there is often a greater
difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than between
members of different breeds.
Patience Lovell Wright, whose traveling waxworks exhibit preceded Madame Tuscan's work
by 30 year, became as well known for her eccentric personality as for her skillful wax
renderings of popular public figures.
Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used as a
substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams,
far less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each.
According to two teams of paleontologists, recent fossil discoveries in Pakistan show that
whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates—a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs,
and hippos—than to any other mammals.
O→S To meet the rising marketing demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice
as fast as they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on
special diets.
子句
Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more because their bodies burn
calories too slowly than because they eat too much.
Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because their sales a
year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their
holiday gifts.
依句意的比較
舊 The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of
OG income maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo
was earning annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for
London.
Until a few centuries ago, any large bones discovered in the fields or caves of Europe,
bones now known to be those of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be the
remains of giants and were often displayed as curiosities in castles, palaces, town halls,
churches, and monasteries.
51
AS 其他用法
判斷 AS:
1. 有當主格或受格嗎？關代
2. 如果當連接詞，時態不同時，不能省動詞，時態同才可省動詞
AS(連) 表達「當…時，隨著」= when 表一段時間
As a child = when a child
Y13 As Hurricane Hugo approached the Atlantic coast, it increased dramatically in strength,
becoming the tenth most intense hurricane to hit the United States mainland in the
twentieth century and the most intense since Camille in 1969.
P64 In the textbook publishing business, the second quarter is historically weak, because
revenues are low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare for the coming
school year.
In the 1820’s, anthracite coalfields opened in eastern Pennsylvania, and as canals and
eventually railroads reached into the region, substantial supplies of coal were exported to
the nation’s growing mills, forges, factories, and railways.
Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to
save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas
Consumer confidence levels, which many economists consider an early indication of the
economy's direction, sagged as the stock market tumbled, but not dramatically enough to
give a clear picture of new spending patterns.
The artist Renoir’s last word was “flowers,” spoken as a bouquet of roses just picked from
his garden was being arranged in a vase on his bedroom windowsill.
藝術家 Renoir 所說的最後一個字是"flowers", 說這個字的時間點正是枚瑰花束被 arranged(安

放)在他臥室窗臺上的花瓶裡的時候(而這花束正是從他的花園裡所摘的)
In a blow to those still harboring the illusion that E-mail exchange are private, a watchdog
group recently uncovered a trick that enables an interloper to rig an E-mail message so that
this person will be privy to any comments that a recipient might add as the message is
forwarded to others or sent back and forth.
According to entomologists, single locusts are quiet creatures, but when locusts are
placed with others of their species, they become excited, change color, vibrate, and even
hum.
Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo
transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being
offered $1,000 to do so.
According to Einstein's theory of relativivty, light rays are deflected by the gravity of a
nearby massive body, an effect that can be observed when a star appears to shift position
as its light passes near the Sun.
Results from the 1998 National Demographic and Health Survey confirm that, even when
compared with densely populated countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, the Philippine
nation consistently exhibits fertility rates that exceed those of all.
The condor, when it is high in the sky and soars over the foothills that on hot, dry days look
like brushed brown suede, attains a majesty that is rare amoung birds in flight.
* condor 兀鷹
* foothill: (n.) A hill near the base of a mountain or mountain range.
52
* suede: (n.) leather with a napped 短茸毛 surface
* majesty: supreme greatness 威嚴
* "on hot, dry days" modifies "looks like brushed brown suede", we want it to be a general
reference to the conditions.
(x) High in the sky, soaring over foothills that on hot, dry days look like brushed brown
suede, the condor attains a majesty that is rare among birds in flight.
 it sound like the condor is "high in the sky" right now.
P32 The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still
experience some of the effects of a divorce that occurred when they were children.
* 副詞子句修飾最近的動詞，when 修飾 occur
(x) a divorce occurring when children
 when 的邏輯主語變 a divorce
P80 Under a provision of the Constitution that has never been applied, Congress is required to
call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to
do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states．
* when 修飾最近的動詞
AS(連) 如同表達「相似」含意時，
As (連) 接完整句子，修飾主要子句動詞 use 'as' when comparing actions/ verb
Like (介) 接名詞，修飾主詞
"like" is used to compare nouns. Just nouns - nothing else.
"as" is used to compare clauses (ie, a phrase that includes a verb - could include a noun, too, but
has a verb)
(x) like nuclear reactors 雖然接名詞片語仍不對，變成 nuclear fusion 與 nuclear reactors 比

較，原句是比較動詞需用 as。
The aristocratic values expressed in the writings of Marguerite Yourcenar place her within
the French classical tradition, as does her passionate interest in history, particularly Roman
history.
Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which
trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
* as 後省主詞 trees are

In Hungary, as in much of Eastern Europe, an overwhelming proportion of women work,
many of them in middle management and light industry.
4. as 後省主詞及動詞
5. In Hungary, as (an overwhelming proportion of women work) in much of Eastern
Europe, an overwhelming proportion of women work, (and) many of them (are) in
middle management and light industry.
Y73 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still
a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.
(x) like that of earlier generations.

 like is to compare nouns/pronouns while as it to compare clause. in this case, it is
comparing clauses.
53
There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can
be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.
* 省主詞 legal limits

* monkfish 單複數同形
Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, as
adults do, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.
(x) like adults

 So, logically, the sentence is not just comparing children to adults, but what children
don't do to what adults do. Children don't organize systematically. Adults do organize
systematically. Because the verb is part of this comparison, we have to use "as."
A "like" sentence might say: Bobby's eyes, like those of his brother Peter, are blue. I'm not
comparing "are blue" to something else - in fact, there isn't even another verb in the
sentence to compare with. Here, I really am just comparing Bobby's eyes to Peter's eyes
(just nouns), so I use "like."
AS(連) 因為
Whereas lines of competition are clearly defined in the more established industries, in the
Internet industry they are blurred and indistinct, as companies that compete one day may
be partners the next (省day).
* "as competing industries one day may become.." one day變成修飾become

Y5 As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the
company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in
the past have conceded to rivals.
AS 關代
AS is the case with
the case …是常有的情形
As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful
online drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also
buy other health-related items.
A new genetically engineered papaya was produced not by profited-motivated seed
companies, as was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for
commercial use, but by university and United States Department of Agriculture researchers
who allowed growers to sue it free of charge.
As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in
its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject its outer envelope of gases to
* 比較 any star 與 the Sun

54
(x) like they were more recently  like + verb is wrong.
There are hopeful signs that we are shifting away from our heavy reliance on fossil fuels:
more than ten times as much energy is generated through wind power now as was the case
in 1990.
AS 關代 AS MANY N AS 第二個 as 將 N 當主詞或受詞，且 N 可以省略
AS MUCH N AS
表示「相同數目的」或是「同程度的、同量的」
錯誤選項: so many …as

Y76 Never before had taxpayers confronted as many changes at once as they confronted in the
Tax Reform Act of 1986.

P92 According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,
companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly
eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation's four-year colleges and
universities.
* as many as (people)
(x) as many as the enrollment of
enrollment 此當註冊過程，不可 people(人)跟 enrollment(數字)比較
enrollment 也可當註冊「人數」注重數字的意思，但是此 as 非關代，後面需要接 S+V
Y37 In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on
September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on
the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.
還原
Americans were killed (in....) four times as many as (Americans) would later be killed on the
beaches of Normandy during D-Day.
G24 According to a 1996 survey by the National Association of College an University Business
-20 Officers, more than three times as many independent institutions of higher education
charge tuition and fees of under $8,000 a year as those charging over $16,000.
比較: The current economic downturn has significantly reduced advertising income both for
technology.
in 1990.
Scientists have found signs that moving water changed the chemical makeup of the surface
of Mars in recent eras and have therefore concluded that the planet's crust harbors up to
three times as much water as previously thought.
Most Corporations pay at least twice as much to full-time employees, if the value of
benefits, sick days, and paid vacation days is included in earnings, as they pay to part-time
employees, whose hourly wages are often higher than those of their full-time colleagues.
* 也可寫as to part-time employees

55
(x) , as is paid
As (介) + 身份
下一句立刻接此人，不要接泛指的名詞如 one of
錯誤選項: while being +身份

As the chair of the planning board for 18 consecutive years and a board member for 28
years, Joan Philkill attended more than 400 meetings and reviewed more than 700 rezoning
applications.
* 不可寫 as the former，因為動詞是attended，當時參加會議時是具有董事會的身份的

As an educator, a builder of institutions and organizations, and a major figure in the Black
church and secular feminist movements, Nannie Helen Burroughs was one of the best-
known and most well-respected African Americans of the early twentieth century.
* 原題是將Nannie Helen Burroughs寫在句尾。

As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins used her considerable influence with Franklin D.
Roosevelt to prevent him from restraining strikes by longshoremen and automobile workers.
(x) As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins’ considerable influence

Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller's career began in an unpromising
apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European
governments and learned societies could bestow.
(x) apprenticeship of being 身份

P43 Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence as an adolescent, Frances Willard was 35
years old before she chose to become a temperance activist.
(x) while in adolescene

Although he had proposed finding cuts to the CIA as a senator, John KErry sought to
bolster military spending after the AMerican terrrorist attacks.
(x) while being a senator

(x) while in senate
需加 the "while in THE senate"
as (介) + N 作為受詞補語
having the function or character of sb/sth
其他可參考 regard A as B 等片語
The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division of a
rival company for $950 million as part of a deal that will make it the largest manufacturer in
the office color-printing market.
P87 The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian—vegetables, fresh
cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, with meat as a rarity.
* meat 不屬於蔬菜清單
G28-37 Roughly one-half of the world’s population, including virtually all of East and Southeast
Asia, is wholly dependent on rice as its staple food.
As = for instance
So-called green taxes, which exact a price for the use of polluting or nonrenewable fuels,
are having a positive effect on the environmental and natural resource base of countries as
varied as China, the Netherlands, and Hungary.
56
* varied: 多元
* “as varied as” modifies countries
China, Netherlands and Hungary are shown as an example to display the different kinds of
countries.
(x) as varies as are

 會變成跟 taxes 比較
(x) as varied as those of
 those 指代不明 (A and B) of C
(x) that are as varied as:
"that" is already redundant. we already have the word "countries' before it so why also
add "that"?? remember the construction when using such a comparison : x as....as y
Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial, as when the
three major networks each broadcast exactly the same statement from a political candidate.
THAN 當關代
Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of
the movies—fewer than have been killed by bee stings.
* than 為關代 fewer (people) than(=who) have been

* the man-eater of the movies 為同位語
句意：這世紀只有七個人死於在電影以吃人者著稱的大白鯊，其人數比被蜜蜂螫死的還要少
According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and
most of the nation's largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive
internet data over regular telephone lines at speeds much higher than are currently
possible.
Y137 The company announced that its profits declined much less(adv) in the second quarter
than analysts had expected and that its business would improve in the second half of the
year.
* 必用 would 表 uncertainty
(x) had expected 受詞 profits 省略，不可接 them
原句 analysts had expected (its profits to decline)
慣用法, than 比較句子裡,have expected or have anticipated or have estimated 後都可以省
略受詞
LIKE 作比喻 (想像的情況)
Jerry plays pingpong as a professional player. JERRY 是職業運動員

Jerry plays pingpong like a professional player. JERRY 不是職業運動員，但是打球打的很好）
Y122 More than 30 years ago Dr. Barbara McClintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that
genes can "jump," like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another.
57
* like an expert 是作比喻，可 as an expert do 表示現實存在的
否定句 NOT SO MUCH A AS B 與其講 A，不如講 B
According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so
much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have
relatively few founding members.
Although one link in the chain was demonstrably weak, it was not so weak as to require the
recall of the automobile.
數量詞
從 0%增加至 100% 從 100%減少至 0%
複數可數名詞 many more most few fewer fewest
(表數) (含否定意味)
不可數名詞 much more most little less least
(表量) (含否定意味)
MORE THAN/ LESS THAN + 數字(包括分數、百分比) + 名詞

視為單純副詞相當於 over/ under，非比較句型，意思為多於/少於
錯誤選項: higher than/ lower than

MORE THAN + 數字 + 名詞
dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).
More than fifty years after the Second World War, a number of African American soldiers
were awarded─some of them posthumously─the Congressional Medal of Honor, the
nation's highest military award, in long-overdue recognition of their outstanding bravery.
in recognition of something：表彰
He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of his service to the company.
More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's
fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
* 第二個more than是由which is形容詞子句改來的。

* the part of the sentence that contains "which" could be taken out and the statement would
hold on its own and there would be no blow to the actual logic.
Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic,
compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.
P69 Organized in 1966 by the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Breeding Bird Survey uses annual
roadside counts along established routes to monitor changes in the populations of more
58
than 250 bird species, including 180 songbirds.
* established 固定的
(x) of as many as or as more than….wordy
Y135 Spanning more than 50 years, Friedrich Muller's career began in an unpromising
apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European
governments and learned societies could bestow.
* Spanning more than 50 years 修飾 Friedrich Muller's career

* more than 修飾 span
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal
found in the Philippines and resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on
its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a
red eye.
* first discovered more than 30 years ago 修飾 sunbird

* more than 修飾 discover
不可用 more than 的句子
The amount of paper that will be recycled this year is expected to be greater than ever, due
to new mandatory recycling laws in municipalities across the nation.
(x) More than ever, paper is expected to be recycled this year, due to new mandatory
recycling laws in municipalities across the nation.
 More than ever, is misleading as it incorrectly points out that it is time based and not
quantity based.
 "more than ever" seems to be modifying the expectation of paper being recycled rather
than the actual quantity of paper being recycled.
 "paper" is not countable so saying "paper" being "more than ever" expected to be
recycled is wrong.
LESS THAN + 數字 + 名詞
Less (n.)
less (a quantifier & adv.) ex: it costs less than..
ex: earn less than 9% (less than 修飾 earn)
干擾選項 lower (adj.) ex: Employment costs were lower than... or a lower cost of..
* we generally use non-count modifiers (less, amount, much, etc.) when we are referring to
percentages and fractions, even when those numbers refer to count nouns. The concept behind
this is that we are focusing on the number itself, not on the things the number represents.
* less (n)
Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively are at
least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack.
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their
descendents, popular known as killer bees had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.
59
"Less than 35 years after..." implies that we are discussing a reality that exists at a point in
time.
In the major cities of industrialized countries at the end of the nineteenth century, important
public places such as theaters, restaurants, shops, and banks had installed electric lighting,
but electricity was in less than one percent of homes, where lighting was still provided
mainly by candles or gas.
Like the African white and black rhinos, the Sumatran rhino has two horns, but the front one
is generally less than a foot long and the second is so small that it often appears to be
missing.
substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far
less than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each.
When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950’s, some 4,000 existed
in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.
* You were confused by that many; the that is a demonstrative and refers to the number
4,000 that was already mentioned in the sentence. Compare it to something like I didn't
know that many people would show up.
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in
California, amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly
three-quarters a decade ago.
* down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago 從 3/4 開始下降(十年前此人口比接近 3/4)。

* by 解釋為"相差" ex: He is taller than I by two inches.
(x) down from what it was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters 比十年前下降了將近 3/4。
Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly less
than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.
*less than修飾rose
Roy Wilkins was among the last of a generation of civil rights activists who led the nation
through decades of change so profound that many young Americans cannot imagine, much
less remember, what segregation was like.
* “cannot imagine, much less remember" means that remembering is more difficult than
imagining.
ex: Jojo had so little money when she was in college that she couldn't even afford to buy
new clothes, much less take a vacation.
This sentence means that Jojo could afford to buy new clothes, but taking a vacation was
even more difficult.
LESS (adv.) 修飾抽象概念 (後面非接數字)
Y98 As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most
of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access
to water was less(adv) limited.
A study published in the British Medical Journal showed that women who ate nuts more
than five times a week were about one third less(adv) likely to suffer from coronary heart
disease than were those who ate no nuts at all.
*less 修飾 likely(adj)
Y137 The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than
analysts had expected and that its business would improve in the second half of the year.
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HAVE LESS OF 單數名詞(抽象概念)
THE AMOUNT OF 不可數名詞

(amounts of 後面有接可數或不可數名詞，但是考試選項還是以找不可數為主)
* 整個詞組 the same amount of acreage 為單數

Sales of United States manufactured goods to nonindustrialized countries rose to $167
billion in 1992, an amount that is 14 percent higher than the previous year's figure and
largely offsets weak demand from Europe and Japan.
* an amount 指$167 billion

In an effort to reduce the number of fires started by cigarettes, a major tobacco company
is test-marketing a cigarette in which thin layers of extra paper are used to decrease the
amount of oxygen entering the cigarette, thereby slowing the rate at which it burns and
lowering the heat it generates.
Following the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, investigators concluded that
many key people employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its
contractors work an excessive amount of overtime, a practice that has the potential for
causing errors in judgment.
P34 Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy
used by visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and
underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
* 不可用 it 代
Y54 When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try to
establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to
encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.
G30 Employing the same techniques used to genetically enhance plants so that they are
-17 disease- or pest-resistant, researchers have been able to increase the amount of protein
in potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tobacco.
Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research
indicates that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or
made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.
By pressing a tiny amount of nitrogen between two diamonds to a pressure of 25 million
pounds per square inch, scientists were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but
to create a semiconductor similar to silicon.
The amount of paper that will be recycled this year is expected to be greater than ever,
due to new mandatory recycling laws in municipalities across the nation.
P1 Surveys have shown that up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in
-Q112 affluent countries consume insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or have
61
* amounts of 複數N
舊 OG Some scientists have been critical of the laboratory tests conducted by the Federal Drug
Administration on the grounds that the amounts of suspected carcinogens fed to animals
far exceed those that humans could consume.
* amounts of 複數 N
考古 The commission acknowledged that neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff can
ensure the safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved the
installation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken.
* vast(adj) amounts(n.) of money(n.u)……a large(adj.) staff(集合名詞，視為單數)

amounts of (X nor Y)
(x) neither vast amounts of money nor staff members
 "vast amounts of money" is a group so it is a singular where as "staff members" is just
plural noun.
AMOUNT (v)
FIGURE 用法 (figure: 0~9; figures: 10 以上)

In 1973 mortgage payments represented twenty-one percent of an average thirty-year old
male's income; in 1984 the figure was forty-four percent.
In 1981 children in the United States spent an average of slightly less than two and a half
hours a week doing household chores; by 1997 that figure had grown to nearly six hours a
week.
Sales of United States manufactured goods to nonindustrialized countries rose to $167 billion
in 1992, an amount that is 14 percent higher than the previous year's figure and largely
offsets weak demand from Europe and Japan.

(x) ,14 percent higher than the previous year's figure
 but it modifies 1992 instead of $167 billion
 It can't be C--that would leave offsets without a subject.
Y4 A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female
ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation’s clergy, double (adj.) the figure for 1977.
* 此種寫法意在強調數字，必用”the” figure
(o) as many as in 1977
Last year the company's largest division reported a six percent rise in consolidated profits, in
contrast to the figures from the previous year, when it had sustained substantial losses.
In 1800 women born, on average, 7 children; by the Great Depression this figure had
dropped to 2.2.
62
* the Great Depression 1928
week.
NUMBER
In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929
almost twice that number of trucks alone came off the assembly lines.
* "that" would imply 469,000 from the first part of the sentence.不可用 the
(x) the numbers of trucks 不可用複數 numbers
RATIO
The ratio of A to B is
Although women’s wages are improving, Department of Labor statistics show that the ratio
of their earnings to those of men has been roughly static since 1960.
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay
of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
LEVEL
the level of
If current trends continue, by the year 2010 carbon emissions in the United States will soar to
a level more than one-third higher than that in 1990, according to official projections.
Geologists believe that the Bering land bridge, over which human beings are thought to have
first entered the Americans, disappeared about 14,000 years ago when massive glaciers
melted and caused the sea level to rise several hundred feet worldwide.
The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable - to natural processes such as
shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to the ever-
increasing pressures of development.
At Shiprock, New Mexico, a perennially powerful girls’ high school basketball team has
become a path to college for some and a source of pride for a community where 49 percent
of the household incomes are below the poverty level.
published.
After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present in
core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was
able to reconstruct the history of precipitation in tropical South America over the past 25,000
years.
Y7 Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat
because they have a heat-exchange network that keeps the brain from getting too hot.
After analyzing data gathered by weather satellites, scientists report that the Earth's northern
latitudes have become about ten percent greener since 1980, due to more vigorous plant
growth associated with warmer temperatures and higher levels of atmospheric carbon
dioxide.
The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the
63
mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have direct contact with
the latter by means of an ichana (dream) experience.
P29 According to some economists, the July decrease in unemployment to the lowest level in two
years suggests that the gradual improvement in the job market is continuing.
(x) to a two-year low level 無此用法

Cash flows to stock and bond mutual funds have gained strength in the last two months, but
fund managers have not been eager to invest the new money, instead preferring to raise the
cash levels in their portfolios to the highest level in six months
FEW / FEWER THAN 複數可數名詞

 當 fewer than 比較對象明確，而且非指特定個(群)體時，可以省略主詞
 fewr of N
size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gases that
have been implicated in global warming.
Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their
native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these
leopards are thus many times more rare than China's giant pandas.
* fewer people
(x) movies, fewer than the ones…句意變成蜜蜂殺電影 fewer than the ones" is unidiomatic
(x) a number lower than the people 變成數字跟人比，應改為"a number lower than the
number of people"
* the clue is the number 7. When talking about a definite number, 'fewer' must be used.
When talking abstract numbers, 'lesser' is used.
GREATER THAN/ LESS THAN 數字大於/小於

greater than 優於 at least as adj. as
比較時不用形式對稱
注意: 以下句子不可替換為 more than N(N 數量多於)，句意變成更多數字，而不是更多 N

P72 The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its
numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the
early 1970’s.
* a brush with: a time when you only just avoid an unpleasant situation or argument
* The plural "numbers" means a large crowd or multitude, while the singular "number"
refers to a specific quantity of individuals.
Y126 A wildlife expert predicts that the reintroduction of the caribou into northern Minnesota will
fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is greater than one wolf for
every 39 square miles.
64
* density (n.u)
(x) numerous 只修飾可數名詞
A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking
program, California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125
packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that in the nation as a
whole.
(x) to about 60, more than twice as great as that

 "more than twice as great as that" could refer to "60" instead of to the drop.
可用 greater 形容的名詞
Though certain breeds of dog are renowned for their sense of smell, there is often a
greater difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than between
members of different breeds.
LITTLE 接不可數名詞
LITTLE (n.) OF
P88 Down-zoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for
more open space in areas where there are few services and little available water.
with age.
The Environmental Protection Agency frequently puts mandatory controls on toxic
substances that present as little risk as one chance in a million of causing cancer.
Y2 Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, perhaps none was more
concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little
more than three decades.
* little more than 差不多

* in…decades
The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization
that there is little that is significantly different in the underlying mental processes manifested
by people from different cultures.
* 不可省掉第二個that因為significantly是副詞，如果省了可修飾different或是little.
* little為名詞後面that子句修飾之，意思為顯著差異很少
LOWER/ LOWER THAN 修飾 price/ revenue/ expenses 相關的概念

HIGHER/ HIGHER THAN
"measurement" words: rate, level, the number, an amount, speeds

we don't say a fast or slow rate, do we? Isn't it more natural to say a high or low rate?
we don't say a hot temperature, we say a high temperature, right?
LOW
P08 The rising cost of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a
growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently
and at lower cost.
65
competitive prices.
school year.
Although people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same
rate, the death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
Y100 Bihar is India's poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of
the most impoverished countries of the world.
* lower than 為形容詞子句修飾 income

X is lower than Y
Y132 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to a
lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a
weakening of the dollar.
Although unhappy with the high rent her company was paying for its suburban office
building, the chief executive recognized that rental rates for buildings in the suburbs were
far lower than those typically charged for property located within the city limits.
HIGH
Y30 An inventory equal to 90 days sales is as much as even the strongest businesses carry,
and then only as a way to anticipate higher prices or ensure against storages.
P86 Since 1986, when the Department of Labor began to allow fees of investment officers to be
based on the performance of the funds they manage, several corporations have begun
paying their investment advisers a small basic fee, with a contract promising higher fees if
the managers perform well.
After analyzing data gathered by weather satellites, scientists report that the Earth's
northern latitudes have become about ten percent greener since 1980, due to more
vigorous plant growth associated with warmer temperatures and higher levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher
than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made
up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
possible.
The announcement followed a statement by German regulators last week that phone
companies would be able to share parts of the networks for so-called third-generation
phones and other mobile devices that are linked to the Internet at much higher speeds than
are currently possible.
LARGE 可修飾可數跟不可數名詞
Large is often used with nouns concerning numbers and measurements.
原級詞組
large steel plants, the larger animal, large mammals, a large audience, some large
66
investors, large bones, larger banks, large new hospitals, large western farms
a large number of faculty members, a large number of different surface features, a large
number of long-distance calls, a large amount of spending, large quantities, a larger source
of pollution
a large increase in the number of biologists, a large rise in the number of housing, a large
drop in oil prices
比較句型
P63 Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason
is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading
microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of
such chemicals.
P1-133 In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most
The Kwakiutl recognized one social unit larger than the tribe—the confederacy, which was
a cluster of loosely knit, informally related neighboring tribes who interacted with one
another more often than with other tribes.
Meteor showers and individual streaks of light that flash across the sky every night are
generated when tiny flecks of celestial detritus, often no larger than grains of sand or
pebbles, burn up while speeding through the atmosphere.
最高級 (LARGEST, SMALLEST, BEST)

P113 In A.D. 391, as a result of the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the largest of the
ancient world, later generations lost all but the Iliad and Odyssey among Greek epics, most
of the poetry of Pindar and Sappho, and dozens of plays by Aeschylus and Euripides.
* the largest library of the ancient world 小範圍 of 大範圍

An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and
Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass
of Jupiter, the solar system’s largest planet.
The electronics company has unveiled what it claims is the world’s smallest network digital
camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighs less than 11 ounces.
P29 According to some economists, the July decrease in unemployment to the lowest level in
two years suggests that the gradual improvement in the job market is continuing.
(x) to a two-year low level

無此用法且與原題是最高級不合
Defying efforts by policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic to restrain it, the United States
dollar continued its rise, reaching its highest level in six years against the German mark.
NYT Since 2001 these old-fashioned young ladies have been joined by modern “girls of the
year,” the newest of whom is named Mia.
67
BIG vs. SMALL 考題少
超過 EXCEED, SURPASS, OUTNUMBER

Exceeding even the figures predicted by the most optimistic financial analysts, the automobile
company's earnings in the first quarter were more than double those of the previous quarter.
Traffic safety officials predict that drivers will be as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit
as they are the current one.
(x) as likely that they will exceed the proposed speed limit as the current one.
 they變成指officials
 it is likely that.....這種表達方式，需要用虛主詞
Immigrants from the Mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of virtually
every other immigrant group in the increasingly diverse United States economy.
The quality of early pieces of blown glass excavated in Italy and Western Europe far
surpasses that of pieces from the eastern Mediterranean, not only with regard to the variety
of shapes represented, but also in terms of decorative techniques and functionality.
The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall Street's
estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase sales further.
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period
beginning a few years before Susana’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before
Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.
* Here outnumber has ONE CLEAR referent: the letters. There's no confusion.
(x) Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period
beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before
Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering....
錯在"Outnumber" has to modify the LETTERS not the process of writing right? But if you use
"outnumbering" it could be modifying the action of the previous sentence----but the action of
writing can't outnumber anything. Only physical objects can outnumber other physical
objects. Answer A isn't necessarily wrong but the problem is that "outnumbering" takes on two
possible referents: the letters and the action.
SUPERIORITY
(o) superior to
(x) superior over
Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor car was demonstrated and its superiority
to the horse proved, much of the early hostility to it in rural regions disappeared.
* (was) proved
AS MUCH AS / AS MANY AS 不是一樣多的意思，而是多達

as long as 長達 (另有一個意思為只要)
Y30 An inventory equal to 90 days sales is as much as even the strongest businesses carry, and
then only as a way to anticipate higher prices or ensure against storages.
68
90 天的銷售庫存對於最強的商業運作也是足夠的了，這樣做僅僅是預期更高的價格或者是防
止貨物短缺的方法在美國英語中 inventory 是一個抽象名詞,指一個店裡的所有存貨,但前面是
可以加冠詞 a/an 的. 這裡 an inventory 是指一種<在店中儲備相當於 90 天銷售量的存貨方法>.
因為是抽象名詞,所以是 as much as.
An inventory equal to 90 days sales is as much as (the inventory) even the strongest
businesses carry (省 N), and then (is) only as a way to anticipate higher prices or ensure
against shortages.
* equal to 接不可數名詞
(混) not so much as 只用在否定
Diesel engines burn as much as 30% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as
well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have
been implicated in global warming.
At the turn of the twentieth century, forest covered as much as 90 percent of Thailand and
accommodated as many as 300,000 elephants, a third of them domesticated and
performing various essential tasks.
* as many as + N
Each year companies in the United States could save as much as $58 billion by preventing
illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker
performance if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.
The five hundred largest manufacturing firms in the United States produce goods worth
almost as much as those of the remaining four hundred thousand firms.
In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20
percent of the leaf and small-stem material, the most nutritious part of the plant, shatters
and falls to the ground.
(x) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall
 the placing of "all parts" certainly sounds awkward
P92 According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,
companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly
eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation's four-year colleges and
universities.
* as many as (people)
(x) as many as the enrollment of
度量單位
Y31 Egyptians are credited with having pioneered embalming methods as long ago as 2650 BC.
* to creadit x with
P33 Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2, 000 years
older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.
* 原題為原級比較，正確選項為比較級，因為句意為早 2000 年，不是一樣老

(x) as old as any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors
* 如果要表達兩個都是一樣年紀
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A is as old as B, which is 100 years.
A is 100 years old and B is as old as A.
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of
some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, fossils that are at least 25 million years
older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.
than a similar one in Beijing and is the only altar found so far that predates the Qing dynasty
(A.D. 1644-1912).
In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut
through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city
known to Homer’s heroes.
(x) older than

 Whenever you deal with anything related to History it's better to use Ancient to compare
rather than Older, etc.
Y111 A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that
would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.
* vision 視力(n.u) be rated about

ex: Until she was eighteen she had 20-20 vision - now she has to wear glasses.
比較 The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact
include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
因為已經明確講出 30 feet long，所以可以不用寫累贅的 as big as

their movement to be observed during a single human lifetime.
* at speeds
possible.
speeds.
Often incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave, a tsunami, a seismic sea wave that can reach
speeds of up to 150 miles per hour and heights of up to 200 feet, is caused by underwater
earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
*表速度習慣用speed of
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A FUND FOR
Federal legislation establishing a fund for the cleanup of sites damaged by toxic chemicals
permits compensating state governments for damage to their natural resources but does
not allow claims for injury to people.
new tunnels.
(x) funds for the completing of new tunnels

"for the completing" is awkward
in this case "for the completion" would be better
新聞 In fact, these loan guarantees will provide Israel the funds with which to complete the
colonization of the occupied territories in contravention of our long-standing foreign policy.
Corporate finance committees do not plan the detailed activities of the various divisions in
a large firm, but by their allocation of investment funds they make strategic judgements as
to where the firm should expand.
* "by doing x you get y indirectly"

* It best conveys the intended message that the strategic decision are synonymous with
their fund allocation
* The primary action of the corporate finance committee is to allocate funds, not to make
strategic decisions. But through allocation of funds, they do make strategic decisions on
where the firm should expand.
(x) but they make strategic judgements on where the firm should expand when they
allocate investment funds
 C implies that the primary decision of the committee is to make strategic decisions on
where they should expand and the fund allocation is an outcome of that decision, which is
not correct.
 C states only that they happen simultaneously.
COST(vt)… in 在…方面
(n) cost of doing sth
the cost TO X
the cost OF Y
the cost to X of Y
It has been estimated that Illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost
industrial output and tax revenues.
(x) the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of
lost industrial putput and tax revenues
'...annual costs... x billion a year...' redundant
With the cost of wireless service plummeting in the last year and mobile phones becoming
increasingly common, many people are now using their mobile phones to make calls across
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a wide region at night and on weekends, when numerous wireless companies provide
unlimited airtime for a relatively small monthly fee.
The most common reasons for an employee's unwillingness to accept a transfer are high
mortgage rates, the greater cost of housing in the new location, and the difficulty of selling
the old home.
* the cost of doing sth." is a better structure then "the cost to do sth."
* 比較 cost to maintain
It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry
of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined
petroleum.
* the cost to X of Y 兩個片語合用

* the cost to the industry ≠ the industry’s cost
(x) The United States petroleum industry’s cost to meet environmental regulations is
projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the
decade.
RATE FOR
My rate for fixing dishwashers is $50 an hour.
P76 State officials report that soaring rates for liability insurance are forcing cutbacks in the
operations of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers
and recreational facilities.
Some psychiatric studies indicate that among distinguished artists manic depression and
major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in the population at large.
(x) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as
prevalent as in
 'the rates' cannot be 'prevalent'.
(x) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent when
compared to
 As requires clause – eliminate it
SELL
Sth sell for $ 以$出售
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Sth is sold for $
Sth is sold by sb
BUY
To buy a single-ride ticket for $2
Y110 In June of 1987, The Bridge of Trinquetaille, Vincent van Gogh's view of an iron bridge over
the Rhone, was sold for $20.2 million, the second highest price ever paid for a painting at
auction.
The company is negotiating to sell its profitable credit card subsidiary and plans to use
money from that sale to acquire some of the mortgage-servicing operations that are being
sold by troubled savings institutions.
PAY/ PAYMENT
pay $
the difference between pay and pay for ex: I paid $10 to the waiter for lunch.
make payments
* pay $ for
(x) , making beneficiaries pay 20 percent of the costs
Municipalities have begun demanding that private developers pay an increased share of
the costs of expanding the current road networks, sewer systmes and other public services
to accommodate new development projects.
P74 The bank holds $3 billion in loans that are seriously delinquent or in such trouble that it
does not expect payments to be made when they are due.
* delinquent 到期未付的
(x) pay payments
DAMAGE BY (vt)
DAMAGE / INJURY (n.u)
damage from
damage to property
injury to
(x) damaging to
 using the gerund 'damaging' implies the state govt have damaged their own resources
Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and that, if it
were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage to part of the planet but would probably
not cause planetwide destruction.
Y124 Canadian scientists have calculated that every nine years a human being will be struck by a
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meteorite, while each year 16 buildings can be expected to sustain damage from such
objects.
The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain
names of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit,
led to the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which
allows companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain
names with the sole intent of selling.
COMPESATE FOR / CLAIM FOR

give compesation to sb
COMPARED WITH/ COMPARE TO

Compare to is used to compare unlike things as compare with is used to compare like things.
Compared with nonrunners, people who run three days a week save an average of 14.1 percent
on health-care costs each year in the United States.
Studies that have compared the different types of insects in coffee plantations with those in
tropical forests have reported finding either a similar or a greater variety in plantations.
Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles,
cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a
smoother ride.
The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared with many
other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some paleontologists have argued
that Lucy represents a different lineage.
後面加數字
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of
blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
* 錯誤表達方式不可將 as…as 與 compared to 改寫 as…as compared to

In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than
ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35
percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.
Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared
with about 35 percent a decade ago.
CONTRARY TO N = in opposition to + N 修飾全句時,N 通常是某種意見

Contrary to financial analysts’ predictions last year that the market for home computers would
dwindle, the personal computer industry continued to show strong growth in the first quarter of
this year.
(x) analysts, who predicted 與預測相反，不是與分析師相反
否定比較 SO....AS
One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not
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so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new
and different ones.
* not so much ….as 後面的比較重要
可相比 BE COMPARABLE TO
Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible for high-definition digital video
cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity nearly comparable to that of 35-millimeter
film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.
相像 RESEMBLE
A resemble B > A bears a resemblance to B
the close resemblance BETWEEN a AND b
the close resemblance of a TO b", not "a WITH b".
The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of
Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been
discovered in Madagascar.
P59 Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape's and so were probably without language,
a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.
尼安德人有像猿一樣的發聲器官，或許因此缺乏語言，這個缺陷可以解釋何以他們被我們人
類所替代
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found
in the Philippines and resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its
head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red
eye.
The human nervous system bears a superficial resemblance to a telephone system both
because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of
its neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of
central exchange.
As researchers continue to probe the highly expressive vocal and postural language of
wolves, the close resemblance between wolves and dogs becomes ever more striking.
* A and B 不要用代名詞
THE MORE….THE MORE

A new study finds that the more hostility people show in their behavior and attitudes, the
more likely they are to have calcium deposits in the arteries of their hearts.
* they are more likely to have..

Certain gerontologists have reported that the more the older people continue to challenge
thier brains with reading, writing, and other thought provoking exercises, the less likely their
cognitive functions will diminish
(x) their cognitive functions are less likely to diminish

Kaplan The more a product costs, whether it is a bottle of wine or handbag, the more likely it is to
be esteemed by consumers.
(x) , like a bottle fo fwine or handbag

75
 原句 ", be it a bottle of wine or a handbag" means "regardless of whether it's a bottle of
wine or a handbag". "Like a bottle of wine or a handbag" means "for example, a bottle of
wine or a handbag", which isn't the same thing as "be it".
ON AVERAGE 平均 & AN AVERAGE OF 平均數

ex: an average of about 2.7 million viewers
ex: an average audience of 10.81 million
Y12 After gradually declining to about 39 hours in 1970, the workweek in the United States has
steadily increased to the point that the average worker now puts in an estimated 164 extra
hours of paid labor a year.
Compared with nonrunners, people who run three days a week save an average of 14.1
percent on health-care costs each year in the United States.
An international group of more than 2,000 scientists projects an average global warming of
between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000.
A recently published report indicates that the salaries of teachers continue to lag far behind
those of other college-educated professionals—by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at the
start of their careers, and by almost $24,000 a year by the time they reach the age of 50.
The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year;
transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the
atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.
The automobile company announced that the average price of next year's cars and trucks
would decrease four-tenths of one percent, or about $72, from that of comparably equipped
models this year.
A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay
of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.
句子開頭
THAT 子句
That the new managing editor rose from the publication's soft news sections to
a leadership position is more of a landmark in the industry than that she is a woman.
That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar
highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that
they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
動名詞開頭
不定詞開頭
To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish
twice as fast as they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising
them on special diets.
形容詞開頭, being 去掉
Y74 Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere when hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.
* (because ozone is) often visible as smog,

THERE
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There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of
monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through
overfishing.
in 1990.
There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively
used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air
drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar.
副詞片語倒裝句
AMONG 必接複數名詞，不可接單數名詞
主詞 the rate 動詞 is
Y116 Out of America's fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of
furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the
claw-footed bathtub.
* A market…. has grown out of …. 不及物動詞不動，主詞與副詞片語換位置

Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at
stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of
the world’s largest multinational banks.
* 主詞 the solvency, solvency: (n.u) (債務等的)償付能力

so too 放句首要倒裝
Y18 Computers are becoming faster, more powerful, and more reliable, and so too are modems,
the devices that allow two or more computers to share information over regular telephone
lines.
* modems are so, too.

假設語氣倒裝
*倒裝限於 were, had (past perfect), should
*倒裝步驟 (1) if 刪掉 (2)主詞動詞對調
Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, a star would
collapse under its own weight.
* 前句修飾 a star
常見錯誤開頭
Based on …., S + V. 主詞必是物
部分倒裝，為了讓句子由輕到重
1. That loaf that you sold me was stale.
That loaf was stale that you sold me.
2. The rumor that Mary has sloped with John is going about.
The rumor is gong out about that Mary has eloped with John.
3. A review of his article came out yesterday.
77
A review cam out yesterday of this article.
4. The time to decorate the house for Chirsitams has come.
The time has come to decorate the house for Christmas.
原句 A baby with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500 emerges
from the darkness of the womb.
members made monthly payments on their share and then took turns drawing subscriptions
on the funds for home mortgages.
Of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on
Earth, nearly 99 percent have vanished.
Nearly 99 percent of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that have
appeared on Earth have vanished.
appear 不一定要發生在 vanish 之前，因為有些物種出現了，有些物種消失了。並不是一起出

現，然後一起消失。沒必要強調先後順序，因為本來就是同時發生，互為消長的關係。
Of the people who brought about the Reformation, the religious revolution that grew out of
objections to the doctrines of the medieval church, the best known is Martin Luther.
原句: The best known of the people who brought about the Reformation is Martin Luther.
"of the people..." modifies "known" - an adverb modifies an adjective.
(x) Martin Luther is the best known of them.  of them 多餘
* grow out of: develop from 產生於

The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C.,
bringing with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the southern
India alphabets.
* Many English words derive from Latin. 許多英文字起源於拉丁語。（沒有使用被動式）

The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank's
funding by $75 billion, though some United States legislators cite as an obstacle to
congressional passage the concern that the bank's loans will help foreign producers
compete with American businesses.
When Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at
the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention in 1848, she included in it a call for female
enfranchisement.
The Industrial Revolution, which made possible the mass-production of manufactured
goods, was marked by the use of new machines, new energy sources, and new basic
materials.
* the splitting of continents(adj) apart(adv)

介係詞片語用逗號隔開表示 additional information，以避免修飾語誤置
Y121 A firm that specializes in the analysis of handwriting claims to be able, from a one-page
writing sample, to assess more than 300 hundred personality traits, including enthusiasm,
78
imagination, and ambition.
* from a one-page writing sample 為副詞片語修飾 assess

(x) claims from a one-page writing sample 變成副詞片語修飾 claims。claims is contained in
the writing sample
* assess…from
The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make a large number of
long-distance calls, the Federal communication's recent telephone rate cuts will greatly
reduce costs, though some consumer groups disagree with the government's estimates,
suggesting they are too optimistic.
舊 A controversial figure throughout most of his public life, the Black leader Marcus Garvey
OG advocated that some Blacks return to Africa, the land that, to him, symbolized the possibility
of freedom.
(x) that some Blacks return (n.) to the African(adj.) land symbolizing the possibility of
freedom to him
not clear what symbolizes freedom - the African land itself or the Blacks returning to the
African land. Also, implies that freedom is only for him, not the Blacks.
否定開頭倒裝句
Never, seldom, little, nor, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, not only
no is better than not any in GMATland. It is similar in meaning to 'not a' or 'not any' and is often
our preferred choice if we want to give emphasis to what we are saying.
no is used before singular and plural nouns.
No longer do many cities in United States have a river as the focal point of urban life, but in
San Antonio the river winds through the middle of the business district, and the River Walk,
or Pasco del Rio, is the city's most popular attraction.
the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible,
some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era has been no less remarkable
than the development of the compact disc
不定式修飾 technology, 插入語可以抽掉
運用新科技再生 pre- LP 時代所錄製的音效, 不輸於 CD 的開發。
Freedman's survey showed that people living in small towns and rural areas consider
themselves no happier than do people living in big cities.
(x) "not ANY happpier"

any applies to something countable... can we count happiness?
79
(x) no happier than are people who are living in big cities
 focus isn't on the fact that people live in a city, but on the fact that they "DO CONSIDER"
themselves less or more happy. This sentence states that people living in big cities are
already happy
陷阱: Usually when you say "I consider myself happier than you", you are really saying "I
consider myself happier than you are"
In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its
return of 1910-1911.
部分否定(Partially Disagree):
all, every (everybody, everything…), both, always, quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, completely,
seldom, hardly, little
1. 直接把否定詞 not 放在被否定詞之前。
All/Both/Every...not" = "Not all/both/every..." 的句型只是在表達「部分否定」的意思
ex: Not all the apples were rotten.  Some of the apples were rotten though again some
were not.
ex: All is not gold that glitters. (並非所有會發亮的東西都是金子，或所有會發亮的東西不全都
是金子 (但有些會發亮的東西確實是金子)
2. 用 not 來否定動詞。
ex: I can not catch everything in the book. 我沒有完全掌握書中的內容。
全部否定:
all → none
both → neither
every → no
everyone → no one（= not any one = nobody）
everything → nothing
ex: Neither of us is a teacher.

ex: No children of five can recite the alphabet.
ex: Nobody in politics is a good person.
ex: Any star found that contains no lithium is not one of these coolest brown dwarfs.
* "Not all" suggests some of the proceedings were shown live and some were not.
(x) all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried
live  If we start with All, the intention of the Although X..Y case is misunderstood. It sounds
like All the proceedsing were carried out. The not comes too late in the sentence, causing
the sentence to be confusing.
(x) carried alive  because alive deals with life, not a live broadcasting.
副詞片語開頭句子
注意地方副詞如果放句首打逗號，修飾後面句子的主要動詞。
80
* 原句 last year 修飾 earthquake
(x) Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the
earthquake had been constructed in violation of the city’s building code.
Last year 修飾 construction
Y107 In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes
between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease,
and genuine manic-depressive psychosis.
在他的研究報告，醫學指導人 Dr. Fros 將心情起伏過大(可能會有暴力傾向但不是基於精神
病)與真的燥鬱症區別出來。
P75 In a recent poll, 86 percent of the public favored a Clean Air Act at least as strong as the
present act.
substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned
to the United Nations.
Y102 In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter
capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.
* S+V 緊密連接，不要被插隊
school year.
P110 In two letters to the historian Tacitus, the nephew of Pliny the Elder wrote the only
eyewitness account of the great eruption of Vesuvius.
* the only eyewitness account of

* 因 to account for 果: to be the cause of
* 如果 in two letters..置句尾，則變成在信中火山爆發
In the mod-1920’s the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company was the scene of
an intensive series of experiments investigating the effects that changes in working
conditions would have on workers’ performance.
P17 In the mid-1960’s a newly installed radar warning system mistook the rising of the moon for
a massive Soviet missile attack．
hybrid vigor.
* partly to acquire... and partly ... to provide... 平衡兩個不定詞
Y60 More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater
economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite
strained municipal budgets and fading federal support.
auction.
In 1945, after a career as First Lady in which she shattered expectations with an audacity
never matched by Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a
delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman.
* shatter expectations 粉碎期望

81
* with an audacity 勇氣
* be matched by: John Major's rhetoric is never matched by action.
In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his
family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than
500 slaves who were legally considered his property.
P55 In one of the most stunning reversals in the history of marketing, the Coca-Cola company in
July 1985 yielded to thousands of irate consumers who demanded that it bring back the
original Coke formula.
還原
Y19 In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of
enzymes that are the organism's attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical
irritant.
* the chemical irritant 同時是 metabolize 與 render 的受詞，

另外，render O1 O2 (由輕到重) render O2 O1=>
render harmless the chemical irritant (render 使得) 使得 dioxin 變得沒有傷害性
* render (vt) 使得
Y56 In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed
building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline
and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
* parallel (adj) to: She was travelling parallel to her previous route.
In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut
through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city
known to Homer’s heroes.
P51 In developing new facilities for the incineration of solid wastes, we must avoid the danger of
shifting environmental problems from the pollution of water by landfills to the pollution of air
by incinerators.
P53 In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two upstate New York counties owed
restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands
in the eighteenth century.
以下句子不可副詞片語開頭
* one Earth: 修飾 indications 暗示 indicators are available elsewhere (譬如靠近太陽)

* 如果將 on Earth 放在句首意思為 it implies first that this belief is only true "on earth" (暗示
恕火星人不同意).
S-V aggrement
容易忽略的字/句子
The skill and the precision of the Anasazi, ancient inhabitants of south west, in measuring
82
the movements of the sun and moon are evidenced not only at chaco canyon but at
number of other sites.
* skill in doing sth (x) skill to V

In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low
ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually
administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and
technology.
*複數: the media

* 國家代名詞 it
* French (n.u) 法文
Because her mother was unable to support a family, Marilyn Monroes spent the first seven
years of their life with a couple who became foster parents to supplement thier income.
 "Marilyn Monroes" implies Marilyn Monroe family require plural referent

字結尾為 s
Y3 Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation's third leading cause
of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
THE NUMBER OF ≠ A NUMBER OF
THE NUMBER OF 接單數動詞
A NUMBER OF = NUMBERS OF = MANY 接複數動詞

(ps: numbers of 前面不可加a或the)
More than fifty years after the Second World War, a number of African American soldiers
were awarded─some of them posthumously─the Congressional Medal of Honor, the
nation's highest military award, in long-overdue recognition of their outstanding bravery.
in recognition of something：表彰
He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of his service to the company.
With its plan to create a wildlife sanctuary out of previously unused landfill, Sweden is but
one of a number of industrial nations that are accepting their responsibility to protect
endangeared species and promote conservation.
天山 3-
7
In Scotland, the wild salmon's numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and
coastal netting coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish's
habitat.
(x) the wild salmon’s numbers

The Coast Guard recently redesigned channel markers in the Chesapeake Bay to
accommodate large numbers of ospreys, whose huge nests formerly obstructed the lights.
83
Y43 Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the
number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
Y88 The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control
system, leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting fears among
some officials that safety is being compromised.
P05 A Labor Department study states that the number of women employed outside the home
increased by more than thirty-five percent in the past decade and accounted for more than
sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force.
Part of the proposed increase in state education spending is due to higher enrollment: the
number of students in public schools has grown steadily since the mid-1980's and, at nearly
47 million, has reached a record high.
In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male to attract
females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in fact
serve as an approximate thermometer.
講全體
THE + 單數名詞
= 複數名詞
The + 複數名詞/集合名詞，表示『所屬的全部』
ex: They are the teachers of ours school.（他們是我們學校的全體老師）為 all the teachers
ex: They are teachers of our school.（他們是我們學校的老師）為 some of the teachers 的意思
Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery
limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on
its coat and between its toes.
* the sloth = sloths

限定用法 THE + 複數名詞
If we use “the”, we are saying that there are only 50 million Turks in the whole world.
If we don’t use “the”, we are saying that there are possibly more than 50 millions Turks in the
world.
As a result of the ground-breaking work of Barbara McClintock, many scientists now believe that
all of the information encoded in the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in a human cell is
contained in a mere three percent of the cell's DNA.
We need "the" to indicate that we are referring to the "information contained in THE 50K TO
100K genes - in other words A specific set of genes found in a human cell.
In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family,
friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves
who were legally considered his property.
解釋一
 Here's another way to think about it: ignore the "more than" part of the sentence and ask
yourself would you say "the slaves" or "slaves". If you would say "the slaves", then you use
"the more than". If you would say "slaves", then you use "more than".
84
 If it had simply been "500 slaves" then we would have said:
He set free more than 500 slaves.
 He set free the more than 500 slaves. He also set free 100 horses. That suggestion could be
a stand alone sentence and would indicate that not only did he set free 500 slaves, but also
someone/something else.
解釋二
 "Setting free more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property" means that he
set free something more than 500 of his slaves, implying that there were other slaves that he
did not set free.
 " Setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property" means that
he set free all of his slaves, who numbered more than 500.
 it was the filing of a deed that made possible the setting free....
Complex human traits such as artistic talent or social skill are likely to be shaped by thousands,
if not tens of thousands, of the 80,000 or so genes in the human genome.
Although it was expected that workers under forty would show hostility to the plan, the research
report indicates that both younger and older people approve of governmental appropriations for
Social Security.
* the younger and the older people

 there is no article needed since it is a research report, therefore generalization without 'the'
 we usually use "the" to show a specific subject... and younger and older is a general group...
 when we say " the younger" and "the older" , we mention people of the kind.
Thus, adding "people" is redudant.
集合名詞 Collective nouns: 常當作整體行動時用單數，強調個別行動用複數

人: population, crowd, aristocracy, the public, majority, audience, community, committee, company,
council, crew, staff, faculty, group, team, club, band, family, class, choir
媒體: media, press
政府: jury, government, admimstration, nation, army, navy
計算單位: swarm, flock, pack, unit
永遠用複數的集合名詞 people / police / cattle

物: furniture, equipment, clothing, jewelry,
Some people are of the opinion that because the police have limited power, they are
incapable of curbing crime successfully.
(x) Some people are of the opinion that the police are incapable of curbing crime
successfully because they have limited power.
 they refers to some people and so it is incorrect.
P07 Delighted by the reported earnings for the first quarter of the fiscal year, the company
manager decided to give her staff a raise.
P81 The current administration, worried about the removal of some foreign trade barriers and
the failure of our exports to increase as a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has
formed a group to study ways to sharpen our competitiveness．
目前的管理者，擔心外貿壁壘的消失和(因為美元貶值導致增加)出口的失敗，組成了一個研
究提高我們競爭力方法的小組。
85
* army 代名詞為 it
A +集合名詞+ OF 接單數動詞
majority of +N 動詞隨 N 走
After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present
in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists
was able to reconstruct the history of precipitation in tropical South America over the past
25,000 years.
An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and
Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement,
the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in
his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to
complete.
* 當主詞跟受詞一致時，寫 complete 即可，不需寫 complete it

The majority of scientists believe that to reduce and stabilize atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide, emissions must be cut at the source by burning fossil fuels more efficiently
and, in some cases, by replacing fossil fuels altogether with alternatives such as hydrogen
fuel cells.
The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that
will ultimately place more women in leadership position in politics and business.
The + 國家/種族/宗教 = 集合名詞接複數動詞
但是講此族的社會用 it
Y15 The Iroquois were primarily planters, although they supplemented their cultivation of maize,
squash, and beans with fishing and hunting.
Y72 Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the
benefit of animal transport or the wheel.
P2 Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida alone among
-54 the five-nation Iroquois League sided with the colonists during the American Revolution.
The + adj = 集合名詞：接複數動詞
ex: the rich (=rich people), the poor, the homeless, the visually impaired 視覺上受損傷者，即視障者。
報章雜誌名/畫作品前加定冠詞 The XXX

Y109 Published in Harlem, the Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A.
Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler
86
Owen.
auction.
ONE 指不特定的人或物
one, that, it 都可以代替前面已提過的名詞，但用法不同，句意也不同：

6. it 與前方所指的事物是"同一個"
7. one 與前方所指的事物是"同一類"，並非"同一個"，one 指的是這一類中的任意一個，所以稱不
定代名詞；複數為 ones
8. that 與前方所指的事物是"同一類"，並非"同一個"，但與 one 不同的是，that 有"指定"這一類中的
某一個，而非任意一個，是指定的，故稱指示代名詞；複數為 those
所以：it 指同一個；one 指同類中任意一個；that 指同類中另一個
Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the
past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when
they do appear.
The domestic cat descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, an
exceedingly recent divergence with respect to genetic evolution and one which scarcely
seems sufficient to allow the marked physical changes in the animal.
Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank
until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were
not to be concluded.
* if the deal were to V 與未來事實相反
In many nations, criminal law does not apply to corporations, but in the United Stated today,
a corporation commits a crime whenever one of its employees commits a crime, if the
employee acted within the scope of his or her authority and if the corporation benefited as a
result.
Caribou are wary animals with excellent hearing, so to stalk them over the treeless
landscape and get close enough to kill one with nothing but a handheld lance, as Dorset
people did, required exceptional hunting skill.
* 不可將 one 改為 it
不可使用 one 的考题
Pensions are now viewed as a deferred payment of salary, money workers are compelled
to put away to take care of themselves in later years.
(x) a worker is compelled to put away to take care of one's

 'take care of himself' would be more appropriate. So, ruled out.
 use of one's, oneself is awkward, and not appropriate unless the noun 'worker' is
changed to 'one'
With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase;
the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.
(x) one should ask for a written description of one's purchase 因為沒畫線的地方用 you，所
以要求主詞一致性，都用 you
objects.
87
考 one 與 a 的區別
(x) one 強調數量,特指; a 泛指 One human is too specific when the calculation is in regard to
any human on Earth. because "one human being" implies that there is only one person in
particular and no other one who will be struck by a meteorite. This is equivalent to saying
that every nine years, only John Doe and no other one will be struck by a meteorite.
P85 Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that
it is present when it is not.
(x) and indicate that there is one when it is not. 未畫線處有 it 需指代 a condiction 所以畫線處
也需用 it 不然 when it is not 中的 it 會無所指代
To spread the word about mortgage servicers, the Federal Trade Commission has put
together a fact sheet that outlines your legal rights if you get caught in a mortgage servicing
mess.
ONE OF N + 單數動詞
Y89 Presenters at the seminar, one of whom is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment that
allows visually impaired people to use computers.
result.
THE ONLY ONE OF + 複數 N + 形容詞子句 (子句單數動詞)
THE FIRST ONE OF + 複數 N + 形容詞子句 (子句單數動詞)
表示為眾多中的其中一個
ONE OF +複數 N + 形容詞子句 (子句複數動詞)
The effect of ocean white caps on global warming is one of the many aspects of the ocean
environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to
predict how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate.
Twenty-two feet long and 10 feet in diameter, the AM-1 is one of the many new satellites
that are part of a 15-year effort to subject the interactions of Earth’s atmosphere, ocean,
and land surfaces to detailed scrutiny from space.
With its plan to create a wildlife sanctuary out of previously unused landfill, Sweden is but
one of a number of industrial nations that are accepting their responsibility to protect
endangeared species and promote conservation.
* It may seem as we have two competing rules ("one of" vs "a number of"), but we don't.
"Sweden is" means that Sweden has been taken care of - we have subject and verb, so
further verbs won't necessarily have to agree with Sweden.
"a number of industrial nations" is the subject for the rest of the sentence. Therefore, we
need:
"a number... that are.. their..".
ONE OR MORE + 複數 N + 複數動詞
Because of a similarity to dance, synchronized swimming—exhibition swimming in which
88
the movements of one or more swimmers are synchronized with a musical accompaniment
—is sometimes called water ballet, especially in theatrical situations.
* be synchronized with/to
THE PROPORTION OF….單數動詞
* comparably (adv) 比 to a comparable extent 來的簡潔
 In Hungary, as (an overwhelming proportion of women work) in much of Eastern

Europe, an overwhelming proportion of women work, (and) many of them (are) in
middle management and light industry.
度量衡作主詞視為不可數名詞，一律單數動詞
表重量、長度、時間、價值、距離（即使是複數）也視為單數
Ten dollars is a lot to pay for a piece of candy.
Three years is a long time to wait for a visa.
Four cups of coffee in the morning is quite a lot of coffee.
When talking about money in this sense, you are actually talking about a single amount, so it is
non-countable.
Correct: This sofa costs less than 500 dollars.
But: He had fewer than five hundred-dollar bills in his wallet.
Between 1970 and 1979 the value of the manufactured goods brought into the Unite States
each year rose from less than four billion dollars to almost thirty billion.
1. X of Y
X: %, percent, number, fraction etc.
Y: subject
動詞跟 Y 走
2. 數字 out of 數字
* we generally use non-count modifiers (less, amount, much, etc.) when we are referring to
percentages and fractions, even when those numbers refer to count nouns. The concept behind
this is that we are focusing on the number itself, not on the things the number represents.
89
It's okay to use a singular noun like this when we are using percentages, fractions, etc.
eg: Three of my friends have a car.
eg: Fifty percent of all families have a car.
因為理論上來說，這麼多人不會共用一個物
percent of the leaf and small-stem material, the most nutritious part of the plant, shatters
and falls to the ground.
The subject is : 20 percent of (a and b)

Rule: When portions are used, the verb form of the object of the portion is used.
The object of 20 percent is leaf(adj) and small-stem(adj) material. Material is singular.
(x) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall
According to United States census data, in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young
children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were
employed outside the home.
* 原題有 while，注意 work 位置，如改寫成分詞 working，會變成修飾到 children

G28-
37
Roughly one-half of the world’s population, including virtually all of East and Southeast
At Shiprock, New Mexico, a perennially powerful girls’ high school basketball team has
become a path to college for some and a source of pride for a community where 49 percent
of the household incomes are below the poverty level.
Three out of every four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle.
This April, three out of seven people will file a tax return with a disk found in software stores
and accounting texts.
X of Y
X: INDEFINITE QUANTIFIERS (SOME, ANY, NONE, ALL, MORE, MOST, ALL)
Y: subject
動詞跟 Y 走
Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for
throwfing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when
Europeans saw Dharug-speaking men tossing "bumariny" in the area later known as
Sydney.
* Regardless of their form..修飾主詞

(x) Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made
for throwing has been called….their 無指代
Y17 None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime explains why most of the people
exposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of
those not so exposed do.
* conversely: 指與前面相反
NONE + 單數動詞
90
三者以上
ANOTHER (pron.) (adj.):
another + 常接可數單數 N
One more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.
P57 A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage without
another doctor's testimony about proper medical procedures.
Birds known as honeyguides exhibit a unique pattern of behavior: the bird leads another
animal, such as a honey-badger or a human, to a bees' nest by chattering as it flies ahead;
after the larger animal takes honey, the bird eats the wax and bee larvae.
A new hair-growing drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, that the drug's
maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.
Using technology as new as space-age fabrics and as ordinary as common dry-cleaning
chemicals, scientists and historians are attempting to clean and preserve the American flag
that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore in 1814, hoping that it will then last another 200
years.
ONE ….ANOTHER 三者之間
It is a special feature of cell aggregation in the developing nervous system that in most
regions of the brain the cells not only adhere to one another but also adopt some
preferential orientation.
The Kwakiutl recognized one social unit larger than the tribe—the confederacy, which was a
cluster of loosely knit, informally related neighboring tribes who interacted with one another
more often than with other tribes.
* in depth
Dr. Sayre’s lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relation of one nation with
another that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular
support.
* 注意 relation 用單數
91
(x) Dr. Sayre's lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between
nations that illustrate what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular
support.
 we cannot use between when the number is more than two
If the claims of coastal nations to 200-mile territorial seas were accepted on a worldwide
basis, more than thirty per cent of the world’s ocean area would come under the jurisdiction
of one or another national state.
OTHERS (pron.) / OTHER (adj.)
other + 可數多數 N
other pearls = others
Several more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.
G28-21 According to entomologists, single locusts are quiet creatures, but when locusts are placed
with others of their species, they become excited, change color, vibrate, and even hum.
Even though sub-Saharan Africa often evokes images of drought and famine, researchers
say that the area is the home of more than 2,000 grains, vegetables, roots, fruits, and other
foods that could feed the continent and even other parts of the world.
Unlike other Mayan cities, Cancun seems to have used its strategic position at the foot of
the highlands, a source of jade, obsidian, and other valuable commodities, to become a
commercial power throughout the lowlands.
AMONG
最高級用法
New York is the greatest among all cities in the world.
London is among the greatest citites in the world.
London is one of the greatest citites in the world.
was among the first(n.) of Britain's national museums to seek support from corporations
and private donors and to increase income by increasing attendance.
* Among the first of N (plural)

* support from: you are getting help from some group.
* support of: "In support of his party, Diego defended the actions of his fellow party
members."
(x) one of the first of Britain's national museums seeking support from
(x) C is ambiguous because Britain's first national museums seems to mean first of the
British museums that were national 也是錯誤寫法
Roy Wilkins was among the last of a generation of civil rights activists who led the nation
through decades of change so profound that many young Americans cannot imagine, much
less remember, what segregation was like.
In archaeology, there must be a balance among explaining the value and workings of
archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and promoting respect
for archaeological sites.
Although low in per capita income, India is among the ten most industrialized nations,
92
among the only seven countries that have launched their own Earth satellites, and among
the three countries that have the largest pools of technically trained persons.
Byron possessed powers of observation that would have made him a great anthropologist
and that make his letters as a group the rival of the best novels of the time.
* powers of observation …make

* we require as a group - as we compare collective group of letters with best novels of the
time.
WITHIN
We'd using within in the context of within a group or geographical area.
For example:
"Among Canadians, moose are the most popular pets."
"Within Canada, moose are the most popular pets."
When Nigeria achieved full independence in 1960, it had already established a federal
political structure that consisted of three regions based on the three major population
clusters within its borders.
Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the
difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sub-languages or dialects within it,
but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand.
result.
After more than four decades of research and development, a new type of jet engine is
being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or
help boost cargoes into space at significantly lower costs than current methods permit.
Scientists have found new evidence that people initially register emotions such as sadness
or anger in much the same way as they experience heartburn—by monitoring what's going
on within their bodies.
He was released on bail on condition that he did not go within half a mile of his mother's
address.
With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for
about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringing its western border within
reach of the Pacific Ocean.
Y47 By providing such services as mortgages, home improvement loans, automobile loans, and
financial advice, and by staying within the metropolitan areas, Acme Bank has become one
of the most profitable savings banks in the nation.
In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were
closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised
the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus
was growing on the walls.
So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry, so persistent her
93
lobbying for wage and hour reform, that Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt recruited
Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker.
Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness and encouraged
voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but also with outsiders.
FIRST
The first balloon passengers were a sheep, a duck, and a rooster that ascended from
versailles, France, in a basket beneath a hot air balloon in september 1783.
* ascend (vi) 不可改被動
(x) A sheep, a duck, and a rooster were the first balloon passengers that ascended from
versailles, France, in a basket beneath a hot air balloon in september 1783.
改變句子重心 we are talking about the first ballon passengers in Versailles, France, not
the first passengers in the world.
* undergo(vt) + N/Ving 此動詞已經包含 process 意味

* a pledge 保證書
The first time that Larry, laden with packages, walked down the ramp he tripped and nearly
dislocated his shoulder.
* laden(adj.) with = loaded with sth

* a ramp = a slope
* simple past is correct because both events were happaning at the same time.
(x) Larry walked down the ramp, laden with packages,

here looks like ramp is laden with packages
(x) Larry, laden with packages, had walked down the ramp
Unnecessary use of perfect
The first pulsar, or rapidly spinning collapsed star, to be sighted was observed in the
summer of 1967 by graduate student Jocelyn Bell, but the discovery was not announced
until February, 1968.
The first shots of the American Revolution, fired at Lexington and Concord. Massachusetts,
were, according to legend, heard around the world, but news of these shots took four days
by swift messenger to reach New York City and another eleven days to reach Charleston,
South Carolina.
The first commercially successful drama to depict Black family life sympathetically and the
first play by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway, Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in
the Sun won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award in 1959 and was later made into
94
both a film and a musical.
二者之間
ONE …THE OTHER
All that remains from a given number; the rest of a specific group.
THE OTHER/ THE OTHERS (pron.)
THE OTHER (adj.)
Generally, "the other" means "the second one." In other words, we can only use "the other one"
when we are talking about only two things, such as our eyes, feet, ears, hands, or legs.
For example, "I have two sisters. One is a doctor, and the other one is an artist."
I have three books. Two are mine. The other book is yours.
I have three books. One is mine. The other books are yours.
Y138 The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets-Mercury, Venus, and Mars-spin
was determined by collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the solar
system.
size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gases that
have been implicated in global warming.
The contractor and the engineer agree on the cause of the bridge failure, but each blames
the other.
A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three
best novels ever written by a Black American — the others being Richard Wright's Native
Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.
* The others refer to books, not authors.

* 此 being 是 are 的分詞
(X) Black Americans 因為 Jean Toomer 是單數 a Black American
(X) — including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison →
including 可以理解為 Cane 這本書包含了另外兩本書
The complex tax dispute between the Covered Bridge Mall and Harris Township is not likely
to be adjudicated for several years, and, in the meantime, each side is intent on creating
difficulties for the other.
(x) both sides are intent on creating difficulties for each other
B says that they are creating difficulties for themselves as well as for the other group
EACH OTHER 二者之間
* namely 接 that 子句作 feature 同位語
It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of
planetary nebulas, are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other at close
range.
BETWEEN X AND Y
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錯誤選項 between x with y
P14 From the time of its defeat by the Germans in 1940 until its liberation in 1944, France was a
bitter and divided country; a kind of civil war raged in the Vichy government between those
who wanted to collaborate with the Nazis and those who opposed them.
One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie
not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context
to new and different ones.
Acid rain and snow result from the chemical reactions between industrial emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides and atmospheric water vapor to produce highly corrosive
sulfuric and nitric acids.
Because Halley's comet changes orbit slightly during the seventy-six-year interval between
its passes close to Earth, it may veer onto a collision course with a planet sometime in the
distant future.
* Between is correct. Question talks about nth pass and (n+1)th pass (which occurs every
76 years).
* 'between' refers to interval and 'its' refers to comet.
* veer: to change direction
(x) between passing close to Earth An interval requires two events / points in time and we
only have one: "passing close to Earth"
(x) of passing B you would have "the time span of passing close to Earth", which lasts 76
years. I understand this as "the comet is close to Earth for 76 years and after that it's not
close anymore", which is not the intended meaning of the sentence.
The animosity between those who regulate and those who are regulated has never been
more pronounced than in recent debates over environmentalism and pollution control.
* "Has never been" implies that it STILL has never been as bad
* "was never" means that, at the time, it was never as bad, but things may have become
worse since then
P95 If Dr. Wade is right, any apparent connection between eating highly processed foods and
excelling at sports is purely coincidental.
(x) connection of A and B
EACH (adj, adv, pron.)

In his experiments with gravity, Isaac Newton showed how the motion of each planet in the
solar system results from the combined gravitational pull of the Sun and all the other planets,
each contributing according to its mass and distance from the others.
(x) of all the other planets  It says COMBINED gravitational pull of sun and other planets...
if you repeat OF before other planets - it'll become the combined gravitational pull of sun and
the combined gravitational pull of other planets which would obviously be absurd.
(x) each of which contributing according to its

 'Each of' expects either dependent clause or noun following it. But there is a pronoun
'Which', that follows without a dedicated [verb +noun] - incorrect.
Y38 Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its
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genes to fashion a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an
invading microbe or foreign substance.
* ...and each (antibody) is specifically targeted at...

* fashion: (v) to influence
(x) each 不可改 all of them，因為 each 單數對後面的 an microbe
The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than
75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex
regional system of roads.
the other.
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses
will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.
* and each group has its own executive  去掉 and 與 group

改成  , each having …. , each with ….
Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of which
has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the
top of taste bud.
Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Villas plain by the Mars
Pathfinder indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years
ago and the degree to which rocks were scattered by its force.
P15 Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of
ideographic characters, each(adj.) character a miniature calligraphic composition inside its
own square frame.
* character…composition…its 均單數
For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, provided with high-energy feed, and milked
regularly, Holstein cows will produce an average of 2,275 gallons of
milk each (adv.) per year.
At an orientation meeting, the travelers were told that they would each (adv.) need a visa, a
landing card, and evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever.
Although it claims to delve into political issues, television can be superficial, as when the
three major networks each (adv.) broadcast exactly the same statement from a political
candidate.
(x) all
 it's better to use each than it is to use all, since each network is operating ndependently--
all implies that the networks were working together.
Pronouns 代名詞指代
- 在 A's B 結構中，代詞只能指代 B 而不能指代 A
- Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive
- A pronoun usually refers to something earlier in the text (its antecedent)
- The referent pronoun and its antecedent must agree in person, number, and gender.
- possessive adjectives + noun
97
ex: their eyes
- Relative pronoun (that, who, which) agree with the immediately preceding noun.
- Subject and object pronouns (it, they, them) agree with the subject of the preceding clause or
sentence
- It was an oversimplification to say that pronouns refer to the closest noun.
- In the vast majority of cases, if a pronoun agrees with both a previous subject and a previous
object, it will refer to the subject, even though the object is usually closer.
- 什麼叫 ambiguous?
驗證方法 I always think, "Would an 8th-grader understand this?" (Or someone about 13 years
old.) An 8th grader wouldn't know whether the manufacturers or the agents were conducting
the activities in the second half of the sentence. Since both theoretically could, it's ambiguous.
- 產生 ambiguous 的例子:
Eva exercised daily with Jasmine so that SHE would stay in good shape.
Manhattan SC says: the pronoun SHE does not have one clear antecedent. SHE seems to be
refering to Jasmine (as Jasmine is the closest noun) but it also could be feferring to Eva. We
can correct this ambiguity by rewriting the sentence as follows:
Eva hoped to stay in good shape so SHE exercised daily with Jasmine.
- 不會產生 ambiguous 的例子:
同一個動詞，當主詞發出動作，自己不會是受詞
- What's important here is not the location, but the "importance" of the noun being referred to.
Bob mentioned something about the prominence of the noun. This is actually much more
important than the location of the noun. For example, if I say a friend of Joe's, Joe doesn't
carry that much importance; the focus is on the friend. If I say the cars in the lot that are dirty,
the lot doesn't matter too much. in the lot is there only to tell you where the cars are; the focus
of the sentence is still the cars.
- 同一句子，代名詞一樣，先行詞就需一致；同一個先行詞，不可用兩個不同代名詞
- The antecedent to a pronoun in the main clause of the sentence cannot occur only in a
parenthetical phrase.
It 與 Its 指代
注意 its 與 it’s 不同，its 是 possessive pron. 或 possessive adj.，it’s 是 it is 或 it has 的縮寫
* the +動物名
指代前面句子主詞
A huge flying reptile that died out with the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago, the
Quetzalcoatlus had a wingspan of 36 feet, and it is believed to have been the largest flying
creature the world has ever seen.
At the beginning of the year, the city allocated $150 million to cover the increase in wages
that it expected to approve as a result of negotiations with the municipal labor unions.
* there is no ambiguity; the increase is the object of the verb approve, so it can't
simultaneously be the subject of that verb.
The evolution of the technology of microelectronics over the past decade has been so rapid
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that it is sometimes called a revolution.
* Not ambiguous. Refers to the subject of the preceding clause: "evolution."

P72 The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers
are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early
1970’s
Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and
Y127 Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long
rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of
algae grow on its coat and between its toes.
* its long limbs 不可省 its 以免誤以為 limbs 屬於 trees

America.
When Nigeria achieved full independence in 1960, it had already established a federal
political structure that consisted of three regions based on the three major population
clusters within its borders.
Although 1998 saw several new ventures promoting online distance learning for both
college- and graduate-level courses, it was also a year when a large number of faculty
members began questioning whether the computer screen was an adequate replacement
for the classroom.
* 年代為主詞
As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in
its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject its outer envelope of gases to
would have.
The survival of a rare New Zealand species of mistletoe that produces spectacular sprays
of scarlet flowers is threatened both because its leaves are extremely tasty to a voracious
opossum species and because its flowers are pollinated by two species of birds whose
populations are in decline.
The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it was
profitable only overseas, where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it
continued to lose money in North America.
P41 The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay
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access to funds from deposited checks.
P61 Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice, which dates from the
eighth century, was probably buried to keep it from being stolen by invaders.
1970’s.
就近指代
The particular design of muscles and bones in the neck and limbs of the turtle allows it to
draw in its exposed parts, so that an attacker can find nothing but hard shell to bite.
In California, a lack of genetic variation in the Argentine ant has allowed the species to
spread widely; because they are so genetically similar to one another, the ants consider all
their fellows to be close relatives and thus do not engage in the kind of fierce intercolony
struggles that limit the spread of this species in its native Argentina.
同在受格
Y93 By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad
discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of
intelligence information.
* S + V + O 因為 enabling…清楚修飾 powers 所以 it 指代清楚

IT 與 ITS 指代不同
Y73 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still
a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.
* its 是指 house's; it 指 a goal

IT 特殊用法
It 做虛主詞代替後面所要說的不定詞，動名詞或名詞子句。（只有這三種規則，名詞片語是不可以）
Y46 Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home,
and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an
Because of a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a
United States citizen to hold gold in the form of bullion or coins, immigrants found that on
arrival in the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.
* it 為虛受詞
It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that
it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the
paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
* 強調句型(分裂句) IT IS ….THAT 子句→ It 無所指，非虛主詞用法。

John broke the window yesterday.
It was John that broke the window.
It was window that John broke.
It was yesterday that John broke the window.
* 判別方法就是拿掉 it is ,,,that 看通不通，通的話就是分裂句，不通就是虛主詞。
* that 子句中的 it 指 The Washington Post
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Japan’s abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperature throughout most of the country
have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally
poor soils, have made it possible to raise a variety of crops.
Many entomologists say that campaigns to eradicate the fire ant in the United States have
failed because the chemicals that were used were effective only in wiping out the ant’s
natural enemies, thus making it easier for the ant to spread.
THEY
指代前面句子主詞
不代受詞優先代前句主詞
Most Corporations pay at least twice as much to full-time employees, if the value of benefits,
sick days, and paid vacation days is included in earnings, as they pay to part-time
employees, whose hourly wages are often higher than those of their full-time colleagues.
Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some
of these drugs caused such severe stomach disorders that they were banned by the Food
and Drug Administration.
Factory outlet stores, operated by manufacturers, are usually located miles from downtown
and regional shopping centers so that they do not compete directly with department stores
in the same trading area.
P12 Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and
they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos, who typically cook the meat in a
heavily spiced stew.
years ago.
Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved from the previous year, only look less
appetizing than their round and red supermarket cousins; they are often green and striped,
or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but they are more flavorful.
Although they are more temperamental and far more expensive than transistor-driven
amplifiers, vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred by many audiophiles and audio
professionals because these amplifiers produce warmer, richer tones.
adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer
or freeze solid in winter.
* its = the Argentina ant's

throwfing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when
Europeans saw Dharug-speaking men tossing “bumariny” in the area later known as
Sydney.
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P32The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still
就近指代
To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish
twice as fast as they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising
them on special diets.
expressions and then respond to them; the researchers’ primary goal is to create a robot
Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, scientists have
examined molars of prehuman ancestors and determined that their diets were more varied
than had been supposed.
(X)不可將the researchers’ primary goal改寫成their goal，因為them已經代expressions

In 1929 relatively small declines in the market ruined many speculators who had bought on
margin; they had to sell, and their selling pushed other investors to the brink.
都在受格
The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final
tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, are geared
toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them for international
competition.
(x) “athletes’ performance and their preparation” their多餘

they do appear.
主詞跟受詞不會是同一個
OG allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
risen dramatically
插入句中有代名詞，優先在插入句找先行詞
Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their last scheduled
day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers
even if they find a new job before they are terminated.
THEY 與 THEIR 指代需一致
P19 While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially
devastating for homeowners, whose equity—in many cases representing a life's savings—
can plunge or even disappear.
(x) because their equity

 their 傾向指 they(propertu values)，而非 homeowners
THEY 與 THEIR 指代不一致的句子
* 主要子句跟從屬子句可以分開看 pronoun
Y81 In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines are priced
102
to sell, and they do.
* 冒號表示另起一句，可以分開看 pronoun
* their 指 vintners
* they 指 wines
* 物 sell
Published in 1899, Maple Leaf Rag was an instant hit, selling several hundred thousand
copies in six months: it helped establish Scott Joplin as the preeminent ragtime composer.
* in depth
* the elderly plural noun

THESE
多半作 adj.
* Autumn brings pears and grapes with it. Those are juicier than these. 前者….後者
P2-34 Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of
morphine's.
(x) , and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine  they 指代不清
所有格
* her 是 a possessive pronoun 又可當 an object pronoun
Agatha Christie's travels with her archaeologist husband served as inspiration for several of
her mystery novels; travelers to Egypt can still stay at the Old Cataract Hotel, the model for
the hotel in one of Christie's most famous books.
* serve as: to be useful or helpful for a particular purpose

Like the thorny ballooning of a frightened pufferfish or the sudden appearance of angry
sapphire hoops for which the blue-ringed octopus is named, the California newt's display of
its red underbelly is a clear warning that predators ignore at their peril.
Y38 Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its
genes to fashion a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at
an invading microbe or foreign substance.
* ...and each (antibody) is specifically targeted at...

* fashion v to influence
Y99 Just as reading Samuel Pepys's diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century—
of its texture and psyche—so listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the
103
所有格指代錯誤考題
Subject and object pronouns cannot refer back to possessive nouns; they must refer only to
subject and object nouns.
(x) to allow investment oficers’ fees，they 不可指代所有格

* 未劃線處有 their
P103 After the Civil War, contemporaries of Harriet Tubman maintained that she had all of the
qualities of a great leader: coolness in the face of danger, an excellent sense of strategy,
and an ability to plan in minute detail.
(x) contemporaries of Harriet Tubman’s maintained that….she 不可代所有格

曼 Shostakovich's Forth Symphony had hardly entered rehearsals when the political climate
turned against the composer and made his having the piece perfomed impossible.
(x) made him having

Shostakovich's symphony is a possessive noun. Only possessive pronouns can refer back
to possessive nouns, so in this case "his" is correct. "Him" is an object pronoun and cannot
refer back to a possessive noun.
(X)不可將the researchers’ primary goal改寫成their goal，因為them已經代expressions
指代錯誤考題
It 指代錯誤考題
(x) As a baby…., it would be…. If it were an adult

第一個 it 指代 baby 錯誤，依據句意應該指 a sense of vision
* 由於 baby 不知性別，所以代名詞用 it
(x) but then it proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in its
104
paying
"it" can refer to several years of rapid growth or to health care company.
 “its” is not needed and makes the sentence awkward
Though the hypothesis sounds plausible, its weakness is that it does not incorporate all
relevant evidence.
(x) Even though it sounds plasuible, the weakness of the hypothesis

 the hypothesis should be modified NOT the hypothesis' weakness.
(x) , while in Germany it is just over 33 percent

 it 指代不清楚
(x) the July decrease in unemployment so that it was the lowest

除了 so that 不可接在名詞後面外，it 指代不清
(x) and indicate that there is one when it is not. 未畫線處有 it 需指代 a condiction 所以畫線
處也需用 it 不然 when it is not 中的 it 會無所指代
(x) however, the wavelength of infrared radiation—0.1 millimeters—is too long to be

registerd by the eye making it invisible
 it 代 N1 of N2 哪一個？
(x) infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to
register, thus making it invisible.
* infrared 紅外線的
THEY 指代錯誤
(x) employers hired illeagal aliens they would be pernalized.

S+V+O that they ….不知道指主詞或受詞
Y98 As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most
of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose access
to water was less limited.
(x) most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans where
they had less limited water access.
關代主詞應優先指代 the Monument Valley Anasazi

105
(x) The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to process them quickly into juice
concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns
 "them" and "they" technically refer to the growers (!) in the original sentence but should
refer to the citrus. (We cannot process the growers into juice concentrate!) So not
ambiguous (although there is a different problem with the pronouns).
(x) Beatrix Potter, in her book illustrations, carefully coordinated them …

The problem is that "in her book illustrations" occurs in E as a parenthetical phrase, set
off with commas. This indicates that the phrase can be removed from the sentence without
damaging its meaning. But without that phrase, "them" has no referent. The antecedent to
a pronoun in the main clause of the sentence cannot occur only in a parenthetical phrase.
舊 Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for
OG cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to
established big businesses.
(x) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small
businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are
growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
 the 2nd "they" (NOT the first) could technically refer to either small or big businesses.
We know they're probably talking about the small businesses, but would a 13-year-old
know that? No. So, ambiguous.
Navigators have known for thousands of years that the ocean has variable currents, but it is
only in the last half century that a reasonably clear picture has emerged of the patterns and
causes of ocean currents.
* 原句 a reasonably clear picture of the patterns and causes of ocean currents has
emerged
(x) a reasonably clear picture of the patterns of ocean currents and their causes have
emerged. their 指代不清
(x) a reasonably clear picture emerged of ocean currents, their patterns and the causes of
them. them 指代不清
不用代名词，因為會不清楚
Y63 A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the
question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the
animals' horns have been trimmed.
(x) their horns 因為可指 tourists 或 rhinoceroses

school year.
(x) as they prepare

106
 as 副詞子句往前推，修飾 are，主詞是 expenses，they 優先指代，就會產生錯誤
* 主格 both 受格 others of the Roosevelt brain trust

The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for as many as a third of Yellowstone
National Park's grizzly bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, as many as 40,000 per
bear in a single day.
* 主格 the moth 與 bears

expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create a robot that
will empathize with us.
* 用and表示動作的發出者一致
* their 已經指代expressions，所以下面不能將the researchers'改成their
Pennsylvania was once a predominantly grain-producing state, but competition in the mid-
nineteenth century from large western farms gradually caused the state's farmers to turn to
livestock raising.
* 不可用it代the state’s，因為前面有兩個單數名詞假設語氣
Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of
wood, and the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all other major wood
products.
* 不可改寫the market for it, 指代不清paper production or use of wood?

* 不可改寫第二個the market for all other為 it is for all other,因為it指代the market for paper.
In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United States
the term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82
kilograms (180 pounds).
The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and the country will
probably have 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous
nation.
Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if
the gas is enclosed in a container or by an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
* the gas不可改it，會誤導為指代 an increase

Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world’s social wasps, wasps that
live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females—the
queen and her sterile female workers.
* 不將society 改寫成 it consists of….

customers from other phone companies but also forced these companies to offer competitive
prices.
(x) forced them
107
可能指 customers 或 other companies
指代提過的
SUCH 指代已提過的名詞
Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument
had been made, he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
(x) adapted spaces of this kind 不精確

 of this kind 不精確，such 清楚表明舉例含意
AS(介) SUCH 可以換成 because it is that thing
E.g., I'm a teacher, and as such, I should try to help you.
Caesarea was Herod’s city, founded as a Romanized counterweight to Hebraic Jerusalem,
and as such it was regarded with loathing by the devout.
D45 In 1923, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and
chirdren in the District of Columbia, ruling that it was a form of price fixing and, as such, an
abridgment of the right of contract.
(最低工資)是一種 price fixing，而作為一種 price fixing，(最低工資)也是 an abridgement of

the right of contract
另外，minimum wage 是一種 price fixing，而 price fixing 又是一種 abridgement，所以
minimum wage 也是一種 abridgment，中間有點遞進的意思，那個 as such 突出了中間那
層"而 price fixing 又是一種 abridgement"的關係，所以有 as such 和沒有 as such，意思上還
是有點不同的
SO (adv.) is used to replace verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, but NOT nouns
指代已提過的動詞: SO
do it =>前後主詞不同, 做同一件事, 後面的主詞使用 it 代表前述的動作
ex. I haven't got time to buy the tickets. who is going to do "it"?
do so =>前後同個主詞, 做同一件事, 後面的主詞使用 so 代表前述的動作

ex. She rode a camel; she had never done "so" before.
ps: 可是若遇到 do it 跟 do so 建議選 do so 應該錯不了
錯誤選項: do this
Y18 Computers are becoming faster, more powerful, and more reliable, and so too are modems,
the devices that allow two or more computers to share information over regular telephone
lines.
* modems are so, too.

* so too 放句首要倒裝
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Y81 In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines are priced
to sell, and they do.
P65 Parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it
believed that doing so would reward them for entering the country illegally.
Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the
temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts
during the summer; were it to do so, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and
engulf most of the world’s great cities.
(x) did it
Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic
flight, Charles Lindbergh refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000
to do so.
容易混淆句，其實沒有指代
P59 Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape's and so were probably without language,
a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.
尼安德人有像猿一樣的發聲器官，或許因此缺乏語言，這個缺陷可以解釋何以他們被我們人類
所替代
*當描述一個種族共同的生理特點時,最好用單數
關代 both that and which are relative pronouns

- A relative pronoun introduces a noun modifier.
- “Which” is used to introduce “non-essential” modifiers. A modifier introduce by the word which
can be removed from the sentence without the sentence losing any essential meaning. (不管
which 前面有沒有加逗號) 相關但是不重要的訊息
 非限定用法，表示整體的概念，which 前面加逗號：
So, if the person you're talking to, or the person who's reading what you've written, needs
that extra bit of information to know which noun you're referring to, we say that that extra
information is non-restrictive. This word doesn't really describe the function clearly, so
many teachers say that this information is extra. Use a comma before or after extra
information clauses and phrases but not with necessary information clauses or phrases.
ex: Please go into the room and get me the big book, which is mine.
In this sentence, the clause which is mine is extra because the information the big book
is enough to identify which book it is that you want. We can assume that there is only one
big book in the room.
 限定用法，表示局部概念，which 前面不加逗號：
On the other hand, if you need that information to know which noun you are talking
about, we say that the information is restrictive. Again, this word is not really a good
choice for clarity, and many teachers use the term necessary information instead.
- “That” introduces a restrictive clause. “That” is used to introduce “essential” modifiers. A
modifier introduced by the word that is essential to the meaning of the sentence. 重要訊息
ex: Please go into the room and get me the big book that is mine.
In this sentence, the clause that is mine is necessary because the information the big book is
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NOT enough to identify which book it is that you want--it is probably the case that there are
several big books in the room, so I need to add the information that is mine to identify which
book it is that I want.
- Punctuated modifiers which are generally non-essential.
- Tips: if you see which without a comma before it, it's probably wrong.
補充: 關代可否省略的時機
可省略不可省略
(1)關係子句中已有主詞，關代不當主詞時 (1)關代當主詞用，後接一般動詞
(2)關代雖當主詞用，和 beV.一起省略 (2)關代當受詞用，前面有介係詞
THAT 子句 (a restrictive clause) that 前面不加逗號

vs. WHICH (不管 which 前面有没有打逗號，都是 nonrestrictive clause)
以下句子不可以改成 which 子句
* 下定義的子句用 that 不可用 which

Y49 Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient
savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of
the rent to a purchase later.
以下句子不可以改成 that 子句
(x) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected…will be able to

 變成 development 是主詞，錯誤！
THAT跳躍修飾
environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to
predict how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate.
varieties.
在從來沒被應用到憲法法規，國會需要昭集會議去考慮(對該法規)可能的改變。
In good years, the patchwork of green fields that surrounds the San Joaquin Valley town
bustles with farm workers, many of whom are in the area just for the season.
* patchwork: something made up of an incongruous variety of pieces or parts

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Dr. Sayre's lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relation of one nation with
another that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular
support.
* " relation" must be "relation" coz there's certainly only one relation between two objects.
We can't say relations between you and I.
(x) Dr. Sayre's lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between
nations that illustrate what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular
support.
 we cannot use between when the number is more than two
 C leaves a doubt in the mind of the reader about the number of nations involved in the
alliances and treaties. Why can't there be more than 2 nations involved in a treaty ???
Since we don't know how many nations are actually involved, we can't say if the sentence
should have "between" or "among"
The computer company's present troubles are a result of technological stagnation,
marketing missteps, and managerial blunders that several attempts to revise corporate
strategies have failed to correct.
* 干擾選項 that被改為so ....that，變成導果為因

With cloning technology, scientists are approaching what has long been the ultimate goal of
modern husbandry: achieving in farm animals a consistency of quality and production that
was once thought to be limited to manufactured goods.
* "That was/were once thought to be" is very common usage of English.

(x) "as once thought to be" is wrong
Twenty-two feet long and 10 feet in diameter, the AM-1 is one of the many new satellites
that are part of a 15-year effort to subject the interactions of Earth’s atmosphere, ocean,
and land surfaces to detailed scrutiny from space.
* part of a.....中的 part 在這裡=some

* subject….to(介)
* the interaction between A and B 表兩個東西的互動
* the interaction of ....表兩個以上的互動
For many revisionist historians, Christopher Columbus has come to personify the
devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native
peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
* 'native of' is used only for people

* per milligram 為插入語

* charges ten dollars for a haircut
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(x) Marconi’s conception of the radio was as a substitute for the telephone
原句 Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool (1)that could substitute for the telephone
(2)for private conversation
Byron possessed powers of observation that would have made him a great anthropologist
and that make his letters as a group the rival of the best novels of the time.
WHICH 離修飾的字很遠,跳躍修飾
* 通常which(不管前面有沒有逗號)修飾前一個名詞
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period
beginning a few years before Susana’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly
before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.
Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly
among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which
already cost business more than $100 billion a year.
From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long
and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or
eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it
around impeding rapids.
varieties.
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase from 6 percent to 10
percent its share of the $21 billion book market in the country, which ranges from obscure
textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.
Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later
in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a
nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the
impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.
The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open
to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.
(X) that funding for the park's development, which….

PS The distance between the two runners, which is over 50 meters, cannot be made up with
only three laps to go in the race.
介 + WHICH(受格)
Y69 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that
many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come
from the incineration of wastes.
* be exposed to
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* add …to
Like human DNA, the DNA of grape plants contains sites in which certain unique
sequences of nucleotides are repeated over and over.
Y59 His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-
day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice
sheets existed in what are now temperate areas.
* 第一個 in which = when

* what = that which
(x) when great ice sheets existed on areas now that are temperate
 now 需放在 are 後面，不可以放在名詞跟形容詞子句之間。
* in which 對此現象下定義
Unlike the body’s inflammatory response to cuts and sprains, in which widespread
swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area until it has healed, the body's more
localized response to sunburn results in a distinct line dividing affected and unaffected
areas of the skin.
* inflammatory 發炎
(x) where 不可代 cuts and sprains
In an effort to reduce the number of fires started by cigarettes, a major tobacco company is
test-marketing a cigarette in which thin layers of extra paper are used to decrease the
In Greek theology the supreme being was Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who
dwelt in an upper realm in which the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and
to take away the breath of life.
* supreme being 上帝
Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928,
scientists believed that cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were endocrine
cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which
case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.
* 不可將第一個in which case改為which made them

* in which case固定用法在這種情況下
The agreement, the first to formally require industrialized countries to cut emissions of
gases linked to global warming, is a formal protocol under which 38 industrialized
countries must reduce emissions of these gases by 2012 or face heavy penalties.
* 表示協議、法規、制度名詞常與under連用
* at a rate
Changes in the composition of the light of a supernova—an exploding star—reveal not only
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Because Miranda, the smallest moon of Uranus, has a large number of different surface
features, including craters, mountains, valleys, and fractures, some astronomers suggest
that at one time the surface broke apart as a result of repeated impacts, after which the
fragments rejoined through mutual gravitational attraction.
GWD Tom Bradley was mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993, an era during which the city
24-Q1 was transformed from a collection of suburban neighborhoods to the second-largest city in
the United States.
* an era that transformed it 注意 ear 不能 transform

* an era + during + which 三個不可省
P16 Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow
to get through the harvest season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny
credit this spring.
* 'collateral against which ... ' is considered much better than 'collateral to borrow against'.
new tunnels.
(x) funds for the completing of new tunnels

"for the completing" is awkward
in this case "for the completion" would be better
新聞 In fact, these loan guarantees will provide Israel the funds with which to complete the
colonization of the occupied territories in contravention of our long-standing foreign policy.
A "standard candle" is a light source whose intrinsic luminosity is so well known that the
extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can be used as an
astronmical yardstick.
* its brightness has been dimmed to [this] extent
* an "astronomical yardstick" means a type of measurement that we can use in astronomy.

If we understand that, then we can see that we are talking about the difference in the
brightness of something where it is and where we see it. In other words, something is
presumably less bright here on Earth than it is at the source, so by the time the light
reaches us, it is less bright, or "has been dimmed." Hence, we need the present perfect
since the action has already taken place by the time the light reaches us.
特殊 WHICH 用法
whereby (adv) = by which 藉何種手段
call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked
to do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states．
114
(x) , whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments
to the document when formally asked to do so
 By introducing the subordinating conjunction whereby, D produce sentence fragments.
The inhabitants of Somalia greeted the measures outlawing polygamy with a defiance
similar to that which welcomed the prohibition of alcohol in the United States in the
nineteen-twenties.
* polygamy 一夫多妻(制);一妻多夫(制)
* defiance: a daring or bold resistance to authority or to any opposing force
* that = number; which = number

The inhabitants of Somalia greeted the measures outlawing polygamy with a defiance
that was similar to the defiance that welcomed the prohibition of alcohol in the United
States in the nineteen-twenties.
In English, instead of saying something like "that that" we say "that which." For example:
The number we recorded this week is greater than that which we recorded last week.
is preferable to
The number we recorded this week is greater than that that we recorded last week.
WHO
Owen.
* A and B, who 因為兩個都是男性會有修飾不清楚哪個人的問題

Y130 As a result of medical advances, many people who might once have died in childhood of
such infections as diphtheria, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever now live well into old age.
* who 修飾人，不可以用 that

All Y chromosomes in existence today are descended from the Y chromosome of a single
ancestor who is thought to have lived about 140,000 years ago.
We who graduated from high school in the Unites States in the early ’60s were caught in
the middle of the crisis in education created by the Soviet Union’s “Sputnik” success.
(x) Those of us who then graduated from high school in the United States in the early ’60s
were
(D) would be fine except for the "then" before "graduated"
WHERE
chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer.
Most Americans live in areas where the drinking water is fluoridated, but in Britain, where
there is some strong opposition to fluoridation, most people do not.
* 比較 ''Most Americans'' and ''Most people in Britain''

* 不可將most people改成they
115
The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it
was profitable only overseas, where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it
continued to lose money in North America.
with age.
At Shiprock, New Mexico, a perennially powerful girls' high school basketball team has
become a path to college for some and a source of pride for a community where 49
percent of the household incomes are below the poverty level.
The Swedish warship Vasa, sunk in 1628 and raised in 1961, was preserved in the cold
water of Stockholm harbor, where low salinity inhibits the growth of marine borers that in
most seas devour every exposed scrap of a sunken ship's wooden hull.
In the major cities of industrialized countries at the end of the nineteenth century, important
public places such as theaters, restaurants, shops, and banks had installed electric
lighting, but electricity was in less than one percent of homes, where lighting was still
provided mainly by candles or gas.
With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where
there is no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey, wildlife officials estimate, has
grown to exceed 175,000.
convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes
where customers can shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.
* as well 也
Rejecting the apprenticeship model of training social workers in philanthropic agencies,
twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced that social work education
belonged in the university, where students could be offered a broad range of courses
dealing with social issues.
Where once the union had acquiesced to the prejudices of its English-speaking members
by supporting the imposition of an alien tax on immigrant workers, after 1897 the United
Mine Workers made a determined effort to enlist Italians and Slavs in its ranks.
還原: After 1897 the United Mine Workers made a determined effort to enlist Italians and
Slavs in its ranks where once the union had acquiesced to the prejudices of its English-
speaking members by supporting the imposition of an alien tax on immigrant workers.
* rank 陣營
WHEN
P24 The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper
Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more
difficult to determine is the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people
116
put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
1. cave: were occupied by

2. carbon-14 dating: has been established by
3. is difficult
The transfer of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere is slow when the ocean is
colder than the air and (is) more rapid when the ocean is warmer.
in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a
nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the
impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.
* 注意 40 years old 是一個量的概念，後面不能加 when

The coyote is one of several recent ecological success stories: along with the white-tailed
deer, the moose, and other species that are enlarging their natural domains, it has
established itself as a supreme adapter in an era when the ability to adjust to the
environmental changes wrought by human beings has created a whole new class of
dominant large mammals.
* 如果只有 an era，則不可用 when 修飾

* along with + N 連同、連帶
The relative prosperity of the first years of the twentieth century came to a halt in 1907
when drains on the money Supply revealed a weak national infrastructure of banking and
credit and precipitated an economic crisis that lasted nearly a year.
不可用 when 代
Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution
personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from
1765 to 1789, and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made her one of
the most valuable historians of the era.
(x) a vantage point, when combined with her talent for writing, that made her
提過的東西會用 this
there's no time period to which it could logically refer
(if you interpret it literally, as you must, then it implies that (1) sometimes the vantage point
was combined with the writing and sometimes it wasn't, and (2) it only made her valuable
when it was combined with the writing talent. that doesn't make sense.)
受格 WHOM/ WHICH
In 1994 the White House named Dr RuthR. Faden chairperson of the federal advisory
committee of experts (whom) it assigned to do a report on the history and ethics of the
government's radiation experiments on humans in the 1950’s and 1960’s.
* assign sb to V
N OF WHOM/WHICH 形容前句的名詞
OF WHICH….+N
* of which = whose
* whom/which 為受格且因為為關代必需接子句，要有動詞
Y89 Presenters at the seminar, one of whom is blind, will demonstrate adaptive equipment that
allows visually impaired people to use computers.
117
(x) one of them who 故意將代名詞跟關代一起寫
In good years, the patchwork of green fields that surrounds the San Joaquin Valley town
bustles with farm workers, many of whom are in the area just for the season.
* whom is a conjunction.
(Rule: quantifier + of + object ex: some of whom, half of which etc.)
* "Them" could refer to the fields or the workers. "Whom" must refer to people, so is unambiguous
Taste buds are onion-shaped structures with between 50 and 100 taste cells, each of which
has fingerlike projections poking through the opening, called the taste pore, located at the
top of taste bud.
Until the seventeenth century, no tradition of child portraiture existed; childhood was
considered an unimportant phase of which there was no need to keep any record.
The Madagascar periwinkle, a derivative of which has proved useful in decreasing mortality
among young leukemia patients, is cultivated in China as part of a program to integrate
traditional herbal medicine into a contemporary system of health care.
a derivative 本來就是從植物中提煉出來的..無法用種植或裁培出來
Researchers have announced that the magnetic fields emitted by one manufacturer’s
security surveillance system, of which type there are 200,000 worldwide, can interfere with
pacemakers and that this interaction can bring on missed or irregular heartbeats, nausea,
breathlessness, dizziness, and even fainting.
* Researchers have announced that X and that Y the bold portion is a give away.
In her later poems, Phyllis Wheatley's blending of solar imagery, Judeo-Christian thought and
figures, and images borrowed from ancient classicism suggests her range and depth of
influences, not the least of which is her African heritage.
not the least of which = 其中重要的一個

India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages, fourteen of which are officially
recognized.
Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to
excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are
比較 MANY OF THEM
用 many of them 做主詞，省掉be動詞 (being), 為獨立片語結構
"Them" could refer to the fields or the workers. "whom" must refer to people
P20 A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as hazardous substances, but
many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.
 In Hungary, as (an overwhelming proportion of women work) in much of Eastern Europe,

an overwhelming proportion of women work, (and) many of them (are) in middle
management and light industry.
so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for their
movement to be observed during a single human lifetime.
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所有格 WHOSE 可接人或物

Y40 The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor,
an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin, when they find
themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has
won her an ardent following.
他們被同樣一位光芒四射的年輕女子所吸引，她的演說才能替她贏得了一群追隨者。
* the rivalry between x and y
* the rivals x and y
P109 Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and
vocal style influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians,
including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own.
Y95 Unlike Schoenberg, whose 12-tone system dominated the music of the postwar period,
Bartok founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.
In contrast to some fish, whose eggs require months to incubate, the Rio Grande silvery
minnow produces eggs that hatch in about 24 hours, yielding larvae that can swim in just
three to four days.
its former status.
* decline 對象是 reputation 不是人，所以一定要寫 whose

D49 As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella was one of the most
influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose
ranks included Marlon and Robert.
ranks 在這裡表示成員,層級是說所培訓的演員其層級包括馬龍白蘭度和勞勃迪尼諾等等
Y98 As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century,
most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans whose
access to water was less limited.
The capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina is Sarajevo, whose population on the eve of the First
World War was 51,919.
* "Whose" can refer to a city`s population, infrastructure, public facilities, etc.

(x) The capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the population of Sarajevo on the eve of the First
World War was 51,919. 因為前句變成同位語，錯！
原來的建貸協會已被重組為各種有限人壽基金會。基金的註冊會員支付一定數目的月費，然
後輪流從基金中取錢付房貸。
The city has proposed a number of water treatment and conservation projects whose cost
will raise water bills so high that even environmentalists are beginning to raise alarms.
119
(x) at a cost raising water bills.
∵Sounds like the proposing itself is at a cost, and it is already raising the bills.
∵at a cost means at the expense of. So sentence in B seem to indicate that projects were
proposed at the expense of...
WILL+原 V: 講事實
A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at
present but think that they will be or could be made sufficiently safe in the future.
would have.
* an interloper = an intruder
* be privy to: (adj.) informed about something secret
* rid: to control
Responding to the public’s fascination with-and sometimes undue alarm over-possible
threats from asteroids, astronomers have developed a scale to rate how likely a particular
asteroid or comet will be to collide with Earth.
* 需要用人作 respond to 的主詞

This is a knife for cutting bread. (說明而已,沒有真的切麵包)
I need a knife to cut the bread. (動作接著就來)
表能力
CAN > IS ABLE TO V > ABILITY (OF SB)TO V 表能力
can 表功能性
ability to: it would be used more to discuss the abstract notion of this ability.
(對 native speaker 而言，此字與 capability 難分，但是習慣用 ability to)
錯誤選項:
1. have the ability to (wordy)
2. the ability of Ving
3. 'capability of X-ing' wordy/awkward
After more than four decades of research and development, a new type of jet engine is
being tested that could eventually propel aircraft anywhere in the world within two hours or
help boost cargoes into space at significantly lower costs than current methods permit.
Artificial intelligence emerged during the late 1950's as an academic discipline based on the
assumption that computers could be programmed to think like people.
120
* in A are able to be programmed looks like its computers, which is having ability to be
programmed
* could is used for assumptions.
* can 不可省，can 後面省 deliver a heavier load of instruments into orbit

(x) The development of a new jumbo rocket that is expected…will be able to
 變成 development 是主詞，錯誤！
(x) a jumbo rocket will be able to cost
The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously, because a single tree, depending on
its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produce enough berries to make between one
and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.
* 植物的能力
Scientists have become able to provide ever more accurate models of the atmosphere's
complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different
planetary conjunctions.
注意: accurate不能修飾人的能力，而是物的能力，可以精準測量
America.
and that later generate eggs or sperm, embryonic steam cells have the ability to develop
into different kinds of body tissue.
(x) the abilities of developing themselves into …表能力不可用of，develop後面不可接代名詞

D38 The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins may share certain
cognitive abilities with humans and great apes; the studies indicate that dolphins are
capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign of
self-awareness—and of spontaneously grasping the mood or intention of humans.
Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it
diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal with all other pollutants.
fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have
to generate its own electricity.
121
wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and a
floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades.
The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins may share certain
capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is often considered a sign of
self-awareness—and of spontaneously grasping the mood or intention of humans.
ENABLE + OBJECT + TO V
注意 enable 的主詞不一定非人不可
"power enables you".
"I granted him power enabling him to excel in GMAT"
Y49 Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient
savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of
the rent to a purchase later.
group recently uncovered a trick that enables an interloper to rig an E-mail message so
that this person will be privy to any comments that a recipient might add as the message is
In 1803, in the seminal case of Marbury v. Madison, the United States Supreme Court
granted federal courts expansive powers of interpretation enabling them to determine the
constitutionality of laws and statutes passed by Congress.
The study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject,
has enabled scientist to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop.
The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft will orbit the asteroid Eros for a
year, slowly moving closer to the surface of the object to make ever more precise
measurements that scientists hope will enable them to understand how the solar system
formed some four billion years ago.
* that 當受詞
Section 301 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act enables the United
States Trade Representative to single out a country as an unfair trader, begin trade
negotiations with that country, and, if the negotiations do not conclude to the United States
government’s satisfaction, impose sanctions.
物 FUNCTION AS 表功能
物 ACT AS
122
* parallel (adj.) to: She was travelling parallel to her previous route.
Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some
contemporary turtle species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of the horny jaws
function as teeth.
人/動物 ACT AS 行為像…

* take on..duties: be responsible for something

* sentinel 哨兵
人 ACT LIKE
to behave in a particular way
HELP
help in: means that that action was already in progress
help + thing/person + (to) V
Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United States after Second World
War to help build a modern industrial system.
* to help build means that the money contributed to the project.
AID
(n.) aid sb in doing sth
(vt.) aid+O
錯誤選項: (v) aid to

(x) aid to heal

123
ASSIST IN
P2-
150
Hydrocarbons, with which fruit flies perfume themselves in species-specific blends, are
known to be important in courtship, apparently assisting flies that taste the hydrocarbons on
prospective mates in distinguishing their own species from others.
MAKE + THING/PERSON + VERB (SIMPLE FORM)
DISTINGUISH
distinguish between A and B 是要分辨出 A 和 B 的不同之處,強調要分出 A 和 B 的細微差別,重心放
在兩者本身的性質和特點上
distinguish A from B 是要把 A 和 B 分開,挑選出 A 來.它並不強調 A 和 B 本身的特性有多麼接近,性質
有多麼微妙相同,它只要求你能把 A 挑出來就可以,不管 AB 差別有多大.
- distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非
- distinguish good from evil 分辨善惡
Y6 Like the Brontes and Brawnings, James Joyce and Vrginia Woolf are often subjected to the
kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human being.
Y107 In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes
between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease,
and genuine manic-depressive psychosis.
在他的研究報告，Dr. Fros 將心情起伏過大(可能會有暴力傾向但不是基於精神病)與真的燥鬱
症區別出來。
* be grounded in/on something: to be based on something
Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the
difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sub-languages or dialects within it,
but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand.
DESCRIMINATE..FROM
1) discriminate X from Y
= X and Y fall into one category
2) discriminate between X and Y
= X and Y fall into two different categories
After a few weeks' experience, apprentice jewelers can usually begin to discriminate, though not
with absolute certainty, between genuine diamonds and imitation diamonds.
* Here we are trying to compare between 2 types of things, so we have to choose "between".
(x) , genuine diamonds from imitation diamonds
表敘述事實
124
IF
P95 If Dr. Wade is right, any apparent connection between eating highly processed foods and
excelling at sports is purely coincidental.
* if 表直說法，不可改寫假設法 should S + V，注意假設法主要子句均不可接現在式

動詞
* purely= completely and only
* 解釋個自然現象，所以用一般現在式 (calf 小牛; raised 被養)

* 注意 associate 主動
(x) will require
Maria Bonaparte put up the ransom that the Nazis insisted on if Freud was to be allowed to
leave Vienna.
* be (about) to V
比較
You are here at 2:00 p.m.
You are to be here at 2:00 p.m.→ This one means that you have to be here at 2:00 p.m.
* each year 不一定用現在式

result.
Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if
the gas is enclosed in a container or by an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
條件句 Condictional
將if/when 所講之事當事實
Past real conduction: If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ...
Present real condition: If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...
Future real condition: If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...
Using "if" suggests that something happens less frequently.

Using "when" suggests that something happens regularly.
僅限副詞子句(once, after, before, until(till), as soon as, by the time, if, the case, unless, so long
as)中，二個動作有先後，
先完成的用simple present tense代替未來；後完成的用未來式。

ex: They won't go away until she comes.
125
先完成的用現在完成式，代替未來完成式；後完成的用未來式。
ex: When I have finnished this homework tomorrow morning, I shall play tennis with my
classmates.
錯誤選項: if當從屬子句主要子句不可以用can
(x) If all of the three major networks broadcast the same statement, television can be superficial.
(o) If all of the three major networks broadcast the same statement, television will be superficial.
When
Y74 Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere when hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.
* ozone is formed when x and y react.

(x) when they will be due

* 選項設計五個都是 when
P67 Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable lands
will drop while the rate of loss rises.
* the rate of X will drop while the rate of Y rises.

當土地流失率上升的時候，新增可耕種土地率下降
IF
Y will happen if X happens first.
主要子句中, will 在此為未來式或也可用現在式
適用時機：辯論
錯誤選項: if 子句中有 will

Y8 Rising inventories, if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead to
production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.
* 注意混淆選項 when，if 表 a condition 優於 when 表 a period of time。

(x) would fail

such chemicals.
* if 表可能性修飾主句動詞，但邏輯主語需為 certain pesticides

126
(x) the finding is suggestive of one reason, if used ….
 if 邏輯主語為 one reason
P78 While some academicians believe that business ethics should be integrated into every
business course, others say that students will take ethics seriously only if it is taught as a
separate, required course.
* a separate(adj), required course 單獨開課(在原有的必修中單獨開一門，必修課全為一類)
* a adj1, adj2 N 兩個形容詞同等重要

(50%) (50%)
* a adj1 and adj2 N 越靠近名詞的形容詞越重要

(60%) (40%)
(x) as a course required separately

 在現有必修課中獨立要求出一類，也就是必修課分兩類
(x) a separately require course
P83 If the proposed expenditures for gathering information abroad are reduced even further,
international news reports will continue to diminish in number and quality.
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to
announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization
just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by
the beginning of next year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and
Russia, trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day.
* pare: to reduce
Critical-thinking instruction is predicted on two assumptions: that there are clearly
identifiable thinking skills that students can be taught to recognize and apply appropriately,
and that if students recognize and apply these skills, they will become more effective
thinkers.
(x) 'would' is used if the hypothetical is in the past tense

P2-Q72 Several educational research groups are denouncing the mayor’s proposal of a system by
which individual teachers would be given raises or bonuses if test scores show that their
students’ mastery of reading skills has improved over a nine-month period.
* would 表示語氣更弱
舊 Building large new hospitals in the bistate area would constitute a wasteful use of
OG resources, if only because the duplication of facilities should be avoided.
* "if only because" introduces a reason for the preceding statement, and the remainder of
the answer choice is logically worded.
* In this sentence "if only" means that "the duplication of facilities" provides enough reason
not to build new hospitals.
(x) "on the basis of avoidance..." and "on the grounds of avoiding..." do not present reasons
that support the statement in the main clause
Developing nations in various parts of the world have amassed $700 billion in debts; at
stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency of some of
the world’s largest multinational banks.
127
There are several ways to write this sentence correctly:
...at stake, if a significant number of these debts are repudiated, is the solvency...
...at stake, if a significant number of these debts are repudiated, will be the solvency...
...at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, is the solvency...
...at stake, should a significant number of these debts be repudiated, will be the
solvency...
* 主詞 the solvency, solvency: (n.u) (債務等的)償付能力

SO LONG AS
D42 The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities can collect student activity fees even
from students who object to particular activities, so long as the groups given money are
chosen without regard to their views.
* collect $ from sb
BY THE TIME
those of other college-educated professionals—by an average of nearly $8,000 a year at
the start of their careers, and by almost $24,000 a year by the time they reach the age of
50.
假設理論的動詞
PRESUME
NASA's methodical approach to the exploration of Mars has not yet answered the questions of
whether biological life forms ever emerged on Mars and whether, presuming such life forms left
fossil traces to begin with, those traces still exist in some moist recesses of the cold and arid
planet.
條件語氣(Conditional)
用語氣助動詞產生不確定的語氣，可真可假
will(100%)/would, must(95%), should(90%), can/could(50%↓), may/might(50%↓) 藍色字表可能性
1. 對現在或是未來的猜測，助動詞後用原形動詞
2. 對過去的猜測，助動詞後用 have + pp
Notice the usage of modals in the following sentences:
I pay my taxes. General declaration of fact. Paying taxes is something I normally do.
I can pay my taxes. Expresses ability. I have the means (funds) to pay.
I might pay my taxes. Expresses possibility, but not certainty. Maybe I will pay; maybe I won’t.
I will pay my taxes. Expresses future intent. I resolve to do it at some later time.
I should pay my taxes. Expresses mild obligation. It is required, and I expect to comply.
I could pay my taxes. Expresses possibility. If I have nothing else to do with the money, I might
pay taxes.
128
I would pay my taxes. (In this case), expresses reservation. If I had the money (but I don’t).…
I must pay my taxes. Expresses strong obligation. I am required and have to comply.
WOULD
the use of 'would', in certain contexts, can signal uncertainty. however, the uncertainty factor is
generally limited to those cases in which 'would' indicates a hypothetical - usually when it's paired
with an 'if' clause.
WOULD + 原 V
站在過去看未來 (will 的過去式)
P65 Parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it
believed that doing so would reward them for entering the country illegally.
(x) will
 因為是講一個假設的情況
還原
In the mod-1920s the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company was the scene of
would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind. 表條
件
Owen.
WOULD + 原 V
站在現在看未來(語氣弱化)或假設
To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers would have to know a great
deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
* 訊號字 forecasts
* economical means cheaper
129
* those 指 effects
would have.
* date 複數 N
* will 是很確定 warming 會發生，但是發生了之後會產生什麼影響就不清楚了，所以用 would
ENSURE, MUST 強烈語氣
The federal rules aimed at protecting human subjects of medical experiments were
established to ensure that patients would be warned of potential risks and that an
independent panel would evaluate the experiment before it was conducted.
* 不可將 would 寫 must，用字重複

* 由於 were established 是過去式，故用 will 的過去式
* warn of 注意介係詞是 of 不是 about
CAN 是肯定的語氣 ≠ COULD 是猜測、不確定 > the possibility of N
對 Can 而言，錯誤選項:
1. can 與 still 並用笨拙 (still 常與 be 動詞連用)
2. 表不確定的字 possibily
3. "can" and "potentially" are considered redundant 不可合寫，可以分開寫
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability.

對 could 而言，potential 是訊號字

* not accompanied 比 unaccompanied 更強調否定意味

(x) can potentially

Y39 Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on
Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles
* could be 也許
Some scientists have been critical of the laboratory tests conducted by the Federal Drug
Administration on the grounds that the amounts of suspected carcinogens fed to animals far
exceed those that humans could consume.
有些科學家批評美國聯邦食品和藥物管理局所做的實驗，基於以下理由: 餵動物所吃下的可能
致癌物量遠大於人類可能食用的量。
could 有猜測、不確定的意味，屬於作者寫作時的態度，我們不能輕易改變作者的態度，若改
are able to 就等於 can 了，是屬於肯定的態度。
130
Unlike the steam locomotive, which required an hour or two of firing up before it could move
under its own power, the diesel locomotive could summon nearly full power from a cold
engine almost instantly.
A pair of architects in Britain, who say that giant arches, bridges, and walls made of artificial
bone could be easier to design and build than conventional structures, have already
designed a number of structures, including a bridge, to show how their idea would work.
Y119 The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on
foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and
increased pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.
國內最大的一家銀行決定承認國外貸款金額約有 3 百萬美元的潛在損失，意味著商業銀行不
多借錢給開發中國家和增加對多國間合作政府借出者的壓力要供給資金
Even though sub-Saharan Africa often evokes images of drought and famine, researchers
say that the area is the home of more than 2,000 grains, vegetables, roots, fruits, and other
foods that could feed the continent and even other parts of the world.
Following the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, investigators concluded that
many key people employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its
contractors work an excessive amount of overtime, a practice that has the potential for
causing errors in judgment.
* a practice = a method: the way of doing things

(x) and its contractors work an excessive amount of overtime that potentially can cause
 Overtime does not cause the problem. it is practising overtime will cause damage
MAY / MIGHT
其他表可能
(adv.) PERHAPS, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY
(n.) the possibility of doing sth
錯誤選項: likelihood, it may be, maybe (adv.) 口語必錯,

P02 However much United States voters may agree that there is waste in government and that
the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for
a movement toward a minimal state.
* 錯誤選項省 may
* means = income: Paying for your children to go to a private school is beyond the means
of most people (=too expensive for most people) .
Now that so much data travels via light—i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by
electrical current—one goal of semiconductor research is to develop a silicon chip that can
transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead to smaller,
faster semiconductors.
Both the Federal Reserve’s decision to raise borrowing rates and investors’ speculation that
another increase might be on the way helped to bolster the dollar in recent weeks by
concentrated than the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in
little more than three decades.
* little more than 差不多,大約

Possible long-term consequences of the “greenhouse effect,” the gradual warming of the
Earth’s climate, include melting of the polar ice caps and a rise in sea level.
131
* 有 possible 不需要寫 may include
Y23 Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse
change in climate is probably the most difficult to analyze.
P59 Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape's and so (adv.) were probably without
language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species.
One of the earliest known birds with a beak and contour feathers, Confuciusornis sanctus,
had large clawlike “thumbs” on its wings, probably to help it climb up to a launching position
for flight.
(x) , which probably helped it to

The expected rise in the price of oil could have a serious impact on industrialized nations
and severely diminish the possibility of having an economy free of inflation.
* diminish/decrease/lessen possibility
* impede/stall/hinder progress
Curious about the possibility of inducing false memories, the researchers designed a test
that would test subjects’ tendencies to create memories of things that had never actually
happened.
(x) the researchers designed a test that would test subjects’ tendencies to remember things
 We can't remember something if it never happened
Degrees of certainty: pass time
助動詞後用 have + pp
Y32 The Commerce Department announced that the economy grew during the second quarter
at a 7.5 percent annual rate, while inflation eased when it might have been expected to rise.
0 such infections as diphtheria, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever now live well into old age.
IF 假設法: UNREAL CONDITION

 使用時機
If you were to use the subjunctive, you'd have to use it in one of the following 2 contexts:
(a) talking about a situation contrary to existing reality (if X would happen... when X is not, in
fact, happening)
(b) talking about the consequences of a hypothetical future situation
notice that these contexts are closely tied together; both are unified by the theme of
'hypothetical'.
 "Were to" can be used in the present to emphasize that the conditional form is extremely
unlikely or unthinkably horrible.
倒裝限於 were, had (past perfect), should
倒裝步驟 (1) if 刪掉 (2)主詞動詞對調
132
與過去事實相反
If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ...
If ... were to have + past participle ..., ...
For many people, household labor remains demanding even if they can afford household
appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous.
* 只有句子後半部是與過去事實相反
與現在/未來事實相反
If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...
If ... were to + verb ..., ...
句意為描述現在事實
Y57 Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the
French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that without it
their grip on Algeria would never be secure.
事實上是法國在 first half of the twentieth century 有守住摩洛哥。歷史事件是在過去的哪一年發

生的，對"現在"來說都是一件事實。If x happened, then y would happen.
* It 指 Morocco，國家要用 it 代，不可用 that
* without N = if it were not for N
* of + 抽象名詞 = adj.
According to a recent survey of municipal services, the city’s streets could be cleaner, its fire
code better enforced, and its crime rate reduced if the current administration improved its
management practices.
until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not
to be concluded.
not cause planetwide destruction.
Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, a star would
collapse under its own weight.
*先找主語 it 代替的對象
PREDICT THAT 主詞 + WILL/WOULD + V

表現在的預測用 will
表過去的預測用 would
P67 Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable
lands will drop while the rate of loss rises.
133
Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable
lands will drop while the rate of loss rises.
Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola
Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity
generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and the streetlights of
Paris.
* 注意判斷 excited about 是分詞，非動詞
表示理論,資料的說明:
INDICATE/ SHOW/ FIND/ SUGGEST/ PROPOSE/ ANNOUNCE/ SAY + THAT 子句
EVIDENCE+ THAT 子句
時態: that 子句中的時態依據發生時間在報導前、一起或後決定。
REPORT
Lenders and building managers in the southwestern section of the city report that because
of the renewed rental market in the area and the increased willingness of banks to lend
money, apartment buildings are being rehabilitated at a pace unseen for a decade.
emitted annually by vehicles at O'Hare International Airport is twice that emitted annually by
all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.
INDICATE 主詞可為人或資料
錯誤選項: 沒有 indicate sth to be 用法
The reports from the Department of Commerce indicated that the economy had grown at an
annual rate much higher than most economists had predicted.
In this sentence, the reports "indicated", which is already the past tense. So, we need to
decide if the economists made their predictions before the reports, during the reports or
after the reports.
The reports were written after the economists made their predictions, so the predictions
need to be in a tense earlier than the simple past.
Y29 Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures
released today seem to indicate that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a
recession.
134
一個 5000 年前的北美遺址指出在那時期的緬因州居民是廣大的 Algonquian-speaking people

文化的一部份
* there are only two time frames: "indicate" which shows that we're starting in the present
and "were" which shows that the people lived there in the past. There's no intervening
action, so we need to use the simple past.
P98 Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more because their bodies burn
D38 The results of two recent unrealted studies support the idea that dolphins may share certain
capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors - an ability that is often considered a sign of
self-awareness - and of spontaneously grasping the mood or intention of humans.
According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have
occurred in human DNA over the millennia indicates that everyone alive today may be a
descendant of a single female ancestor who lived in Africa sometime between 140,000 and
280,000 years ago.
* a descendan of: We are all descendants of our African ancestors.

Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated
to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed a statue of the goddess Athena and
that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena's father, and giants.
Recent research indicates that two popular arthritis drugs may not be as safe as they were
initially believed to be.
In April 1997, Hillary Rodham Clinton hosted an all-day White House scientific conference
on new findings indicating that a child’s acquisition of language, thinking, and emotional
skills is an active process that may be largely completed before age three.
A one-million-year-old skull bearing traits associated with both Homo erectus and Homo
sapiens has been found in the Afar region of Eritrea, indicating that modern humans
developed much earlier than previously thought.
* those 指 effects
SHOW
D36 New data from United States Forest Service ecologists show that for every dollar spent on
small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire-management personnel, seven
dollars are saved that would have been spent on extinguishing big fires.
135
* showed 是過去時間，講現在事實
Ex: Yesterday I told you that the Sun will rise in the East.
with age.
FIND
* past 翻最近
A recent study has found that amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, is
about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and causes fewer side effects.
Y35 Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found that local witnesses are difficult
to locate, reticent, and suspicious of strangers.
Coorporations have found that confidentiality, dramatically reduced costs, and a reasonably
quick resolution of disputes are the advantages of settling differences privately by using
mediators rather than the courts.
* set a dispute
Almost a decade after New York State passed laws to protect patients by reducing the
grueling hours worked by medical residents, an investigation of twelve hospitals by state
medical officials has found that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents
work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical residents work
more than 95 hours a week.
For many people, household labor remains demanding even if they can afford household
appliances their grandparents would have found miraculous.
SUGGEST 必接 Ving 不可接 to V
1. 表暗示，為直說法
2. 表建議，為虛擬語氣
Radiocarbon dating of fossils taken from caves on islands along southeastern Alaska’s
coast suggests that at least a portion of the area remained ice-free during the last ice age.
P35 The rise in the Commerce Department's index of leading economic indicators suggests that
the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but the mixed performance of
the index's individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more
moderate pace than in the first quarter of this year.
Scientific evidence suggests that the benefits arising from consumption of alcohol are
greatest when alcohol is taken with meals on a moderate, regular basis rather than
136
consumed on binges.
Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that the elephant is descended
from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
While some propose to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by
attempting to change people's attitudes toward pirating, others suggest reducing software
prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling for the prosecution
of those who copy software illegally.
The features of the floor of the Kasei Valles on Mars look just like those at the base of
Antarctic ice streams, suggesting that flowing ice may have carved the giant Martian
channels previously attributed to cataclysmic floods.
PROPOSE
Propose sth to V
* what = that which

reversals in the Earth's magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, the splitting apart of continents
80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
舊 Faced with an estimated $2 billion budget gap, the city's mayor proposed a nearly 17
OG percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city's major
His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-
ANNOUNCE + N or ANNOUNCE THAT(THAT 可省)
Blaming its recent troubles on a widening recession and slow rate of technology spending,
the computer company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce—more than
2,000 jobs—and expected to report a loss in its third quarter.
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of
some of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, fossils that are at least 25 million years
older than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.
Trans World Entertainment Corporation, Albany, which owns the Record Town and
Saturday Matinee retail chains, announced it was closing up to one-fourth of its stores
because of poor sales.
(x) that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed.
 they指sales? stores?
Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has
137
announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.
The computer company reported strong second-quarter earnings that surpassed Wall
Street's estimates and announced the first in a series of price cuts intended to increase
sales further.
Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on
pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting emission limits that would be far
stricter than the federal rules.
recession.
ADVOCATE
A controversial figure throughout most of his public life, the Black leader Marcus Garvey
advocated that some Blacks return to Africa, the land that, to him, symbolized the possibility
of freedom.
SAY
Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to
relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the
developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined
this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution.
TELL
The federal government requires hospitals to tell Medicare patients that they have a legal
right to challenge their discharge if they feel they are being sent home prematurely.
(x) to tell Medicare patients of their leagal right

* "tell of" is okay, but in this sentence, we should use a clause since a clause allows you to
give more information (since a clause contains a subject and a verb). "tell of" would allow
only a noun after it, which doesn't give as much information as a clause, obviously.
REVEL
A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
was published, reveals that Twain provided financial assistance to one of the first Black
students at Yale Law School.
* A letter reveals…
名詞類
EVIDENCE
evidence of
注意 evidence that 與 evidence to suggest that 不同意思
discovery of
Although the manager agreed to a more flexible work schedule, he said that it must be
posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is
assigned to do.
Y114 Gall's hypothesis that different mental functions are localized in different parts of the brain is
widely accepted today.
138
Recent findings lend strong support to the theory that a black hole lies at the center of the
Milky Way and of many of the 100 billion other galaxies estimated to exist in the universe
emitted annually by vehicles at O'Hare International Airport is twice that emitted annually by
all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.
- A is twice as much as B，其中 as much as 可以省略--->A is twice B 兩個是一樣的

Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what
appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human
ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting the theory
that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact contributed to the extinction of the
dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago.
* contributed to A and B 小心and後面不可加that形成假平衡

Unearthed in China, fossils of feathered dinosaurs offer the most dramatic evidence yet
discovered of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds.
在中國出土的帶有羽毛的恐龍化石，是至今發現的最有力的關於恐龍和鳥類進化聯繫的證據。
* (which is) yet discovered…
* yet: up to the present time; "I have yet to see the results"; "details are yet to be worked
out"
(x) have offered the most dramatic evidence of the close evolutionary relationship between
dinosaurs and birds that have yet been discovered
 (x) have offered
 D changes meaning..dinosaurs and birds that have yet been discovered..
Astronomers have uncovered evidence that a star as bright as the full moon exploded into
view 340,000 years ago, emitting dazzling radiation that could have disrupted Earth's
protective ozone layer and sunburned our Stone Age ancestors.
(x) evidence for

* simultaneously with but independently of 修飾 arose
At an orientation meeting, the travelers were told that they would each need a visa, a
landing card, and evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever.
(x) evidence of their being inoculated against typhoid fever

Y21 Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and
estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the
evolutionary path that led to human beings.
Recently found near Lake Baringo in Kenya was evidence of what may be the earliest
known use of fore by ancestors of Homo sapiens.
139
* 證據=真理，用現在式 may be
(x) may have been
G31- Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-nuke-
28 wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and
thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
magnetic field.
(x) The discovery that Earth's inner core, rotating independently of and more qickly than
Earth's outer layers, is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner
through the outer planet and of how Earth's magnetic field forms and the periodic reversla
of its direction.
 changes meaning. the discovery is responsible, not the inner core itself.
Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated mammal bones in amber could
provide important clues for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of
the West Indies.
The discovery of twenty-one ceramic dog figurines during the excavation of a 1,000-year-
old Hohokam village in Tempe, Arizona, has nearly doubled the number of these artifacts
known to exist.
* 教科書句型 The discovery of…..has….

Biologists working in Spain say that their discovery of teeming life in a highly acidic river
may not only broaden the search for life, or for evidence of past life, no other planets but
also show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that scientists
have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria.
用其他介係詞的資料
CLUE TO 或 CLUE FOR
Scientists claim that the discovery of the first authenticated mammal bones in amber could
provide important clues for determining how and when mammals colonized the islands of the
West Indies.
認為
regard + A(O) +as+ B(OC)
see + A(O) +as+ B(OC)
view + A(O) +as+ B(OC)
look on + A(O) +as+ B(OC)
140
think of + A(O) +as+ B(OC)
補語用 N 或 adj
CONSIDER X Y
* its = the Argentina ant's

REGARD….AS
Some anthropologists regard the early hominids' manner of walking as less efficient than
that of modern human beings.
VIEW A AS B
A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at
present but that they will, or could, be made sufficiently safe in the future.
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the
economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to
leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
THINK OF A AS B
THINK
錯誤選項 think of A to be B
Scholars who once thought Native American Meratures were solely oral narratives recorded
by missionaries of anthropologists now understand this body of work to consist of both oral
Meratures and the written works of Native American authors, who have been publishing
since 1772.
Artificial intelligence emerged during the late 1950's as an academic discipline based on the
assumption that computers could be programmed to think like people.
CONCEIVE OF A AS B
Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for
the telephone; instead, it has become precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with
a large, public audience.
* Here’s a good moment to note that Mr. Smith originally conceived of “Child 44” as a
movie.
DEPICT A AS B
Although films about the American West depict coyotes as solitary animals howling
mournfully on the tops of distant hills, in reality these gregarious creatures live in stable
groups that occupy the same territory for long periods.
CITE A AS B 倒裝 CITE AS B A
The 151 member governments of the World Bank are expected to increase the bank's
funding by $75 billion, though some United States legislators cite as an obstacle to
congressional passage the concern that the bank's loans will help foreign producers
compete with American businesses.
141
IS DEPENDENT ON A AS B
Roughly one-half of the world’s population, including virtually all of East and Southeast
(x) is dependent on rice to be

SB BELIEVE THAT…..
As a result of the ground-breaking work of Barbara McClintock, many scientists now believe
that all of the information encoded in the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in a
human cell is contained in a mere three percent of the cell's DNA.
Geologists believe that the Bering land bridge, over which human beings are thought to
have first entered the Americans, disappeared about 14,000 years ago when massive
glaciers melted and caused the sea level to rise several hundred feet worldwide.
Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths
of Numbing, Australia, call female moths to them using acoustical signals, rather than
olfactory ones, and attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
separate, required course．
fuel cells.
SB IS CONVINCED THAT….
automatic teller machines, many travelers will still use travel agents.
* the laws of physics 物理法則

twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced that social work education belonged
in the university, where students could be offered a broad range of courses dealing with
social issues.
CLAIM (n.c)(v) 1. to request 2. to state

claim that 子句
claim to V
142
* They are claiming that it IS something - not that it "to be" something - so, no, we wouldn't
use "to be" here. We'd say "the company has unveiled what it claims is the world's
smallest..."
I could say, though, "she claims to be a violinist, but I've heard her play and she's terrible."
So there are circumstances in which you could use "claim to be".
In June, 1981, six teenagers in the village of Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, claimed to have had
visions of the Virgin Mary, who they say has continued to appear to them over the ensuing
years.
Local residents claim that San Antonio, Texas, has more good Mexican American
restaurants than does any other city in the United States.
承認
ADMIT
 admit+Ving or admit to +Ving
Y68 Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are
disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.
* be willing to
* be disinclined to
國內最大的一家銀行決定承認國外貸款金額約有 3 百萬美元的潛在損失，意味著商業銀行不
多借錢給開發中國家和增加對多國間合作政府借出者的壓力要供給資金
堅持、命令、建議、請求、條件 + THAT 子句 + 原 V
The present subjunctive is required in that clauses after verbs of requirement, recommendation,
and request. These verbs include: require, mandate, insist, command, demand, stipulate,
recommend, propose, suggest, urge, advise, move, request, ask, desire. The present subjunctive
is also used in that clauses after adjectives and nouns derived from these verbs: required,
requirement, requested, request, desirable, recommended, recommendation, proposed, proposal,
suggested, suggestion, advised, advisable, advice, motion, etc. It is also used in that clauses after
other adjectives and nouns of requirement, recommendation, and request: necessary, essential,
143
critical, vital, imperative, urgent, important, condition.
* that 子句中 should 必省，但是 that 不可省
建議 SUGGEST/ PROPOSE/ RECOMMAND + THAT 子句 + 原 V

GWD During her presidency of the short-lived Woman’s State Temperance Society (1852-1853),
1-Q1 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many
of her most ardent supporters by suggesting that drunkenness be made sufficient cause
for divorce.
P96 The commission proposed that funding for development of the park, which could be open
to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue.
* funding 找資金
Y48 The report recommended that the hospital eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate
expensive services, and use space in other hospitals.
A Swiss government panel recommended that the country sell about half its gold reserves,
raising fears that other countries would do the same and inundate the market.
The shifting conditions prompted federal scientists last December to propose a
“threatened” listing for polar bears under the Endangered Species Act and a fresh
assessment of the species' prospects is under way.
* propose to V/ Ving (O)
* propose sb to do sth (X)
To help counteract the adverse effects of trout stocking on the amphibian populations in
certain mountain lakes, biologists are recommending that some states cut back on trout
stocking and even remove the trout from some popular fishing lakes.
請求 ASK/ REQUIRE / EXPECT/ URGE/ DEMAND + THAT 子句 + 原 V

REQUIRE: 動作發出者有人, 法令, 設備
(v) require sb to V 簡潔
require that
被動用法
be required by
be required (of sb) to do sth
(n) requirement of A
錯誤選項 requirement of A by B
varieties.
Y82 Senator Lasker has proposed legislation requiring employers to retain all older workers
indefinitely or show just cause for dismissal.
Y53 Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires anyone who buys more than
5 percent of a company's stock to make a public disclosure of the purchase.
P41 The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay
access to funds from deposited checks.
延遲從已存款的支票的資金存取
舊 Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private
OG employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring
144
* require of sb that…
If a drug that is already on the market has the potential to help adults and children who
have the same disease, or if it is widely used in children and the absence of labeling seems
dangerous, the FDA can require that the drug undergo pediatric study.
P62 Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and
account requirements in writing, to provide free cashing of government checks, and to
create basic savings accounts that carry minimal fees and require minima initial deposits．
* cashing 兌換
Y44 The automotive conveyor-belt system, which Henry Ford modeled after an assembly-line
technique introduced by Ransom Olds, reduced the time required to assemble a Model T
from a day and a half to 93 minutes.
call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked
to do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
* Congress 國會是被要求
Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required of firms to
survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile
demand, such firms tend to be very large.
原因子句還原後是這樣寫的：
Because of the enormous research and development expenditures that are required of
firms to survive in the......被動式，由於大量的研發用是公司生存所需要" 進一步說，就是被
動式可允許 are require (of sb) to do sth...
但若改為主動，直接寫成"because firms require the enormous research and development

expenditures to survive....."of”不需要加
EXPECT / EXPECTATION THAT

Sth be expected to V (不接代名詞)
注意: 用此字不需要假設語氣
The average salary of new jobs is expected to rise in the near future as jobs become
available in high-paying industries.
(x) will rise

(x) would rise
銀行有 30 億美金貸款。壞賬是 seriously delinquent,呆賬是 do not expect payments when

due
* delinquent 到期未付的
145
Y137 The company announced that its profits declined much less(adv) in the second quarter than
* 必用 would 表 uncertainty
(x) had expected 受詞 profits 省略，不可接 them
原句 analysts had expected (its profits to decline)
比較結構 than 後面省略與 than 前面完全相同的部分,只保留不同及避免歧義的部分
* and (will be) at a lower cost

* at a lower cost 修飾 deliver
As sources of electrical power, windmills now account for only about 2,500 megawatts
nationwide, but production is expected almost to double by the end of the year and thus to
provide enough electricity for 1.3 million households.
Y124 Canadian scientists have calculated that every nine years a human being will be struck by
a meteorite, while each year 16 buildings can be expected to sustain damage from such
objects.
* one 強調數量,特指; a 泛指
* a stranger = a strang being
* objects = meteorites
* will: used to express frequent, customary, or habitual action or natural tendency or
disposition
* should 是表義務，不適合此
每九年就會有一個人被隕石擊中，然而每年 16 個建築物預計會遭受這樣的損失(被隕石擊中)。
at a 7.5 percent annual rate, while inflation eased when it might have been expected to
rise.
Retail sales rose 8/10 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal
spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth
rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.
* "would" shows the future tense
URGE
urge…to V
Y11 Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of
DEMAND
A demand of B to V
146
錯誤選項: 沒有 demand sb to V 的用法 I demand you to be here on time.
P55 In one of the most stunning reversals in the history of marketing, the Coca-Cola company in
July 1985 yielded to thousands of irate consumers who demanded that it bring back the
original Coke formula.
The budget for education reflects the administration's demand that the money is controlled
by local school districts, but it can only be spent on teachers, not on books, computers, or
other materials or activities.
Municipalities have begun demanding that private developers pay an increased share of
the costs of expanding the current road networks, sewer systmes and other public services
to accommodate new development projects.
* the difference between pay and pay for

ex: I paid $10 to the waiter for lunch.
CALL
call sb to do sth
call for N: to require, demand or need sth
PS:似乎不用 that 子句
A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company, the world’s largest telephone company, into two local phone companies
and one long-distance provider.
* a breakup into / a breakup of …into

In contrast to environmentalist’s proposals to limit emissions of certain pollutants,
administration’s proposal would call for mandatory restrictions on only three such pollutants
from power plants－mercury, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides－and the plan would delay
such cuts until 2010 or later.
When Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the
Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, she included in it a call for female
enfranchisement.
do so by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
(x) call sb for considering

Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths of
Numbing, Australia, call female moths to them using acoustical signals, rather than olfactory
ones, and attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
命令 ORDER / MANDATE + THAT 子句 + 原 V

order 用法: order X to do Y
錯誤選項: order + ving

147
published.
* 被動 be 省略
P90 The concept of the grand jury dates from the twelfth century, when Henry II of England
ordered panels of common citizens to prepare lists of suspected criminals in their
communities.
* A list should be followed by the elements that compose it.

Y83 Most state constitutions now mandate that the state budget be balanced each year.
* Constitutions 大寫 C 表憲法，constitutions 小寫 C 表洲法

A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any
new drug intended for use by both adults and children undergo pediatric study and that its
manufacturers list children's doses on the label.
Results of the recent study make it mandatory that the scientist reject implementation of the
experimental procedure.
條件 ON CONDICTION THAT 子句 + 原 V
如果不用假設語氣，要用過去式。
Two employees agreed to speak to us on condition that they not be named.
He was released on bail on condition that he did not go within half a mile of his mother's
address.
HOPE 不用虛擬語氣，用未來式
永遠錯誤選項: Hopefully
The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of
high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to the
passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows companies
to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole
intent of selling.
* led to the passage 不可寫成 lead to passing
ESTIMATE
物 be estimated to v...(o)
物 be estimated to be
人 estimate at
錯誤選項: 物 be estimated at
* (40 to 44 million years)副詞 + (old)形容詞

Prep An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and
148
* object has mass
* If we were comparing the masses, we would use "to be".
For example: The mass of the Moon is estimated to be 1/100th the mass of the Earth.
* If we were comparing the objects, we use "has"/"have" or "to have".

For example: The Moon has approximately 1/100th the mass of the Earth.
or The Moon is estimated to have 1/100th the mass of the Earth.
Y120 It has been estimated that illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost
industrial output and tax revenues.
It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum
industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of
refined petroleum.
* the cost to the industry ≠ the industry’s cost

Y27 Health officials estimate that 35 million Africans are in danger of contracting
trypanosomiasis, or "African sleeping sickness," a parasitic disease spread by the bites of
tsetse flies.
(x) A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting
equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4
million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.
 Had not been is not correct
used by visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and
underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
probably have 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world’s most populous
nation.
(x) it will probably have what is estimated as.

 It is referring to population of India, which can not have 1.6million population
Estimated as is not the correct idiom
PROJECT
錯誤用法：be projected at
The city has proposed a number of water treatment and conservation projects whose cost will
raise water bills so high that even environmentalists are beginning to raise alarms.
An international group of more than 2,000 scientists projects an average global warming of
between 1.8 and 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit by the year 2000.
某人認為(THINK, SUPPOSE)
CALCULATE + THAT 子句
149
ARGUE
CONTEND
MAINTAIN
objects.
(x) a meteorite will strike a human being once in every nine years
C is saying that the meteorite will the strike the same person every nine years
It could be argued that the most significant virtue of a popular democracy is not the right to
participate in the selection of leaders, but rather its affirmation of our importance in the
scheme of things.
allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their
actions.
other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some paleontologists have
argued that Lucy represents a different lineage.
D48 Critics contend that the new missiles is a weapon whose importance is largely symbolic,
Some scientists contend that many species of dinosaur had a metabolism more like a
warm-blooded mammal's than a cold-blooded reptile's.
* 表示 maintained 與 had 同時發生於過去，並在動作在過去已經完成了。
推測動詞，表示一般人認為的意見，非作者的意見。
seem, appear, be said, be thought, be supposed, be believed, be known, be alleged (被認為)
+ to have + V-pp 用完成式不定詞之動作需比主要動詞早，如果沒有比較早，就要用簡單不定詞。
It seems/appears/is seen/is thought/is supposed/is believed/is known/is alleged (that) S + have

Vpp
S seem/appear/is seen/is thought/is supposed/is believed/is known/is alleged to have Vpp
APPEAR(vi) 直接加形容詞最簡潔
appear to be = seem to be
Y10 Unlike those in the United States, Japanese unions appear reluctant to organize lower-paid
workers.
chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer. 強調過去與現在的對比
150
New items developed for automobiles in the 1997 model year included a safer air bag ,
which, unlike previous air bags, eliminated the possibility that a burst of smoke would
appear when the bag inflated to make an already terrified passenger think the car was on
fire.
Like the African white and black rhinos, the Sumatran rhino has two horns, but the front one
is generally less than a foot long and the second is so small that it often appears to be
missing.
Because he appeared to be the only candidate whose views would be acceptable to its
membership, the Youth Canorous finally endorsed Gorge for city council.
* 小心觀察 appear 是修飾誰？有時修飾語都可修飾人，但是一句中可能會有兩個人

舊 The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the
OG features of which are so unrealistic that they have constituted what one scholar calls an
"artificial face.”
* it appears 是插句,沒有文法意義
Y9 Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark
spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.
* sth are visible 被看到

(x) 不可將 are visible 改成 appear
SEEM
錯誤選項標誌：出現 may, seemingly(=apparently)
recession.
Because it seemed to be one of the few corporations diversified enough to survive the
recession, many shareholders ignored the drop in third-quarter profits and invested even
more heavily in Emco.
It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of
planetary nebulas, are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other at close
range.
originally seemed (that) they would (cost).
Camille Claudet worked continuously through the 1880’s and early 1890’s with the sculptor
Auguste Rodin; since there are very few signed works of hers, the conclusion seems
inescapable that part of Rodin's enormous production of that period was conceived and
executed by Claudet.
* 名詞子句表 conclusion 的同位語 the conclusion on〔that part of….〕seems inescapable.

* the inescapable conclusion seems to be one of Claudet conceiving and executing part of
Rodin's enormous production of that period  the conclusion is one of her conceiving and
executing? sounds pretty awkward. Wrong.
BE BELIEVED TO V
151
'believe to be' - makes sense as it is about astronomer's conviction, more assertive.
'believe that' - is usable, for an assumption or supposing.
Y42 Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the
universe, are believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development.
Recent research indicates that two popular arthritis drugs may not be as safe as they were
initially believed to be.
* "believe to be" means something similar to "believe to be true" - the astronomers believe
this piece of information to be true.
* "of a type" means something similar to "included in this category or type" - this distant
supernova explosion is of a type that science hadn't known about before. The astronomers
believe that last sentence to be true.
(x) one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.  It would cause
"explosion" and "type" to be compared.
BE SAID 據說
At one time, the majestic American chestnut was so prevalent that it was said a squirrel
could jump from tree to tree without once touching the ground between New York State and
Georgia.
(X) that a squirrel was said that it could

Y50 It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of
microcomputer technology: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future,
did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
* It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of
microcomputer technology 這是（那些沒有預料到...的）教育者們的錯 - 是這樣一些人的錯，
可是錯在哪裡沒有說
Sth is thought to be

According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and
meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain
and more (fat) of a kind of fat thought to be good for cardiac health.
BE KNOWN TO + 動作人盡皆知
ex: He is known to be an excellent athlete.
BE KNOWN AS + 身份「俗稱」
ex: He has been known to us as a story writer.
BE KNOWN FOR + N 以某事物知名
P11 It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and how
frequently the inventory turns over can be crucial to profits.
152
The fear of rabies is well founded; few people are known to have recovered from the
disease once the clinical symptoms have appeared.
* 依舊有恐懼(is) 但是身體已經恢復(have feared)

The Neanderthals, once considered dull-witted brutes, are now known to have had brains
fully as large as our own.
Y71 The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons
circling Uranus, doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant
planet.
Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a
dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago,
pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date at which humans are known to
have made stone tools.
The number of plant and animal species that humans are known to have forced to extinction
in the last half millennium is over 800.
* that 為 force 的受詞

Patience Lovell Wright, whose traveling waxworks exhibit preceded Madame Tuscan’s work
by 30 year, became as well known for her eccentric personality as for her skillful wax
renderings of popular public figures.
V to have pp
Balzac drank more than fifty cups of coffee a day and died of caffeine poisoning; however,
caffeine did not seem to bother Samuel Johnson, the great writer and lexicographer, who
was reported to have drunk twenty-five cups of tea at one sitting.
(x) "to have bothered" implies that the situation is ongoing from the past to the present.
* If something occurs as a matter of habit or norm we use simple present tense for example
the sun sets in in the east.
153
Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of
adry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago,
The number of plant and animal species that humans are known to have forced to extinction
in the last half millennium is over 800.
* that 為 force 的受詞

*突顯已經滅絕
In June, 1981, six teenagers in the village of Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, claimed to have had
visions of the Virgin Mary, who they say has continued to appear to them over the ensuing
years.
Geologists believe that the Bering land bridge, over which human beings are thought to
have first entered the Americans, disappeared about 14,000 years ago when massive
glaciers melted and caused the sea level to rise several hundred feet worldwide.
Balzac drank more than fifty cups of coffee a day and died of caffeine poisoning; however,
caffeine did not seem to bother Samuel Johnson, the great writer and lexicographer, who
was reported to have drunk twenty-five cups of tea at one sitting.
Y36 In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so that he
could marry Anne Boleyn.
- seek to
- have sth done
The domestication of the camel, thought by some scholars to have occurred around the
twelfth century B.C., was the key to the development of the spice trade in the ancient world.
曼 The uniformization of a set of characters, thought by some historians to have occurred in
the late Qing dynasty, was the key to the sustainability and prosperity of the Chinese culture
over thousands of years.
 What is occuring? Historians are dating something. What are they dating? Not the
uniformized set of characters itself, but the time when the characters became
uniformized(the uniformization of the characters).
* Believed to be means it is still around. Since it "died out 65 millions years ago," you need
some form of a past tense, hence "Believed to have been"
BE CONVINCED THAT
twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced that social work education belonged
in the university, where students could be offered a broad range of courses dealing with
154
social issues.
CHANGES IN
In the mod-1920s the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company was the scene of
(x) population changes of

Because they can reproduce several times each year and produce large numbers of
offspring, many insect species can generally adapt quickly to changes in their environment.
During the eighteenth century, widespread changes in agriculture, known as the agrarian
revolution, involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming
techniques and crops, and the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.
While many politicians have been able to abuse recent changes in the law, the original spirit
of the bill was that it be equally applied to all residents, no matter their socio-economic
status.
D37 Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and
It is possible that, like the Volkswagen, whose unchanging exterior over decades concealed
many changes in its internal machinery, many prehistoric microbes evolved without
significant modification of their sheaths.
上升/下降
INCREASE, RISE, GROW
REDUCE, DECLINE, DROP
INCREASE
(v) increase to x from y
Increase by
(n) a increase in 在…方面的增加 ex: most homeowners see an increase in their new tax bills
155
分辨：increase 增加的部分, increased 本金+增加的部分, increasing 一直增加
The initial cost is X
The increment is Y
So the increase in cost is Y and the increased cost is X+Y
At the beginning of the year, the city allocated $150 million to cover the increase in wages
that it expected to approve as a result of negotiations with the municipal labor unions.
* 原句 implies that the city is expected to approve the 'increase' and not the 'wages' as
such.
(x) increased wages

 指增加後
(x) increasing wages
 wages are still increasing (progressive tone)
(x) "negotiated increases in wages it expected to approve with the municipal labor unions"
 the sentence makes it clear that the negotiations hadn't yet happened, but choice d
means that they had already occurred (you can't have 'negotiated increases in wages'
unless the negotiations have already taken place).
probably have 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous
nation.
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase to 10 percent from 6
percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges from obscure
After decreasing steadily in the mid-1990's, the percentage of students in the United States
who finished high school or earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years
of the decade, to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 84.8 percent in 1998.
The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have
increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last two
156
years.
* pressure 抽象名詞不加 the

(x) increasing
 "the increasing pressure" suggest that action is continuing rather an outcome itself. An
outcome "less lending by commercial banks" is || with another outcome "increased
pressure".
* 注意混淆選項 when，if 表 a condition 優於 when 表 a period of time。

(x) 55 percent more delays 不明確

Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include
brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons
in canaries that learn new songs.
* that 限定修飾動物 mice

(x) the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment
when 省去主詞是 the brain growth
A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that
creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a
result of an increase in sea surface temperatures during the same period.
* 不可寫 "increasing" indicates that the event is continuing until today when the sentence
clearly states that the event ended in 1996.
According to a recent study of consumer spending on prescription medications, increases
in the sales of the 50 drugs that were advertised most heavily accounted for almost half of
the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, the remainder of the increase coming
from sales of the 9,850 prescription medicines that companies did not advertise or
advertised very little.
farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment
of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in
GROW (vi) / GROWTH
P105 As business grows more complex, students who major in such specialized areas as finance
and marketing are becoming more and more successful in the job market.
* grows: describe an ongoing situation
157
(x) have been becoming
The economy of Britain grew more slowly in the mid-1970's and declined much more
rapidly in the subsequent recession than did the economy of the United States.
Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years
from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
* 主詞 a market
Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10000 years from the
beginning of agriculture to 1950.
week.
Unlike crested wheatgrass, an alien species from Siberia that forms only shallow roots and
produces tall above-ground shoots, native North American grasses develop an extensive
root system, allowing for greater enrichment of the soil, but do not grow to be very tall.
The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact
include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
因為已經明確講出 30 feet long，所以可以不用寫累贅的 as big as

P10 Growing competitive pressures may be encouraging auditors to bend the rules in favor of
clients; auditors may, for instance, allow a questionable loan to remain on the books in
order to maintain a bank's profits on paper.
Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it
more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow.
P79 Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty
centimeters of sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of
industrial activity in the area.
The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, determined by when the sun
reached the observer's meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of
regional times.
158
The most favorable locations for the growth of glaciers are not the cold, dry polar regions
but the cool, moist middle latitudes, where there is abundant precipitation and where it is
cold enough to allow some snow to accumulate year by year.
spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth
Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include
brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons
in canaries that learn new songs.
BOOST
A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new
construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry's economic
health much more robust than it was five years ago.
RISE
(vi) rise to
the rising(adj) cost of 一直漲
(n.) a/the rise in: the rise in cost of
The rise and fall of the Rome Empire 興亡的動作早就完成
* We are talking about increase in Sale (Uncountable Noun so we need Amount) an amount
指$167 billion
During the last interglacial period, the climate on the Earth was warmer than it is today, and
the consequent melting of the polar ice caps caused the sea level to rise about 60 feet
above its present height.
高出60英呎
P67 Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable lands
will drop while the rate of loss rises.
and at lower cost.
159
(x) the rising(adj) of cost 分詞當 adj
a massive Soviet(adj.) missile attack.
(o) the rising(n.) of moon動名詞當名詞

(x) the rise of moon
(x) mistake ….as…
* comparably 比 to a comparable extent 來的簡潔
Currently 26 billion barrels a year, world consumption of oil is rising at a rate of 2 percent
annually.
* The currently 26 million barrels a year can only refer to consumption.

(x) the rise in the rate of the world’s oil consumption is 
26 billion barrels of oil cannot be the world not the oil nor the rise.
the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but the mixed performance of
the index's individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more
Possible long-term consequences of the “greenhouse effect,” the gradual warming of the
Earth’s climate, include melting of the polar ice caps and a rise in sea level.
* 有 possible 不需要寫 may include

RAISE
raise 有往上升的意思，所以要用 to 表升到某一種程度
raise at 是持水平的意思
Cash flows to stock and bond mutual funds have gained strength in the last two months,
but fund managers have not been eager to invest the new money, instead preferring to
raise the cash levels in their portfolios to the highest level in six months
The average human life span is less than forty years, except in areas where improvements
in health care and preventive medicine have raised life expectancy to past the age of
seventy.
SOARING
(x) soaring rates for liability insurance have risen to force

 soaring 與 have risen 意思重複
160
DROP
In 1800 women born, on average, 7 children; by the Great Depression this figure had
dropped to 2.2.
* the Great Depression 1928

DECREASE
The automobile company announced that the average price of next year's cars and trucks
would decrease four-tenths of one percent, or about $72, from that of comparably equipped
models this year.
* or about
明年的平均價錢會從今年相同等級的model減個0.4%, 或是$72
REDUCE
* reduced costs = reduction in costs (result of reduction)
REDUCTION
Y44 The automotive conveyor-belt system, which Henry Ford modeled after an assembly-line
technique introduced by Ransom Olds, reduced the time required to assemble a Model T
from a day and a half to 93 minutes.
天山 3-
7
In Scotland, the wild salmon's numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and
coastal netting coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish's
habitat.
(x) the wild salmon’s numbers

fuel cells.
Y81 In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines are
priced to sell, and they do.
Y134 Recently implemented "shift-work equations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle
have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, and fatigue among shift workers while raising
production efficiency in various industries.
Y34 Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education
reformers and many states in the 1970's, have not significantly reduced the gap that exists
between the richest and poorest districts.
P83 If the proposed expenditures for gathering information abroad are reduced even further,
161
international news reports will continue to diminish in number and quality.
Further: non-physical distance

ex: I hope that airline prices drop further before I have to buy my ticket.
Farther: physical distance
ex: I need to look further into the options for our vacation.
Y112 The Federal Reserve Board's reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institutions is
both an acknowledgment of past economic trends and an effort to influence their future
direction.
P70 Faced with an estimated$2 billion budget gap, the city’s mayor proposed a nearly 17
percent reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city’s major
DECLINE (vi)
declining (adj.)
錯誤選項:在 decline 多一個 down 因為 decline 只有一個方向，就是往下，所以不需 down

popular acclaim while living, but whose reputation declines after death and never regains its
former status.
注意：是物 decline 非人
Y137 The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than
to get through the harvest season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit
this spring.
* collateral (n.u) 指 far equipment and land, 抵押品；附加擔保品；質物

為美國用語, 在英國則稱為 collateral security, 或簡稱 security, 指債務人提供作為償還貸款的
抵押品·若貸款的期限已到而債務人無力償還時, 債權人有權將該項抵押品加以變賣以抵償貸
款本息·此種由債務人提供抵押品的貸款, 稱為 collateralized loan.
* collateral against 用…做抵押 eg: I lease a sport car against my house.
* 句意: 下跌的價格會衝擊到擔保品本身, 使得借款人縮減或拒絕借款, 這種抵押使農民可以靠
借貸支撐到收穫的季節
The decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada
has become so severe that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list it as
an endangered species in the near future.
whole.
(x) to about 60, more than twice as great as that
162
 "more than twice as great as that" could refer to "60" instead of to the drop.
FALL
LAG BEHIND
50.
MCAT An economic recession can result from falling employment rates triggered by a drop in
investment, causing cutbacks in consumer spending and starting a cycle of layoffs that lead
to even lower employment rates.
This choice makes clear, through the use of the plural verb "cause", that the employment
rates are responsible for the cutbacks in spending. Further it uses the concise phrase
"cutbacks in consumer spending" and eliminates the redundant word "back."
(x) a lowering of employment rates triggered by a drop in investment, which causes people
to cut consumer spending and start a cycle of layoffs leading back to even lower
employment rates.
The original sentence contains a clause beginning with "which" that logically describes the
result of lower employment rates. However, as written, this clause seems to describe the
result of "a drop in investment" because "which" modifies the noun just before it. We need
to find a replacement that makes the causal relationship clear. Additionally, the phrase
"causes people to cut consumer spending" is wordy and somewhat illogical since the
people are the consumers. A more concise way to say this would be "causes cutbacks in
consumer spending." Finally, the use of "back" is redundant, as it is implied by the word
"cycle".
(x) falling employment rates that are triggered by a drop in investment,

This choice contains the wordy phrases "that are triggered by"
ALLOW
「允許」這個動詞，在用法上是指：「誰被誰允許去做什麼事」，主詞非得要是「人」不可，與虛主詞王
不見王。
allow sth/sb to do sth
(X) It is not allowed to talk in the library.
(O) People are not allowed to talk in the library.
allow sb. to do sth.是允許；allow that 是承認

Y18 Computers are becoming faster, more powerful, and more reliable, and so too are
modems, the devices that allow two or more computers to share information over regular
telephone lines.
* that…. 表同位語
Y64 The technical term "pagination" refers to a process that allows editors, rather than printers,
to assemble the page images that become the metal or plastic plates used in printing.
這個專有名詞 pagination(分頁)指的是一個過程，可以讓編輯，而不是印工，集合分配每一
頁影像成為用於印刷用的金屬或塑膠版。
163
* that…. 表同位語
P10 Growing competitive pressures may be encouraging auditors to bend the rules in favor of
clients; auditors may, for instance, allow a questionable loan to remain on the books in
order to maintain a bank's profits on paper.
(x) as an instance
the managers perform well
P99 Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of
each day rather than be confined to a hotel.
Nine months after the county banned jet skis and other water bikes from the tranquil
waters of Puget Sound, a judge overturned the ban on the ground that it violated state laws
allowing the use of personal watercraft on common waterways.
* 不要改寫成, allowing，會變成 allow 的主詞是 proliferation

The globalization of financial-services companies has been a boon to money launders,
because it allows money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction to be transferred
to a branch in a more regulated one.
* allow + that 子句意思變成”permitted”錯

The state religion of ancient China, which came into existence at least as far back as the
Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 220) and perhaps as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty
(1050 B.C. to 771 B.C.), allowed the ritual worship of heaven to be performed only by
emperors, who were perceived as special links between the earthly and celestial realms.
Y62 A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of
phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
* are to be allowed: wordy
164
PERMIT
(vt) permit X to Y or permit to (not permit for)
(n.c) permit
permits compensating state governments for damage to their natural resources but does not
allow claims for injury to people.
The rise of the Incan empire rested not only on the Incas' military might and the ability of their
rulers but also on their imposition of a highly organized economic and political system on many
different ethnic groups, who were permitted to retain many of their customs and often their own
leaders.
A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to
reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing size limits for shark catches,
closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to
have federal shark permits.
marketing of toys, but such programs are thriving in the free market conditions permitted by the
current Federal Communications Commission.
法律名詞多用動名詞修飾，比子句簡潔，且動名詞表示一種經常的狀態
名詞(用關代限定修飾或 THAT 子句)

* immigration legislation 移民法

Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the
government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established
the Library of Congress.
(x) Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress made provision for the removal of the
government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also establishing
分詞表示不重要的訊息，如果改and established就符合原題
The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names
of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to
the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows
companies to seed up to $100000 in damages against those who register domain names
with the sole intent of selling.
* 為了避免 in 1999 會有修飾 passage 或是 Act 的歧異，改寫成 in 1999 of….
制法者動詞
立法機關平民
(v) allow/ award/ grant/ permit/ regulate be allowed to
forbid + N / prohibit + N plead guilty to Ving
x forbids y to do z X was fined $XX for failing to do sth.  We
x prohibits y from doing z use for here to explain the cause.
ban O from O
keep O form Ving
165
法律給予力量 enable
法院 declare/ rule/ overturn
(n) ban 可以接形容詞子句，不可接名詞子句
注意：禁令要用 MUST NOT 非 can not

OG allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
risen dramatically
* award + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞

It was an increase in reported cases of malaria along the Gulf Coast that in 1921 led the
health authorities to grant a permit for human experimentation to the group later called
Unimedco.
permits compensating state governments for damage to their natural resources but does not
allow claims for injury to people.
(x) damaging to
 using the gerund 'damaging' implies the state govt have damaged their own resources
Because of a law passed in 1933 making it a crime punishable by imprisonment for a United
States citizen to hold gold in the form of bullion or coins, immigrants found that on arrival in
the United States they had to surrender all of the gold they had brought with them.
A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum
speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on
handlebars at all times, and granted pedestrians right-of-way.
Unlike psychiatrists, who are trained as medical doctors, psychologists have historically
been forbidden to prescribe drugs for their patients, but in 2002 New Mexico began granting
prescribing privileges to licensed, doctoral level psychologists who complete an additional
training and certification program.
In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the
company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure
of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.
* prohibit + 禁止內容
One of Ronald Reagan's first acts as President was to rescind President Carter's directive
prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the
United States.
* directive: an official order or instruction

P48 Wisconsin, Illinois, Florida, and Minnesota have begun to enforce statewide bans prohibiting
landfills from accepting leaves, brush, and grass clippings.
垃圾掩埋場禁止接受樹葉,小樹枝及割下來的草
166
(x) to avoid being stolen by invaders

 表示無生物自己去防止
Nine months after the county banned jet skis and other water bikes from the tranquil waters
of Puget Sound, a judge overturned the ban on the ground that it violated state laws
allowing the use of personal watercraft on common waterways.
In 1923, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and
* declare x + adj
Y62 A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of
phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
前面的過去式動詞 reduced 是因為 A 1972 agreement 而來的, 其為一過去的事件, 但後面子句

裡的現代式動詞 are allowed to 則是因為其為條文內的內容現在仍生效。Using the present
tense simply means that the new law is in effect right now.
(x) that municipalities had been allowed to dump

 An agreement cannot reduce the amount that had been allowed. That previous amount
cannot be changed. There is an allowable amount. That amount was bigger before the
agreement, and has been reduced as a result of the agreement.
1) The legislature increased the maximum speed that one is allowed to drive.
2) The legislature increased the maximum speed that one had been allowed to drive.
The First National Bank of Boston pleaded guilty in a federal district court to failing to report
$1.2 billion in cash transfers to Swiss Bank.
* plead guilty to Ving
(x) pleaded guilty in a federal district court for its failure to report
 "its" is not clear. Is it pointing to bank or court?
* The idiom is "plead guilty to <a crime>" where <a crime> doesn't not need "its" to specify
who committed the crime (the person pleading is assumed". ex: Tom pleaded guilty to
assault.
The idiom "pleading for" is reserved for

(1) when one is pleading "on behalf of" someone (She was pleading for Tom, hoping that his
life would be spared).
or
(2) when one is begging for something. (He pleaded for mercy).
*Tom pleaded guilty to (the crime of) assault.

She pleaded guilty to (the crime of) murdering her husband.
The First National Bank of Boston pleaded guilty ... to (the crime of) failing to report $1.2
167
billion in cash transfers to Swiss banks.
* fail to do sth
The Gamma Xi fraternity has accused the Delta Lamda fraternity of using dirty tricks by
planting a spy on the Gamma Xi's rush committee and then of using the information they
had obtained to sabotage the Gamma Xi's recruitment efforts.
一倍 THE SAME (原級比較)

the same .....as... This is the same pen that I lost. (1 隻筆;就是我不見的那隻筆) = as…as..
the same .....that...This is the same pen as I lost. (2 隻筆;和我不見的那隻筆是一樣的)
錯誤選項: equally
* as 後面的 to 不可省
舊 Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private
OG employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring
Y75 Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan,
the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the
Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
* the same time 時間範圍較大

* as the civilizaitions (did)
A letter by Mark Twain, written in the same year that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
was published, reveals that Twain provided financial assistance to one of the first Black
students at Yale Law School.
* the same year/date/month 清楚指出哪一年

In its most recent approach, the comet Crommelin passed the Earth at about the same
distance and in about the same position, some 25 degrees above the horizon, as will
Halley's comet the next time it disappears.
* 訊息由舊到新，will助動詞算舊訊息
(x) as Halley's comet will do  需省略do，用法同Yes, I can.
Although people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same
rate, the death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
* the same rate 單數; the death rates 死亡率用複數

other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some paleontologists have argued
that Lucy represents a different lineage.
* to be skeletons of the same species

* presume sth to be sth
Scientists have recently discovered that the ultrathin, layered construction of a butterfly’s
wings—the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of
iridescence—also enables the insect to control how much heat energy is absorbed by its
168
wings and how much is reflected away.
-17 disease- or pest-resistant, researchers have been able to increase the amount of protein in
potatoes, sweet potatoes, and tobacco.
(x) Employing the same techniques for genetically enhancing plants that make them
disease- or pest-resistant, researchers have been able to increase the amount of protein in
 which same techniques ??? cant figure out.
 also that in E refers to plant when it should refer to the techniques !
新聞原句: But researchers have been working on bolstering the protein quotient of plants,
using the same techniques (that genetically enhance plants) to make them disease- or pest-
resistant.
IN THE SAME WAY THAT 子句

Researchers are using computer images to help surgeons plan difficult operations and to
develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight
simulators do for pilots, letting medical personnel practice their techniques and test their
reflexes before they ever see a patient.
Deliberately imitating the technique of Louis Armstrong, jazz singer Billie Holiday used her
voice in the same way that other musicians use their instruments, in that she ranged freely
over the beat, flattening out the melodic contours of tunes, and, in effect, recomposed songs
to suit her range, style, and artistic sensibilities.
一倍以下的說法
A study published in the British Medical Journal showed that women who ate nuts more than
five times a week were about one third less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease than
were those who ate no nuts at all.
*less 修飾 likely(adj)
二倍的說法
twice (adv.)
double(adj.) 後面接 the figure, the number, the amount, the money, the time, the volume
注意: mere 修飾數字
TWICE 不需補出動詞
只有adj.詞性無動詞詞性
According to a 1996 study published in the Journal of Human Resources, Americans of
Middle Eastern descent were twice as likely as the average American to be self-employed.
* the average American 一般的美國

According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young
169
adults used cocaine in 1979, twice the number reported in the 1977 survey.
* A is twice as much as B，其中 as much as 可以省略 A is twice B 兩個是一樣的

(x) as much annually as is emitted by the (wrong)
 as much as emitted annually by the
American productivity is declining in relation to Europe's; the energy expended per unit of
production in the United States is as much as twice that expended in West Germany.
TWICE 需補出動詞
* 比較 cost to maintain
* as(adj) many(adj) apples(n.)

In 1980 the United States exported twice as much of its national output of goods as it did in
1970.
In the 1980's the rate of increase of the minority population of the United States was nearly
twice what it was in the 1970's.
(x) twice as fast as it was in the 1970's.  rate 只能用 high 或 low 形容
(x) two times greater than the 1970's.  E wrongly compares rate of increase to 1970. 如
果改 two times greater than that of 1970's 可對
DOUBLE (adj.)(v.)
Y4 A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736
female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation’s clergy, double (adj.) the figure for 1977.
* 此種寫法意在強調數字，必用”the” figure
(o) as many as in 1977
known to exist.

with: as a result of
more than….修飾全面句子
circling Uranus, doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant
planet
170
* double(v) 主詞可以是物
spending in the July-September quarter would more than double (v) the 1.4 percent growth
超過兩倍 (倍數+原級或比較級)
倍數 XX times 為副詞
The earth is (more than) 6 times as large as the moon.
The earth is (more than) 6 times larger than the moon.
The earth is (more than) 6 times the size of the moon.
According to a new report by the surgeon general, women with less than a high school
education were three times as likely to begin smoking as women who went to college.
G According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of
An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain
has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of
Jupiter, the solar system’s largest planet.
* 比較質量 mass
A recent United States Census Bureau report shows that there are more than three times as
many households where the children and grandchildren are living in their grandparents' home
as there are households where the grandparents are living in their children's or grandchildren's
home.
A middleweight black hole weighs in at roughly 500 solar masses, hundreds of times more
massive than the lightweight black holes produced by the collapse of individual stars, but
thousands or even millions of times less massive than the heavyweight giants that lurk in the
centers of galaxies.
* weigh in at 直接加重量
Africa's black rhino population in the mid-1970's numbered about 20,000, ten times the
estimated population of 2,000 in 1997.
* with: as a result of
* acquire sth for $
* more than….修飾 acquired. US can't just double its size w/out an action!
The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers
are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s
According to a recent study, the elderly in the United States are four times more likely to give
regular financial aid to their children than to receive it from them.
注意 BY + VING; 錯誤選項特徵 BY + N
171
當 by 開頭，注意主語之修飾對否?
Y47 By providing such services as mortgages, home improvement loans, automobile loans, and
financial advice, and by staying within the metropolitan areas, Acme Bank has become one
of the most profitable savings banks in the nation.
competitive prices.
By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase to 10 percent from 6
percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges from obscure
By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, the woolly adelgid retards tree
growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop
prematurely.
speeds.
(x) in that they reduce

fuel cells.
According to its proponents, a proposed new style of aircraft could, by skimming along the
top of the atmosphere, fly between most points on Earth in under two hours.
Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial
information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the
state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by
failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.
(x) by chattering and its flying  by one’s doing 錯

Thirteen states from all regions of the country announced a plan to impose new controls on
pollution from truck and bus engines by jointly adopting emission limits that would be far
stricter than the federal rules.
Modern critics are amused by early scholars' categorizing Tacitus's Germania as an
ethnographic treatise.
Frederick Winslow Taylor, a machinist and engineer who worked in the early twentieth
century, believed that the productivity of a job could be improved by separating the
components of a task into individual motions, finding the best way to fperform each motion,
and then redesigning the job so that each motion could be done as efficiently as possible.
The gypsy moth was imported into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869 by a French
scientist attempting to develop a strong strain of silk-producing insects by crossing gypsy
moths with adult silkworms.
172
By means of
USE + 工具
(v)
use to
use A as B (A 受詞, B 受詞補語)
harness …to
draw on = make use of
(n)
the use of N to V
錯誤選項:
1. use 與 by 並用
2. use 與 with 並用
3. use A as B 將 as 改成 to be 或 like
4. for doing
5. 改寫成 that 子句
Y20 Using accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the
activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century BC, worshipped a
goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."
* Using +N, S+V 主詞先 use 再作 V 的動作

*人 base A on 物
A be based on 物，所以 based 用被動式的時候主詞是「物」
P38 Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth
week of pregnancy.
Using a criterion based on an object’s color, astronomers recently identified 23 galaxies so
distant from Earth that their light has taken 85 percent of the age of the universe to reach
us.
On a Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin, young members of the tribe are using computers
to learn their ancient and nearly forgotten language.
* nearly (adv.)
(x) On a Chippewa reservation in Wisconsin, young members of the tribe are using
computers to learn their ancient language, which they nearly forgot.
 The italicized portion is a non-restrictive clause, a portion which can be removed,
supposedly, without affecting the meaning of the sentence. However, if you remove that
portion, the sentence is not as complete as in D. We actually need it to be part of the
independent clause(bold) in order to convey that the language was both ancient AND
173
nearly forgotten. D nicely does that and makes those two adjectives as part of the
independent clause.
used by visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate
that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
* visible…unobtrusive….對稱
* unobtrusive: (adj) not too obvious or easily noticeable
-17 disease- or pest-resistant, researchers have been able to increase the amount of protein in
* technigue to
* technique of/for
* 瑕疵: employ = use 同時出現 wordy
新聞原句: But researchers have been working on bolstering the protein quotient of plants,
using the same techniques (that genetically enhance plants) to make them disease- or pest-
resistant.
Scientists believe that unlike the males of most species of moth, the male whistling moths of
Numbing, Australia, call female moths to them using acoustical signals, rather than olfactory
ones, and attract their mates during the day, rather than at night.
Y79 The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken by General
Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, who established a mosque in the building
and used the Acropolis as a fortress.
extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can be used as an astronmical
yardstick.
hybrid vigor.
* partly to acquire sth in sb… and partly ... to provide... 平衡兩個不定詞

雖然多了一個 because，這點連 native speaker 也覺奇怪
(x) in part
(x) partly because of their steers acquiring certain characterstics
 句意變成牛已經有此優勢，小牛不會主動獲得此特徵
(x) that uses thin layers of extra paper 香菸不會自己 use，而且 thin layers of extra paper 也
是香菸的一部份
174
Doctors hope that one day the body’s master cells, called stem cells, can be directed to
grow in organs or tissues appropriate for transplant, used to test drugs and potentially toxic
chemicals, and studied to gain insight into basic human biology.
As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins used her considerable influence with Franklin D.
Roosevelt to prevent him from restraining strikes by longshoremen and automobile workers.
over the beat, flattening out the melodic contours of tunes, and, in effect, recomposed
songs to suit her range, style, and artistic sensibilities.
(x) Billie Holiday approached singing by using her voice like other musicians Instruments,
ranging freely over the beat, flattening  incorrectly implies that she used her voice like she
would use use other musicians' instruments.
Repousse is a method of sculpture in which workers lay copper sheets over wooden molds
and then, using a variety of exotic hammers, carefully pound the metal into shape.
(x) In repousse, a method of sculpture, workers lay copper sheets over wooden molds, and
then, using a variety of exotic hammers, carefully pounding the metal into shape. 因為lay跟
pounding不平衡
The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executives examine a
firm’s external environment and internal conditions and, using the set of objective criteria
derived from these analyses, decide on a strategy.

materials.
* 錯誤選項 the use of 將 the 改成所有格

been synthesized.
1970’s.
So-called green taxes, which exact a price for the use of polluting or nonrenewable fuels,
are having a positive effect on the environmental and natural resource base of countries as
varied as China, the Netherlands, and Hungary.
A Harvard anthropologist has proposed that the use of fire to cook food could date back
almost two million years and could explain such hominid features as a large brain and small
teeth.
Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity
175
Paris.
* draw on = make use of
固定搭配需用 FOR USING

The list of animals that exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e.,
claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.
A TOOL FOR N/VING

A WAY OF N/VING
D50 By developing the Secure Digital Music Initiative, the recording industry associations of
North America, Japan, and Europe hope to create a standardized way of distributing songs
and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders and foil the many
audio pirates who copy and distribute digital music illegally.
THROUGH 通過作某事達到某種效果
與 with 不同
George Washington dedicated his life to strengthening the economy of the south through soil
improvement and crop diversification.
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake
Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of canals so that the water now
empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.
Pioneered by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory, BEAM robots are not programmed
to walk; instead they use brainlike circuits called neural networks to learn to walk through trial
and error.
features, including craters, mountains, valleys, and fractures, some astronomers suggest that at
one time the surface broke apart as a result of repeated impacts, after which the fragments
rejoined through mutual gravitational attraction.
分詞片語
Participial phrases
當分詞放句首，修飾後面句子的主詞，暗示著這個動作發生在謂語動作之前，先有分詞的動作，再
有謂語的動作。
 Ving…., S + Ved：表示第一個動作先開始仍進行中，接著第二個動作開始。
 Having + Ved, S + Ved：表示第一個動作已經結束，第二個動作開始。
當分詞後置時
176
if there's NO COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adjective phrase that
modifies the noun immediately preceding.
if there's a COMMA before a participle, then the participle creates an adverb phrase that modifies
the action of the preceding clause.
participle (V-ing) after the comma can not modify the subject of the preceding clause's noun.
examples:
james mistakenly turned off the highway, heading toward louisville --> adverbial modifier.
this sentence means that james wound up going to louisville because of the wrong turn he made
(i.e., he meant to go to, say, lexington instead).
james mistakenly turned off the highway heading toward louisville --> adjective modifier.
this sentence means that james didn't go to louisville, because he accidentally turned off the
highway that goes to louisville.
有無逗號說明: 有逗號表示不重要的修飾語，無逗號表示重要。
現在分詞作狀語放在句末，按照接近性原則，應優先修飾靠近它的謂語
Participle phrases 使用時機

 They're often used in writing to reduce wordiness by replacing longer adverbial or relative
clauses.
 The modifier is subordinate to the main clause, the conjunction and must be omitted. (D45)
 The participle would be expected to describing or extending its meaning. 非 contrast
 英文句中強調的地方一定不會是分詞片語
Good extract on the issue:
Another common error is that students tend to overlook the fact that the two actions have
to be in a cause-and-effect relationship or a before-and-after sequential relationship.
Having considerate and loving parents, Mary loves sports and outdoor activities.
Some students tend to think that the function of participle clauses is to incorporate more
than one action in a sentence. They fail to realize that the two actions have to have some
relationship, as illustrated in the following:
Cause-and-effect relationship: Having considerate parents, she could do whatever she wants.
Sequential relationship: Having locked the door, I went to sleep. (時間可為 the same, during 或
是 before & after)
分詞片語時態跟主句動詞相同；分詞若用完成式，表示比主句動作發生早並結束
 seeing the hopelessness of the situation, joe decided to fold his hand --> joe saw that the
situation was hopeless, and so decided...
 seeing the hopelessness of the situation, joe decides to fold his hand --> joe sees that the
177
situation is hopeless, and so decides...
 Having V-ed, S V O clearly shows a sequence of events, specifically that the "having V-ed"
event occurred before the V event.
substitute living allowances for the paychecks of their employees who have been assigned to
the United Nations.
(x) , having been assigned to the United Nations 因為產生指派的動作是否還存在的疑慮
必錯的分詞結構選項
 V-ing 分詞片語結構中不可跟動名詞連著出現 Two -ing's in a row is a no-no.
(X) Following gradually declining
 Possesive + participle
It is a strict NO NO. Never choose a choice that has this formation. For example,
"Organization's trying" is wrong.
分詞放句首
Ved, S+V. 中間不可以有其他修飾語插隊
Y105 Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced X-ray
emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance
without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
Owen.
(x) the owner and editor of A were two man 因為用單數名詞不知兩人角色的分配，不如動詞

清楚講明兩人的角色
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places,
a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6
million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.
P28 Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety that
their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit.
P112 Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World,
Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence.
(x) 不可將 investment 當主詞
分詞表達因果關係
描述前句的「動詞行為」所產生的結果, 可想成「這樣的行為….導致」
P84 The rooted systems of most flowing perennials either become too crowded, resulting in loss
of vigor, or spread too far outward, producing a bare center.
G31 Dolphins lack vocal cords, but they do create sounds, producing a complicated system of
whistles, squeaks, moans, trills, and clicks with sphincter muscles inside the blowhole.
178
-13
* the entire action of their leaving their nests.

circling Uranus, doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant
planet.
* It is the detection of the six moons which doubles to 12 the actual # of moons.
Hoping to restrain economic growth, British policymakers raised interest rates, making it
more expensive for businesses and consumers to borrow.
Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million
years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles islands.
先 found 後 have been dated at

(x) infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to
register, thus making it invisible.
 用 that 子句表示不是所有(not all)的 0.1 波長紅外線都看不見，言下之意有些 0.1 波長紅外

線是可以看見。
 it 指代不清。
Defying efforts by policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic to restrain it, the United States
dollar continued its rise, reaching its highest level in six years against the German mark.
The country's currency, weakened both by concern about the government's agreement with
the International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a rise in inflation, continued its
slide to a record low against the dollar, forcing the central bank to intervene for the fourth
time in a week.
Problems at a California securities firm rippled through the penny-stock market, forcing at
least one Florida brokerage firm to stop trading and sending the shares of several small
companies tumbling.
D45 In 1923, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and
D44 Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged
179
wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to
the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the
heartland of the North American continent.
In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his
family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than
500 slaves who were legally considered his property.
* filing 提出，此提出的行為導致 set free

Ranked among great mathematical scientists such as Archimedes, Kepler, and Newton,
Abu Ali al-Haytham, born in Iraq in 965 C.E., experimented extensively with light and vision,
laying the foundation for modern optics and for the notion that science should be based on
experiment as well as on philosophical arguments.
Although ice particles in the upper atmosphere benefit Earth in that they reflect and absorb
solar radiation, acting as a global thermostat and thus keeping Earth from either burning up
or freezing over, thev also accelerate the destruction of the ozone layer by reacting with
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's).
*描述 that 子句下的因果關係

(x), which, as a result, raised fears of other countries that
 Gold reserve didn’t raise the fear
注意動詞發出者，impose 跟 require 是計畫，plan 則是人，以下兩種寫法均錯，因為會變成

計畫花時間。
(X) insurance plans imposing...., requiring ...., and spending ...
(X) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients
and spending 將 requiring and spending 想成同一個 rank 動作的發出者要同一個
X required Y to do Z, making W happen.

There are two interpretations of this sentence:
(1) the fact that W happened was a proximate result of X's requiring Y to do Z;
(2) the fact that W happened was a proximate result of Y's doing Z.
These are nontrivially different, although the difference is pretty philosophical at times. Here
are examples illustrating both possibilities:
(1) The government required citizens to pay for diplomats' lavish banquets, creating active
resentment. --> Here, the clearly intended meaning is that the government creates the
active resentment. This is generally considered a good sentence, because government is
the MAIN SUBJECT OF THE PRECEDING CLAUSE (in the same way that 'health
insurance plans' is the head of the subordinate clause in the example).
(2) The government required citizens to pay for diplomats' lavish banquets, depleting
savings accounts and IRAs in the process. --> Here, common sense makes it clear that the
citizens are depleting savings accounts and IRAs. This is still a bad sentence, though,
180
because the 'default' subject based on solely grammatical considerations is the government
(which is absurd).
By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, the woolly adelgid retards tree
growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop
prematurely.
In the mid-1970’s, birds overcome by pollution routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles
freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce automobile emissions.
*overcome: The rivers are so overcome by pollution that they themselves are now rich
troves of minerals and metal.
(x) birds overcome by pollution and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles
freeways were prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce.
因為是birds + fell來prompt，而不是birds
* to show two effects

(x) to lead
G24 In January 1994 an oil barge ran aground off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and its
-Q38 cargo of 750000 gallons leaked into the ocean, polluting the city’s beaches.
* The events should be ran aground, leak, then cause pollution.

(x) with its cargo of 750000 gallons leaking into the ocean, and it polluted  it suggests that
the cargo is polluting the beaches.
(x) leaking its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of 
"while" suggests that two events are occurring at the same time
only crossed the Channel against currents that forced her to swim thirty-five miles instead
of the minimal twenty-one, but also set a record for speed, swimming the distance almost
two hours faster than anyone had yet done.
Over the next few years, increasing demands on the Chattahoochee River, which flows
into the Apalachicola River, could alter the saline content of Apalachicola Bay, robbing the
oysters there of their flavor and making them smaller, less distinctive, and less in
demand.
G28 After increasing steadily for centuries, the total annual catch of all wild fish peaked in
- 1989; since that time, the total catch for most species has declined or plateaued,
Q prompting conservation efforts designed to help prevent population crashes and possible
3 extinctions.
9
* plateaue: (vi) if something plateaus, it reaches and then stays at a particular level
Researchers are using computer images to help surgeons plan difficult operations and to
develop programs that will work for doctors and nurses in the same way that flight
simulators do for pilots, letting medical personnel practice their techniques and test their
reflexes before they ever see a patient.
181
In 1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology,
traveling the back roads of Hungary armed only with an Edison phonograph and insatiable
curiosity.
* arm with sth: to equip or prepare for any specific purpose or effective use.
* armed…修飾 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály
(A) Traveling the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Bela Bartok and Zoltan Kodaly began their
pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were armed only
(B) In 1905, Bela Bartok and Zoltan Kodaly, traveling the back roads of Hungary, began
their pioneering work in ethnomusicology, and they were only armed
Choices A and B are wordy and imprecise: the phrasing suggests that Bartok and Kodaly
were already traveling the back roads of Hungary when they began their pioneering work,
not that they traveled the back roads in order to conduct such work. Moreover, and
suggests in both cases that they were armed with a phonograph in addition to being on the
road, rather than while they were on the road, and only in B is misplaced before the verb
armed.
(D) Having traveled the back roads of Hungary, in 1905 Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály
began their pioneering work in ethnomusicology; they were only armed
In choice D, Having traveled… suggests that the two had finished traveling before they
began their work in ethnomusicology, and only is again misplaced.
A fire in an enclosed space burns with the aid of reflected radiation that preheats the fuel,
making ignition much easier and causing flames to spread more quickly.
(x) and flames spreading

使役動詞(make/ have /let)用法，後面接原行動詞或形容詞
THEREBY 代替前面受詞或是前面整句
P52 The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, thereby
reducing the potential crop yield of a tract of land, but also damage or destroy young plants.
Although improved efficiency in converting harvested trees into wood products may reduce
harvest rates, it will stimulate demand by increasing supply and lowering prices, thereby
boosting consumption.
* efficiency in
分詞表達因果關係
遇到前句動詞是 BE 動詞，可想成「這樣的特質….導致」
182
* which 算插入句，但是後面分詞片語修飾此插入語
分詞表動作發生先後
The owner of Steele's Grocery in Osage, Ohio, saved $600 monthly on heat during the
winter by putting all his refrigerator air compressors together in an insulated compartment,
then installing two fans and a duct that carried waste heat from the compressors into the
main part of the store.
* = and the owner then installed two fans and a duct...

不可改分詞的句子
Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the
government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established
the Library of Congress.
(x) Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress made provision for the removal of the
government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also establishing
分詞表示不重要的訊息，如果改and established就符合原題
A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum
speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on
handlebars at all times, and granted pedestrians right-of-way.
(X) , granting: in B granting modifies cyclists. It means cyclists granted right of way to
pedestrians but in fact ordinance granted the right of way.
* and then 是生命共同體，不可以改分詞
分詞表補述/補充解釋
to show actions or feelins (of ppl) or properties (of things)....animal hide shields are protecting....so
protecting is rt there....
表動作的並列或伴隨狀態
(x) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep fifteen hours a day, and
move so infrequently 怎麼可能使用有彈性的臂來掛在樹上又使用有彈性的臂來睡覺….另外
未畫線部分還有 its，所以此選項的 sloths 複數一定錯
Rather than accept the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus
sailed west to see whether he could reach India, having been sent by the king and queen of
183
Spain.
In little more than a decade, Argentina has become the world’s leading exporter of honey,
selling nearly 90,000 tons a year to foreign markets, with almost half going to the United
States.
On the Great Plains, nineteenth-century settlers used mud and grass to build their homes,
making do without timber and nails.
* make do = to manage with the current sources at hand

* "Making do without" is correct English. One would use the phrase when speaking in the
past continuous.
For example: We were making do without power during the blackout.
It's a bit more common to use "made do without".
For example: My family was quite poor, so we made do without luxuries.
(x) , doing it without 錯在 it

解釋發現或提議某事内容
A one-million-year-old skull bearing traits associated with both Homo erectus and Homo
sapiens has been found in the Afar region of Eritrea, indicating that modern humans
developed much earlier than previously thought.
Finally reaching a decision on an issue that has long been politically charged in the Pacific
Northwest, politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan to
protect wild salmon and other endangered fish, proposing instead a series of smaller steps
intended to protect the fish.
Cash flows to stock and bond mutual funds have gained strength in the last two months, but
fund managers have not been eager to invest the new money, instead preferring to raise
the cash levels in their portfolios to the highest level in six months
「解釋」目的或功能(通常前句是有 be 動詞似乎分詞是由 and V 改來的)
Y24 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with
wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors against
enemy arrows and spears.
* 分詞當 adj.修飾 items

* the participle explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.
(x) a method to protect 描述 items 不可用 method
(x) to protect
* powers 複數表動力
* merging 與 splitting 的主詞是 nuclear fusion。merging 一直到句尾 modify the process only.
Infact, its merging that leads to power generation.
* 可改寫 Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs (不
184
可以有逗號) and merges...
 If you want to say that nuclear fusion is the force that does two things (powers and
merges), you must not put a comma before "merges". (800Bob 連結)
The themes that Rita Dove explores in her poetry are universal, encompassing much of the
human condition while occasionally dealing with racial issues.
The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus,
the Incan highway, was over 2,500 miles long, extending from northern Ecuador through
Peru to Southern Chile.
*原題有 and extended

* extend (vi)
* 2500 mile 整個當做 adv 修飾 adj. "long"
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in
California, amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly
three-quarters a decade ago.
years.
(x) to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact
possibly serving
What's wrong with E is not "serving," but "possibly," which distorts the intended meaning of
the sentence. That the number of chirps "can" serve as a thermometer means that it has
the capability. "Possibly" implies uncertainty.
Sound can travel through water for enormous distances, its acoustic energy prevented from
dissipating by boundaries in the ocean created by water layers of different emperatures and
densities.
* prevent A from B
(x) preventing its acoustic energy from dissipating by
(x) prevented from dissipating its acoustic energy as a result of
 It is imprecise and unidiomatic to say "prevented as a result of." The correct passive form
is "prevented by."
純舉例
inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to
be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
* 由 have been prescribed 修改來的，注意前面也是 may have received。

* 當分詞的動作發生比主句早，用完成式。
* 完成式的分詞結構 99%位於錯誤選項位置，此題例外。
分詞前面沒有逗號，直接修飾 N
V-ing 表 an ongoing situation
185
Y118 Students in the metropolitan school district are so lacking in math skills that it will be
difficult to absorb them into a city economy becoming ever more dependent on information-
based industries.
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most
* 將most of them at least …可視為插入語不看，逗號的產生是因為插入語。

-ed 分詞修飾逗號之前的名詞
The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more
than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex
* of up to 600 rooms each 可視為插入語不看，逗號的產生是因為插入語。

Since the 1930's aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings,
wings so smooth and so perfectly shaped manner that the air passing over them would not
become turbulent.
* Smooth is modifying Wings (Nound) and perfectly is modyfing shaped.
(x), shaped so smoothly and perfectly that the air passing over them would not become
turbulent. 
wings can be themselves smooth.
wings can be perfect.
wings can have perfect shape.
But "smoothly shaped" or "smooth shape" sounds illogical.

Moreover, here we are talking about built up wings.....not how they were made.
(x), shaped in such a smooth and perfect that the air passing over them would not become
turbulent.
 'Them' is ambiguous
(x), believed to be  modifying wingspan

(x), which is believed to be  out of consideration as which modifies the thing before it
The first time that Larry, laden with packages, walked down the ramp he tripped and nearly
dislocated his shoulder.
* laden(adj.) with = loaded with sth

* a ramp = a slope
* simple past is correct because both events were happaning at the same time.
(x) Larry walked down the ramp, laden with packages,

here looks like ramp is laden with packages
(x) Larry, laden with packages, had walked down the ramp
Unnecessary use of perfect
186
THAT 子句在前的分詞使用
* 分詞目的為顯示因果關係
* 分詞目的為解釋
分詞中的比較句型
比較 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in such high-
非限制的形容詞子句
非限制的形容詞子句，不改為分詞片語
* 不可改成 establishing 會變成修飾 Athens

* 不可改成 carefully coordinating with her narratives，不是 illustrations 作 coordinate 動作

Y107 In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic,
distinguishes between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in
mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis.
* 不可改成 perhaps violent without being grounded

* 不可改成 colder and wetter

* 不可改成, allowing 會變成 allow 的主詞是 proliferation

Scorched by fire, stained by water, and inscribed in cramped handwriting, the seventeenth-
187
century Dutch documents on the beginnings of New York City were long ignored by
historians, who depended instead on English sources for information.
*不可改成 depending
*不可改成 known as
The Environmental Protection Agency’s proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel
and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, which says that the
move will exacerbate the nation’s fuel supply problems.
(x) 不可改saying
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the
economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to
leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
* who now view

materials.
(x) making it possible to mass-produce manufactured goods

* pay $ for
(x) , making beneficiaries pay 20 percent of the costs
Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested
areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work
has not addressed either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that
burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest.
非限制的形容詞子句，可改分詞
,-ed 修飾逗號之前的名詞
(x) worried over 無此用法

The ancient Anasazi harvested such native desert vegetation as the purple-flowered bee
plant, now commonly called wild spinach in northern Arizona and other parts of the
southwestern United States.
* ancient 暗示古人
* which is called
188
GWD Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their
4-Q34 own elaborate society, based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the
harvesting of fish and seafood, and the exploitation of other wild and domestic resources.
* which is based on
* A of (B and C)
The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing
service, announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some unneeded
operations, and grounding twenty-two planes.
* , which was following…

I believe you should go with the principle of the immediate antecedent. Thus " ... following
through on recent warnings ...." modifies "The airline company" and not "announced."
The compliment補語 to "announced" is a compound dependent clause beginning with "that

..." And I see three compliments to this dependent clause- 1) "eliminating ..." 2) "closing"
and 3) "grounding"
非限制的形容詞子句 (非分詞考題)
Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, struggled against overwhelming odds
to become a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns
Hopkins University.
Although the bite of the brown recluse spiders is rarely fatal, it causes chronic flesh wounds
and poses the greatest danger to infants and the elderly, who are particularly vulnerable to
its poison.
As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a
successful online drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers,
who then also buy other health-related items.
Unless the transplant involves identical twins, who have the same genetic endowment, all
patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their
lives.
限制的形容詞子句
不可改分詞
After decreasing steadily in the mid-1990's, the percentage of students in the United States who
finished high school or earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the
decade, to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 84.8 percent in 1998.
* 不可改為finishing…
A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life
and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlof became in 1909 the first woman and also
the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
* in 1909 修飾動詞 became

* the first N to V
(x) As a novelist, Selma Lagerlof turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories
about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 becoming the first woman and
189
also the first Swedish writer that won
1. from…to才對
2. You can never a present participle (becoming) with time... 1909.
3. But the problem is that the clause seem to indicate that She became the first Swedish writer of
a type who won the noble prize....
動名詞，詞性名詞
動名詞不等於分詞，前者名詞，後者形容詞。
N
reversals in the Earth's magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, the splitting apart of continents
80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
* the splitting apart(adv) of continents(adj)

a massive Soviet(adj.) missile attack.
(o) the rising(n.) of moon動名詞當名詞

(x) the rise of moon
(x) mistake ….as…
preposition + gerund + object of the gerund
Mariam's gift for motivating employees is well known.
The expected rise in the price of oil could have a serious impact on industrialized nations
and severely diminish the possibility of having an economy free of inflation.
The doctrinal dispute resulted in the dismissal of the president of the seminary, who was
charged with teaching false doctrine and with administrative misconduct.
Many investors base their choice between bonds and stocks on comparisons of bond yields
with the dividends available on common stocks.
(x) between bonds and stocks on comparing bond yields with

You can think of a "comparison" as a thing that can be seen and touched. This thing can
form the basis of a choice. But "comparing" is a process. How can a process form the basis
of a choice?
所有格(N’s) + adv + 動名詞 + O
* the possessive case is required before a gerund
獨立主格(前面需逗號) absolute phrases

1. with 主詞 + 分詞
2. N, each N + 分詞
※ 被動的分詞不可以補出 being
SENTENCE + ABSOLUTE PHRASE:

eg: I like the food of most countries I've visited, with Country X a notable exception.
190
A little test you can do (while studying, not during the actual test, of course) is plug in an and
before the phrase in question, and then plug in a be-verb between the noun and the modifier after
it:
Paterson was among the fastest growing cities, and its population was nearly doubling every ten
years.
Country X saw dramatic increases in many industries, with industry Y being the industry with the
greatest increase.
錯誤選項: 故意將逗號改分號。
With 獨立分詞構句可以作為修飾全句或修飾主語
* the cost of doing sth." is a better structure then "the cost to do sth."
The ivory-billed woodpecker, once the largest woodpecker in North America at a striking 20
inches tall, has moved in and out of the extinct category, with scientists consistently unable
to find solid proof that the bird still exists.
Y78 Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping
* with…修飾 sleeping
In the 1920's, the automobile industry dominated the American economy, with one out of
every eight workers employed in an automobile-related job.
* one out of every eight workers每八人就有一個 ≠ one of every eight workers

* employed是過去分詞
In little more than a decade, Argentina has become the world’s leading exporter of honey,
selling nearly 90,000 tons a year to foreign markets, with almost half going to the United
States.
沒有 with
For several decades after 1830, Paterson was among the fastest growing cities, its
population nearly doubling every ten years.
His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War, Horace
Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding
its movements with his left.
* 前句為獨立分詞片語，注意不需要 being 在 crippled 前面

(x) Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet...
 have 使役動詞有 Horace Pippin 找人來開那一槍的意味
191
According to a recent study of consumer spending on prescription medications, increases in
the sales of the 50 drugs that were advertised most heavily accounted for almost half of the
$20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, the remainder of the increase coming from
sales of the 9,850 prescription medicines that companies did not advertise or advertised very
little.
A middleweight black hole weighs in at roughly 500 solar masses, hundreds of times more
massive than the lightweight black holes produced by the collapse of individual stars, but
thousands or even millions of times less massive than the heavyweight giants that lurk in the
centers of galaxies.
* weigh in at 直接加重量
Sound can travel through water for enormous distances, its acoustic energy prevented from
dissipating by boundaries in the ocean created by water layers of different temperatures and
densities.
同位語:
由(1)非限制形容詞子句修改或是(2)名詞子句組成
說明的順序多為從抽象到具體的原則: cranium (抽象/難懂), the bony house of the brain (具體/簡單)
____________, a finding that suggests_______.
an appositive noun modifier, a type of modifier that NEVER appears in spoken language but
that appears on the gmat a lot. the reason is that, unlike relative pronouns such as 'which', these
modifiers don't have to touch their referent.
for instance:
the general tried to get his troops to retreat before being surrounded, a strategy that ultimately
failed.
名詞子句表同位語
N, 名詞組
Y72 Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the
* the Maya 多數
* 某人作品最簡潔寫法Jean Toomer’s Cane

Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in
the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he
stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.
G32-5 True long distance migrants, arctic terns nest in coastal wetlands of northern Europe but fly
192
south for thousands of miles to spend the European winters in Antarctica.
D49 As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the
most important influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of
actors whose ranks included Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.
Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, predicted in the mid-1890’s that electricity
Paris.
* 注意判斷excited about是分詞，非動詞
* cut into 分詞最簡潔

The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus,
the Incan highway, was over 2,500 miles long, extending from northern Ecuador through
Peru to Southern Chile.
The study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject,
has enabled scientist to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop.
A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company, the world’s largest telephone company, into two local phone
companies and one long-distance provider.
* a breakup into / a breakup of …into

Before the Civil War, Harriet Tubman, herself an escaped slave, returned again and again
to Maryland to guide other slaves along the Underground Railroad to freedom.
auction.
D40 In 1995 Richard Stallman, a well-known critic of the patent system, testified in Patent Office
hearings that, to test the system, a collegaue of his had managed to win a patent for one of
Kirchhoff's laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and now included
in virtually every textbook of elementary physics.
* an observation 修飾 one
*基爾霍夫電路定律(Kirchhoff's circuit laws)由兩條定律(law)所組成
* N (….分詞 and 分詞)
Y40 The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor,
an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin, when they find
themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has
won her an ardent following.
他們被同樣一位光芒四射的年輕女子所吸引，她的演說才能替她贏得了一群追隨者。
* the rivalry between x and y
* the rivals x and y
* to be drawn to + thing/person
N, 名詞詞組 + to V
193
ex: the house to rent
woman to draw a soldier’s pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22,
serve.
N, 名詞組 + 過去分詞/adj. …..(獨立主格結構)
* coin from (v): to invent a new word

Y9 Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as
dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or
equator.
Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth
and bone, tissues not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
* the second "tissues" can be seen as a reduction of "which are tissues," what we often
refer to as a "reduced adjective clause."
dynasty (A.D. 1644-1912).
auction.
What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium, the bony
house of the brain located in the back of the skull.
* cranium 頭蓋骨
The single-family house constructed by the Yana, a Native American people who lived in
what is now northern California, was conical in shape, its framework of poles overlaid with
slabs of bark, either cedar or pine, and banked with dirt to a height of three to four feet.
The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules
intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through
triage in a hospital emergency room.
* put through triage 修飾 patients

Most states impose limitations on the authority of the legislature to borrow money,
limitations intended to protect taxpayers and the credit of the state government.
Often billed as “The Genius,” American pianist, singer, composer, and bandleader Ray
Charles is credited with the early development of soul music, a genre based on a melding
of gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz.
* 用 which 的子句表示不重要訊息，地位不如 that 子句

194
* findings refers back to the scientist’s observation
EACH N (獨立主格結構的同位語)
P15 Chinese, the most ancient of living writing systems, consists of tens of thousands of
ideographic characters, each character (which is) a miniature calligraphic composition
inside its own square frame.
* 複數, 同位語單數
A different variety of giant tortoise can be found on every island in the Galapagos, each with
its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck.
India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many
different styles of cooking, each a product of regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian
dishes of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more
familiar Mogul food of the north.
For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings
known as shades, each (with) a roof of poles and arrowed supported by posts set in a
rectangle.
N, N (可能重複所修飾的名詞) + that 子句
resumptive modifier: By adding modifying phrases to the end of a sentence, a writer can take the
reader in new, sometimes unexpected directions. A resumptive modifier picks up a word or phrase
from a sentence that seems to be finished and then adds information and takes the reader into
new territory of thought.
注意; that 子句若有 and，前面不打逗號

to get through the harvest season, are going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit
this spring.
* collateral 擔保品
* 為了避免誤會修飾 declining valuse, 所以寫 the collaterak 讓 which 可以明確修飾
* borrow against 抵押: eg: People borrow against their home's equity for myriad reasons.
The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that
will ultimately place more women in leadership position in politics and business.
* Women are expected to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, a
development that is already leading to changes in the way law is practiced. (NYTimes)
The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of
Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been
discovered in Madagascar.
In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane,
a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the
production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.
More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia’s Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world’s
fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
超過300條河匯聚在西伯利亞的貝加爾湖Lake Baikal，佔了世界淡水總量的20%，比北美洲
195
五大湖(總水量)還多。
More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which is more than all the North
American Great Lakes combined.  which is 可有可無
Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount
Everest slammed into North America, an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions
that mark the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
become turbulent.
* Author initially states about airplanes and wings, and immediately he tried to modify
wings ( so smooth and so perfectly shaped ) and NOT airplanes. So summative modifier is
suitable here.
Most of the purported health benefits of tea come from antioxidants — compounds that are
also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that inhibit the formation of
plaque along the body’s blood vessels.
(x) come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and
vitamin C, and 因為 inhibit 是動詞不是分詞
G10 In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years
-41 to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope’s contemporary, pronounced the
greatest translation in any language.
* pronounce A to be B
* pronounce A B ex: I pronounce you wife and husband. 原句 pronounced the work the
greatest…
(x) translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete 因為 It seems the Iliad took
seven years to complete.
Y75 Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan,
the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the
Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
1000sc A controversial figure throughout most of his public life, the Black leader Marcus Garvey
advocated that some Blacks return to Africa, the land that, to him, symbolized the possibility
of freedom.
(x) that some Blacks return (n.) to the African(adj.) land symbolizing the possibility of
freedom to him
not clear what symbolizes freedom - the African land itself or the Blacks returning to the
African land. Also, implies that freedom is only for him, not the Blacks.
Born into poverty and sent by her father into servitude at the age of seven, Martha Matilda
Harper created America’s first retail franchise network, a radical new business model that
enabled women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to own their own
businesses and gain financial independence.
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overfishing.
The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three scientists for their discovery that plastic
can be made electrically conductive—an advance that has led to improvements in film,
television screens, and windows.
* make sth adj. = sth is made adj.

Originally developed by ancient Hawaiians, surfing appeals to people because of the sport’s
unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high-paced maneuvering; an unpredictable
backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable; and the
camaraderie that often develops among people in their common quest to conquer nature.
* (x) Surfing's appeal

One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency
of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would
amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in
the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.
* amount to
Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits
data on long-term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that
affect global climate.
A March 2000 Census Bureau survey showed that Mexico accounted for more than a
quarter of all foreign-born residents of the United States, the largest share that any country
has contributed since 1890, when about 30 percent of the country’s foreign-born population
was from Germany.
(x) "largest share for any country to contribute" means the largest share that any country is
expected or required to contribute. That makes no sense.
* when修飾1890
While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of
mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.
Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world’s social wasps, wasps that
live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females—the
queen and her sterile female workers.
* 錯誤選項標誌:意圖表同位語，寫成which means
* 不將society 改寫成 it consists of….
* treatise: (n.c) a serious book or article about a particular subject

The most vexing problem faced by researchers exploring wind-powered generation of
electricity is how to achieve a constant flow of power from an unpredictable natural source,
a flow that meets demand but does not overload electrical grids with sudden voltage
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increases.
* the problem …. Is how to ….

Pensions are now viewed as a deferred payment of salary, money workers are compelled
to put away to take care of themselves in later years.
* money 後省了 that

N, one/ones + that 子句
In an effort improve the quality of patient care, Dr. Lydia Temoscho is directing one of
several clinical research projects that seek to determine how helpful psychological
counseling is in supplementing the medical treatment of serious disease.
(x) seeks to determine the extent that psychological counseling is helpful in supplementing
* 錯誤選項訊號字 the extent 其可用 how
they do appear.
* one 後面也可接 which 形容詞子句

(x) one that they believe is a type previously unknown to science.

 It would cause "explosion" and "type" to be compared.
ONE is already playing the role of THAT,
so if we say ONE THAT..., it is the same as THAT THAT
考古 In June of 1989, Princeton Township approved a developer's plans to build 300 houses on a
large portion of the 210-acre site of the Battle of Princeton, one of only eight Revolutionary
War battlefields that had remained undeveloped.
* 原題的 only 位置不要改，先不要認為是錯

N, INCLUDING + N...←可以跳躍修飾
P109 Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal
style influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including
Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own.
check to the light.
(x) , which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view
 應該修飾複數的 instructions
A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to
reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing size limits for shark
catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring
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commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous
challenges facing the company, among them the threat of a rival's multibillion-dollar patent-
infringement suit and the decline in sales of the company's powerful microprocessor chip.
Most European countries offer a variety of programs to assist working parents, including
paid maternity and paternity leaves, financial allowances for families with children, and
subsidized public nurseries and kindergartens.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a late nineteenth-century feminist, called for urban apartment
houses that included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with
communal eating and social facilities.
(x) that included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include
communal eating and social facilities
 the infinitive to include, which GMAT considers unidiomatic.
(x), called for urban apartment houses including child-care facilities and clustered
suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities
 A) is ambiguous--is clustered suburban houses parallel with child-carfacilities or
with urban apartment houses? We need to repeat for to be sure that clustered
suburban houses is parallel with urban apartment houses.
N, among + N...(獨立主格結構的同位語)
At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous
challenges facing the company, among them the threat of a rival's multibillion-dollar patent-
infringement suit and the decline in sales of the company's powerful microprocessor chip.
* the threat of
namely 接 that 子句作 feature 同位語
介係詞開頭的同位語
At the time of the Mexican agrarian revolution, the most radical faction, that of Zapata and
his followers, proposed a return to communal ownership of land, to what had been a pre-
Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards.
 (x) land that had been a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards錯
誤修飾到land
 a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards應修飾a return to
communal ownership of land
 說明: Yesterday I went back to my elementary school in West Virginia, to the place that
was so full of happy memories.
The repetition is adding a bit more information about the elementary school, and makes
sure that the reader doesn't think that "the place" is modifying West Virgnia.
 fa return to X, to Y 注意return用法 I returned from the store to my house.
INCLUDE (v.)
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* variations in the electrical properties [之內]

* variations among the electrical properties [之間]
among in E wrongly suggests a comparison of different electrical properties rather than of
different behaviors of the same properties
When Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at
the Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848, she included in it a call for female
enfranchisement.
The list of animals that exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e.,
claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.
*錯誤選項將has been expanded 與 include 拆開用and連
標點符號破折號 —
意思為 that is to say = in other word 也就是說
P30 Thomas Eakins’ powerful style and his choices of subject—the advances in modern
themselves—were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.
P77 Hemingway's wives—Hadley Richardson, Pauline Pfeiffer, Martha Gelhorn, and Mary
Welsh—were all strong and interesting women, very different from the often pallid women
who populate his novels.
Y99 Just as reading Samuel Pepys's diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century
— of its texture and psyche—so listening to Jane Freed’s guileless child narrator takes the
Changes in the composition of the light of a supernova—an exploding star—reveal not only
Scientists have recently discovered that the ultrathin, layered construction of a butterfly’s
wings—the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon
of iridescence—also enables the insect to control how much heat energy is absorbed by its
wings and how much is reflected away.
200
The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue
something they had not previously considered possible—better control, if not eradication, of
such infections as measles and yaws.
The Kwakiutl recognized one social unit larger than the tribe—the confederacy, which was
a cluster of loosely knit, informally related neighboring tribes who interacted with one
another more often than with other tribes.
50.
* fewer 後省了 people

(x) movies, fewer than the ones…句意變成蜜蜂殺電影
* Navajo for “ancient enemies” 用 Navajo 語來說就是古代敵人的意思

DERIVE FROM / ORIGINATE FROM 都是不及物動詞，沒有被動

The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing
with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the southern India alphabets.
* Many English words derive from Latin. 許多英文字起源於拉丁語。（沒有使用被動式）

The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects,
language variations originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by
geographic isolation.
* originating from 是主動 perpetuated by 是被動

Because it says that language variations are (1) originating from diverse heritages and (2)
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perpetuated by geographic isolation.
共用一個受詞
irritant.
* the chemical irritant 同時是 metabolize 與 render 的受詞，

另外，render O1 O2 (由輕到重) render O2 O1=>
render harmless the chemical irritant (render 使得) 使得 dioxin 變得沒有傷害性
The discovery that Earth's inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earth's
outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through
the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earth's magnetic
field.
介詞短語應緊跟被修飾對象
在 GMAT 語法中，對於介詞短語的考點主要就是介詞短語的位置，介詞短語的位置不同，其修飾對
象也不同，其作狀語或定語的語法功能也不同。
1）位於句首，修飾主語或作全句狀語；
2）位於句尾或句中，則要看它前面的詞是名詞還是謂語，是名詞則優先作定語(attribute)修飾名詞，
是謂語則優先作狀語(adv)。作狀語時，介詞短語的位置一定要離謂語比較近，具體情況還要根據邏
輯意思分析。
Prepositional phrases act as nouns, adjectives or adverbs.

Nouns: Out of sight is out of mind. - nothing is modified. Subject+linking V+Sub.Complement
Adjective: The doll is a souvenir of Paris. - noun "souvenir" is modified.
Adverb: The bus will leave in an hour. - verb "leave" is modified.
when a prepositional phrase follows a comma, yes, it functions as an adverbial modifier. therefore,
the modifier in question modifies the action of the preceding clause.
介係詞 WITH/ WITHOUT 用法，判斷時找句子的主詞
If you do something with a particular tool, object, or substance, you do it using that tool, object, or
substance.
EX1. Remove the meat with a fork and divide it among four plates...
EX2. Doctors are treating him with the drug AZT.
錯誤選項: with + N + having + past participle (因為與主句時態不一致)

having + past participle is used to express actions that are finished and to show that one thing
comes after another. Furthermore, there is usually a "because relationship between the two.
Correct: Having eaten already, I turned down Megumi's invitation to dinner.
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Wrong: Having been sick and having felt tired, Alan did not want to go to work.
this next sentence is NOT okay, because the two things should be happening at the same time
Wrong: Having set, the Sun rose some hours later.

And this sentence is incorrect because there's no "because relationship" between the two parts of
the sentence:
The Sun will set and rise no matter what; setting doesn't cause rising, so we shouldn't use the
"having + past participle" construction here.
With 與主要子句相連，做主要子句的進一步解釋
with + N= 形容詞片語
放句首，修飾主詞，表示主詞擁有(possess) with 的受詞
修飾名詞，有限定修飾意味
With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where there
is no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey, wildlife officials estimate, has grown to
exceed 175,000.
* 使用 with 要注意邏輯主語，意思同 deer population doesn't have natural predators

* when a sentence begins w/ the word "Without" the sentence sounds hypothetical. When a
sentence begins w/ the word "With no" the sentence sounds actual.
Unless the transplant involves identical twins, who have the same genetic endowment, all
patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their
lives.
(x) the expression identical twins with the same genetic endowment wrongly suggests
that only some identical twin pairs are genetically identical
such chemicals.
原句 A baby with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500 emerges
from the darkness of the womb.
Those who have visited the Grand Canyon have typically seen layers of sediment in the
gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree
trunk.
(x) have typically been able to see layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different
colors marking 文法對但是意義跟原句錯
 "have been able to see" does not mean the same thing as "have seen".
P18 Although accounting for only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens
consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its
automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do.
(x) with only 5 percent of the world's population 因為會變成美國「擁有」全世界 5%人口

且 with 不能 show contrast
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With 引導 small clause，形容詞常出現在名詞後面
(O) He stood with his head erect. = while th tongue is tense.
(x) He stood with his erect head.
* A market…. has grown out of ….

WITH + 抽象名詞 = 副詞片語
With 前面有"',"的，是副詞
修飾動詞或形容詞
* with sympathy = sympatheticly

Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping
Y22 The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with
individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting
enormous interest whenever they were put on show.
* bulls and cows "公牛和母牛"

* with "隨著...的(情況)" 隨著公牛母牛接受頒獎,賣出前所未有的高價,只要一展示就能造就龐
大的利潤,十八世紀末期出現 price-stock breeding
* the diet ... was largly vegetarian…with meat as a rarity.
* with meat as a rarity (介 O 介 OC) 罕見之物修飾 vegetarian
(x) with meat as rare 不可介系詞＋形容詞
(x) and meat was rare 非平衡，前面都是名詞，此為 and S+V。
Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the
* without 做伴隨. 因為 the Maya 不可能被限定 (Maya 人就是 Maya 人，不能說什麼樣的

Maya 人造了…言下之意, 還有另外一部分 Maya 人沒有參與建造, 而句子本身要表達的意思是
整體 Maya 人, 即使要對其進行修飾, 也只能是非限定性修飾.
varieties.
A natural response of communities devastated by earthquarke or flood is to rebuild on the
same site, without considering that the forces that caused the disaster could also cause
another such disaster.
(x) without considering that the forces causing the disaster could be repeated.
 The fatal flaw with D is its use of the passive voice with the verb "repeat." If we use
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passive voice here, we are saying somebody or something is doing the action of repeating
the disaster, which is incorrect.
 "causing the disaster" after "forces" means the forces are still causing the diaster as we
speak, While "that caused the disaster" in the correct option can percisely depict the forces
that happened in the past.
kaplan The principal has sought approval for her plan to grant promotions to only those seventh-
grade students proficient in reading, and has not met with opposition.
* opposition (from others)
(x) in reading without meeting with opposition.

 we need a break after reading. otherwise it implys students reading without meeting
(x) reading, without the opposition of others
 this looks like a dangling modifer. We need a coordinating conjuntion to relate the two,
what has met with no opposition? opposition of others is wordy as well
Here's the given explanation by Kaplan: The principal is doing two things: seeking approval
for her plan, and no meeting with any opposition. These two things should be in gramatically
similar form. ….”has sought" …. "has no met with"
FROM
Since the start of the space age, orbits near Earth have become more and more littered, often
from the intentional discarding of lens caps, packing material, fuel tanks, and payload covers.
when a prepositional phrase follows a comma, as does '...from the intentional discarding' here,
yes, it functions as an adverbial modifier. therefore, the modifier in question modifies the action
of the preceding clause (have become more and more littered).
(x) Since the start of the space age, more and more littering has occurred in orbits near Earth,
often because the intentional discarding of lens caps, packing material, fuel tanks, and payload
”Since the start of the space age” incorrectly modifies more and more 且 because 缺主句
If I say that littering occurred 'because of' the intentional discarding of those items, that
implies that the intentional discarding WASN'T the actual littering. Instead, it means that the
intentional discarding set into motion a chain of events that LED to the littering.
OF ALL
OF THE N
OUT OF

Y23 Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse
change in climate is probably the most difficult to analyze.
* 表最高級用法
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(x) difficult for
Of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth,
nearly 99 percent have vanished.
Nearly 99 percent of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that have

(x) Nearly 99 percent of five hundred million different species of living creatures that
B's multiple prepositional structure is wrong. For instance, instead of saying "100 of X of Y
that...", one should simplify things down to "100 of THE X of Y that...". This makes the
sentence much more simple by removing degrees of reference.
 that 修飾 living creatures. living creatures is the whole group (100%) out of which 99%
have vanished. so-- "living creatures that appeared on earth"-- would suggest that not a
single specie of the 500 million diff species EXISTS (appear) at present, but in fact 1% of
them are still in existence.
 It says "species that appeared" on earth. Appeared is simple past but, in this case, we
want present perfect. We use past tense to discuss something that is completely over; we
use present perfect to discuss something that started in the past but is either still true or still
going on in the present. It is still true that the species appeared, so we want to say "have
appeared"
Of the people who brought about the Reformation, the religious revolution that grew out of
objections to the doctrines of the medieval church, the best known is Martin Luther.
原句: The best known of the people who brought about the Reformation is Martin Luther.
"of the people..." modifies "known" - an adverb modifies an adjective.
(x) Martin Luther is the best known of them.  of them 多餘
* grow out of: develop from 產生於

According to a study published by Dr. Myrna Weissman, only one percent of Americans born
before 1905 had suffered major depression by the age of seventy-five; of those born since
1955, six percent had become depressed by age twenty-four.
The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than
75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex
* of up to 600 rooms each 修飾名詞 structures。

Researchers have announced that the magnetic fields emitted by one manufacturer’s
security surveillance system, of which type there are 200,000 worldwide, can interfere with
pacemakers and that this interaction can bring on missed or irregular heartbeats, nausea,
breathlessness, dizziness, and even fainting.
* of which type there are missed and 200,000 worldwide 修飾名詞 system
* 數詞 + of which
* Researchers have announced that X and that Y the bold portion is a give away.
206
表目的: TO, SO THAT, AIM AT, INTENT
TO
* 作實驗必有目的，錯誤選項設計 that 子句
* 不可寫 allowing，如果要改分詞片語需要在 allowing 前打逗號但是不定詞比較好。

The first shots of the American Revolution, fired at Lexington and Concord. Massachusetts,
were, according to legend, heard around the world, but news of these shots took four days
by swift messenger to reach New York City and another eleven days to reach Charleston,
South Carolina.
New items developed for automobiles in the 1997 model year included a safer air bag,
which, unlike previous air bags, eliminated the possibility that a burst of smoke would
appear when the bag inflated and make an already terrified passenger think the car was on
fire.
(x) inflated to make seems as if the smoke was INTENDED by the manufacturers to
terrify the passenger.
Caribou are wary animals with excellent hearing, so to stalk them over the treeless
landscape and get close enough to kill one with nothing but a handheld lance, as Dorset
people did, required exceptional hunting skill.
* to do sth. 可以作為主語，也可以作為前一個動作的後續(目的，補語)
* in order to do sth. 只能作為狀語，表示前一個動作的目的，不能用作主語。
IN ORDER TO 不可將之當作可排除選項的條件
= so as to 前後句的主詞必須一致 "so as to" modifies verbs
SO THAT 以便
Y36 In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so that
he could marry Anne Boleyn.
(x) so as to: Awkward and imprecise, A does not specify who is to marry Anne.
舊 Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers to provide workers with unpaid
OG leave so that they can care for sick or newborn children.
(x) so as to care for sick or newborn children.

"so as to" modifies verbs; this sentence is ambiguous. On first read, it sounds like the
desired result of debating is workers being able care for sick or newborn children. This
meaning is incorrect--the desired result of debating is coming to agreement.
207
The particular design of muscles and bones in the neck and limbs of the turtle allows it to
draw in its exposed parts, so that an attacker can find nothing but hard shell to bite.
(x) ,and so
AIM AT
P25 The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at
decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
The federal rules aimed at protecting human subjects of medical experiments were
established to ensure that patients would be warned of potential risks and that an
independent panel would evaluate the experiment before it was conducted.
INTENT
Intent to 計畫打算作….
be intended for 專為…所設計
錯誤選項: with the intention of
Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund intended
to sustain the state's economy after oil reserves are exhausted.
The state has proposed new rules that would set minimum staffing levels for nurses, rules
intended to ensure that at least one nurse is assigned for every four patients put through
triage in a hospital emergency room.
A Food and Drug Administration rule implemented in December 2000 mandates that any
new drug intended for use by both adults and children undergo pediatric study and that its
manufacturers list children's doses on the label.
ATTEMPT TO V (n)(v)
in an attempt to
attempt at N (正確選項無)
避免 wordy: try
years.
While some propose to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by
attempting to change people's attitudes toward pirating, others suggest reducing software
prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling for the prosecution
of those who copy software illegally.
The computer company’s present troubles are a result of technological stagnation,
irritant.
The gypsy moth was imported into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869 by a French
scientist attempting to develop a strong strain of silk-producing insects by crossing gypsy
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moths with adult silkworms.
In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the
company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure
of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.
Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are
native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to
control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.
(x) as an attempt at
SERVE AS + N: to be useful or helpful for a particular purpose
serve as 主動 = be used as 被動
Agatha Christie's travels with her archaeologist husband served as inspiration for several of
her mystery novels; travelers to Egypt can still stay at the Old Cataract Hotel, the model for
the hotel in one of Christie's most famous books.
(x) In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male to attract
females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, in fact possibly
serving as an approximate thermometer.
the participial phrase "in fact possibly serving..." modifies the subject "number of chirps per
minute," but it too can be thought at first to modify "temperature."
What's wrong with E is not "serving," but "possibly," which distorts the intended meaning of
the sentence. That the number of chirps "can" serve as a thermometer means that it has
the capability. "Possibly" implies uncertainty.
Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three
separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.
表因果:
連接詞 because, since, for, in that, so…. that…., now that
動詞片語果 is determine by 因,
果 result from 因
因 result in 果
因 lead to 果
Attributes 果 to 因
因 create 果
名詞 reason
介係詞片語 because of N, be due to,
副詞 thus, therefore, thereby
so 因 as to 果: 要求主詞一樣
因 enough to 果
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We should use "on the basis" when we are looking at one thing for evidence and making some
kind of decision based on that thing.
連接詞: BECAUSE, SINCE, FOR, IN THAT, NOW THAT 也就是說
* in that 意思為「在於」，屬於古字
Because she knew many of the leaders of colonial America and the American Revolution
personally, Mercy Otis Warren was continually at or near the center of political events from
1765 to 1789, and this vantage point, combined with her talent for writing, made her one of
the most valuable historians of the era.
Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has
announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.
Because they can reproduce several times each year and produce large numbers of
offspring, many insect species can generally adapt quickly to changes in their environment.
舊 Building large new hospitals in the bistate area would constitute a wasteful use of
OG resources, if only because the duplication of facilities should be avoided.
* "if only because" 如果僅僅因為 introduces a reason for the preceding statement, and the
remainder of the answer choice is logically worded.
I clean the kitchen floor because it's dirty. = I do the cleaning for this reason: The floor is
dirty at that time.
I clean the kitchen floor only because it's dirty. = I do the cleaning for this reason, and only
this reason; I don't do it for any other reason: The floor is dirty at that time.
I clean the kitchen floor once a month if only because I've gotten into the habit. = I do the
cleaning for no really good reason. I do not do the cleaning because the floor is necessarily
dirty, for example. Maybe IF I do the cleaning, the real reason is ONLY/simply/just
BECAUSE I'm in the habit of doing so, whether the floor is dirty or not.
(x) "on the basis of avoidance..." and "on the grounds of avoiding..." do not present
reasons that support the statement in the main clause
句意，如果僅僅因為設備的複製應當被避免，那麼在兩洲之間蓋新的大醫院就會造成資源運
用浪費。
* bistate: of, pertaining to, or involving two states, esp. of the U.S
當效果有動詞時用 because 較優，因為 because of 與 due to 都是接 N
Y25 The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers,
primarily because it lives at great depths-2,500 to 3,000 feet down.
*注意 primary 前面有一個逗點，但 on account of 或 because of 前面不會斷句

P98 Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more because their bodies burn
* more X than Y：X 與 Y 要對稱

(x) due to the fact that 不簡潔
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The United States will be affected by whether Taiwan develops a closer relationship with
mainland China or preserves the status quo, since the island nation is the United States’
seventh-largest trading partner.
As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a
successful online drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers,
who then also buy other health-related items.
* since 表原因接句子 In general, we say: "because of X that did Y" and "since X did Y".
* 注意: thrust 三態同行，此為分詞
Y51 The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek
world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival.
* 可以只寫now
IN THAT
First, when ETS puts both because and in that, the answer is most likely in that.
Second, because is used to express a simple causal relationship whereas in that qualifies the
previous statement.
Cause and effect relationship:

I went to sleep because I was tired.
==> Being tired caused me to go to sleep.
Qualification:
Going to college is a sacrifice in that doing so requires several years of forgoing the income that
students could have earned had they not attended college.
==> Going to college is a sacrifice, BUT NOT IN EVERY WAY; there are many ways in which going
to college is NOT a sacrifice, but in this sentence, I want to express one way in which going to
college IS a sacrifice.
Here's an incorrect use of in that:

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Eddie didn't get into Wharton in that he only scored a 580 on his GMAT.
What's the difference? In that carries with it a connotation of further explaining the meaning of a
part of the original sentence. In what way was the committee's difficult? It was difficult in that--in the
sense that--they could have picked either candidate (as opposed to, say, in the sense that it
required reading massive dossiers).
1000sc Blue-winged warblers are unlike most OTHER species of warbler in that it is very difficult to
Teratomas are unusual forms of cancer in that they are composed of tissues such as tooth
and bone, tissues not normally found in the organ in which the tumor appears.
Speckled Red Grinders are unlike most species of Red Grinder in that it is very difficult to
The parachutelike membranes of Africa’s scaly-tailed flying squirrels differ from those of the
* in that: OG 評價已經少了用
over the beat, flattening out the melodic contours of tunes, and, in effect, recomposed
songs to suit her range, style, and artistic sensibilities.
連接詞
SO(adv.) + adj/adv/Verb….THAT 可前後相主詞或不同主詞
1.表程度「~的程度而…」2.表結果「非常…以致於」
SUCH(adj)…THAT「非常…以致於」
So X, so Y, that…….
Xue Mei spoke so that we would stop asking her questions.
The sales materials are presented at the end of the meetings so that the participants won't realize
the meeting is actually a sales presentation.
The part that comes after so... that... answers the question WHY.
錯誤選項:
1. such that
2. such a degree 因為 so….that 已經有表程度的意思，所以不需要 degree
3. sufficiently
based industries.
* so 修飾 Verb
* lack in N
(x) to such a degree as to make it…
Since 1975, so many people have been moving to Utah that the Mormons, who once
represented 75 percent of the population, now account for only half.
P58 A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that
even Theodore C．Sorensen, the White House counsel, did not know it existed.
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舊 The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculpture portrait, the
OG features of which are so unrealistic that they have constituted what one scholar calls an
"artificial face.”
* it appears 是插句,沒有文法意義
PP1 At one time, the majestic American chestnut was so prevalent that it was said a squirrel
-135 could jump from tree to tree without once touching the ground between New York State
and Georgia.
The decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada
has become so severe that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list it as
an endangered species in the near future.
* its long limbs 不可省 its

The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared with
many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some paleontologists have
argued that Lucy represents a different lineage.
Using a criterion based on an object’s color, astronomers recently identified 23 galaxies so
distant from Earth that their light has taken 85 percent of the age of the universe to reach
us.
The city has proposed a number of water treatment and conservation projects whose cost
will raise water bills so high that even environmentalists are beginning to raise alarms.
Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, was
so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the
poems in his first two collections that he destroyed every copy he could find.
So dogged were Frances Perkins' investigations of the garment industry, so persistent her
lobbying for wage and hour reform, that Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt
recruited Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker.
* so 修飾 Verb
* 第二個so句子省了be V
Researchers hypothesize that granitic soil is the ideal construction material for the desert
tortoise because it is not so hard that it makes burrowing difficult or so soft that it could
cause tunnels to collapse.
become turbulent.
* smooth So X that Y
extent to which its brightness has been dimmed by distance can be used as an astronmical
yardstick.
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* an "astronomical yardstick" means a type of measurement that we can use in astronomy.
If we understand that, then we can see that we are talking about the difference in the
brightness of something where it is and where we see it. In other words, something is
presumably less bright here on Earth than it is at the source, so by the time the light
reaches us, it is less bright, or "has been dimmed." Hence, we need the present perfect
since the action has already taken place by the time the light reaches us.
Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some
of these drugs caused such severe stomach disorders that they were banned by the Food
and Drug Administration.
*such + N
Recent indicators of weakness in the economy have led consumers to be more
conservative with their purchases; so depressed have sales figures been as a result that
the government has launched several initiatives to actively encourage consumer spending.
* 倒裝 So happy was I that I danced all night

(x) ; the sales figures have been so depressed as result that
 The problem is that, by moving around the "so", we change the emphasis of the
sentence. Changing the meaning is a no-no.
SO + adj/adv + AS TO V 「那麼…以致於…」主詞一樣
First, you should know that such + noun + as to is much less common than so + adj/adv + as to.
Now, for the difference between these two. I think these are best illustrated with examples:
Xue Mei spoke in such a way as to calm us down.
The sales materials are presented in such a way as to encourage attendees to purchase the
products on the spot.
These usages focus on doing an action and paying to that action while you are doing it so that the
action creates a result. To simplify a bit, these usages answer the question, "Why did you do it in
that way?"
So, the most common words to use with this pattern are way, manner, etc.
錯誤選項:
1. so as to = in order to
2. so much as …to 無此用法
Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in
the weather.
* indistinguishable ≠ distinguished (admired)

214
V + ENOUGH(adv) TO
Adj.
Adv.
enough for
錯誤選項: 沒有 enough that 用法

Y70 Displays of the aurora borealis, or "northern lights," can heat the atmosphere over the
Arctic enough to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce electric currents that
can cause blackouts in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines.
Because it seemed to be one of the few corporations diversified enough to survive the
recession, many shareholders ignored the drop in third-quarter profits and invested even
more heavily in Emco.
The most favorable locations for the growth of glaciers are not the cold, dry polar regions
but the cool, moist middle latitudes, where there is abundant precipitation and where it is
cold enough to allow some snow to accumulate year by year.
Scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have succeeded for the first time in
mining heat from the Earth's interior to produce energy on a commercial scale, enough for
generating electricity efficiently and for heating factories and homes.
A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place,
researchers have discovered, and tends not to bother recovering a perishable treat stored
long enough to have rotted.
(x) treat 後面不可加 if 因為代表省略主詞 a scrub jay，意思不對

RESULT
(v) result in 果
result from 因，表狀態，後面不可接 ving
resulting from 修飾名詞且前面不加逗號
(n) result (n.c)
as a result of 因
P84 The rooted systems of most flowing perennials either become too crowded, resulting in
loss of vigor, or spread too far outward, producing a bare center.
areas of the skin.
The commission’s office of compliance, inspection, and investigations plans to intensify its
security of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent
function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks
they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking
division.
215
* 平衡時 whether 與 if 不可以混用
experience.
The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in
recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of
surrounding woodlands.
A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that
creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as
a result of an increase in sea surface temperatures during the same period.
* as a result of講食物減少的原因
The computer company's present troubles are a result of technological stagnation,
* 干擾選項 that被改為so ....that，變成導果為因

The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in
recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of
surrounding woodlands.
* as a result of A and B
The honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that
the act of stinging causes the bee to sustain a fatal injury.
* with the result that 產生…結果

(x) honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact
that the act of stinging causes  It's the staying that causes fatal injury, not the stinging
alone.
Y138 The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets-Mercury, Venus, and Mars-spin
was determined by collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the solar
system.
* as "determined" or "determined by" is almost synonymous with "results" or "resulted from"

* led to the passage 不可寫成 lead to passing 因為找不到 pass 動作的出發者，所以需寫

passage。另外 passage 強調結果，passing 強調過程
THE CAUSE OF
CAUSE (VT)
According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so
much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds
have relatively few founding members.
Y17 None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime explains why most of the people
216
exposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of
those not so exposed do.
the other.
Navigators have known for thousands of years that the ocean has variable currents, but it
is only in the last half century that a reasonably clear picture has emerged of the patterns
and causes of ocean currents.
The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the
Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also
caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.
Although the bite of the brown recluse spiders is rarely fatal, it causes chronic flesh
wounds and poses the greatest danger to infants and the elderly, who are particularly
vulnerable to its poison.
Y16 Unlike the honeybee, the yellow jacket can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a
potent venom that can cause intense pain.
Often incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave, a tsunami, a seismic sea wave that can reach
speeds of up to 150 miles per hour and heights of up to 200 feet, is caused by underwater
earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are caused not by stress,
alcohol, or rich foods, but by a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
One attributes x (an effect) to y (a cause)
X is attributed to y
allergy to some food, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for
their actions.
* some + 單數 N: 某一種
其他動詞片語
and at lower cost.
REASON
such chemicals.
(介) BECAUSE OF ≠ DUE TO
 Due to means ”caused by”. It should only be used if can be substituted with “caused by”.
 Due to should only be used as a complement (i.e., after a be-verb) NOT as a preposition (i.e.,
NOT at the beginning of the sentence). 將 due to 當形容詞
ex: My loss of appetite was due to a stomachache.
Lenders and building managers in the southwestern section of the city report that because
of the renewed rental market in the area and the increased willingness of banks to lend
money, apartment buildings are being rehabilitated at a pace unseen for a decade.
217
2001 proved to be the automaker's first losing year since 1992, when the company lost
$7.4 billion, primarily because of almost $7 billion in accounting charges.
Though subject to the same wild-animal control efforts that killed off almost all the wolves
in North America over the past century, the coyote, because of its amazing ability to adapt
to the presence of humans, has been able to expand its range into Alaska and Central
America.
Originally developed by ancient Hawaiians, surfing appeals to people because of the
sport’s unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high-paced maneuvering; an
unpredictable backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable; and
the camaraderie that often develops among people in their common quest to conquer
nature.
* (x) Surfing's appeal

P68 Unlike the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage are
not affected by the frequency of claims, but if the insurance company is able to prove
excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew the policy.
number of students in public schools has grown steadily since the mid-1980's and, at
nearly 47 million, has reached a record high.
副詞 THUS, THEREFORE, THEREBY: 不具連接詞功能，與 and 連用
Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest
surviving example of a "built" boat—in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted
together—and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology,
over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.
*不可改寫成a boat constructed out of planks fitted together to represent…變成厚木片為了

代表進步而組裝，to 表目的而原題有thus表因果。
Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their
native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these
leopards are thus many times more rare than China's giant pandas.
and in the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when
conversing with another blind person.
As sources of electrical power, windmills now account for only about 2,500 megawatts
nationwide, but production is expected almost to double by the end of the year and thus to
provide enough electricity for 1.3 million households.
Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from tractor trailers to
excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility vehicles, almost all of which are
Scientists have found signs that moving water changed the chemical makeup of the
surface of Mars in recent eras and have therefore concluded that the planet's crust harbors
218
up to three times as much water as previously thought.
Until the passage of the Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act in 1982, a first-time
charge of copyright infringement was merely a misdemeanor charge; therefore, federal
prosecutors were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, and offenders were
subject to relatively small penalties.
Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models
are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an
online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit and thereby
activate the animated functions of the piece.
(x) exhibit, which thereby activates 動作發出者錯了

寫法特別的因果句，包括分詞表因果
* before 建立因果關係，不要用 when

and Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period,
so mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach
with: as a result of
more than….修飾前面句子
increasingly common, many people are now using their mobile phones to make calls
across a wide region at night and on weekends, when numerous wireless companies
provide unlimited airtime for a relatively small monthly fee.
* becoming強調動態變化
* plummeting修飾cost
* accross a wide region: 在美國往各地打手機時，不存在著長途與市話之分的
With charcoal's being replaced by coal as the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore and
several improvements in blowing machinery, the average output of ironwork tripled over the
eighteenth century.
* 原題有表明因果
One reason more young people lose their virginity during the summer than at other times
of the year is undoubtedly that school vacations give adolescents more free time.
(o) reason... is... that...

(x) reason... is... because….
reason, a noun, should have a noun as its complement. that + SUBJECT + VERB is a
noun clause; because + SUBJECT + VERB is an adverb clause.
WHAT 正確的句子
複合關係代名詞(已經包括先行詞) what = all that = the thing(s) which
219
ex: All I know is this. = All that I know is this. = What I know is this.
What has often forgotten about Paine is that, after he had discovered his vocation, he
became a professional revolutionary.
1000sc What brought the automobile company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the
Second World War was a special, governmentally sanctioned price increase allowed during
a period of wage and price controls.
(x) Bring the automobile company back

 bringing suggests ongoing action but here action is complete
(x) What has brought
 present perfect inditcated an ongoing action which is not the case here
difficult to determine is the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put
the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals．
* what 當主詞 = the thing that

Y39 Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on
Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles
科學家最近發現可能是地球上最大最古老的還存活的生物有機體，是一個巨型菌類有著交織
的蘑菇菌絲以及像根一樣的觸角，這個觸角是由 1000 年前一個受精的孢子所產出，並且觸
角在 Michigan 森林土壤中蔓延多達 30 英畝。
* --ing forms a continuous forms and the land is still present and extending
* what = that which

* what appears to be:

ex: We basically have found what appears to be the requirements, the nutrients, to support
life whether past, present or future.
While digging in the Egyptian desert, paleontologists have found huge fossil bones from
what appears to be the second most massive dinosaur that ever lived.
* from what = from sth which appears to be ...

* what 指後面的 dinosaur
* 原文Digging at an oasis in the Egyptian desert, paleontologists have found huge fossil
bones of what they say appears to have been the second most massive dinosaur that ever
lived.
220
At the time of the Mexican agrarian revolution, the most radical faction, that of Zapata and
his followers, proposed a return to communal ownership of land, to what had been a pre-
Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards.
* a pre-Columbian form of ownership respected by the Spaniards to modify not the land but
the return to communal ownership of land 亦即換句話說
* 'Land in' is grammatically incorrect.
* a return to X, to Y
With cloning technology, scientists are approaching what has long been the ultimate goal
of modern husbandry: achieving in farm animals a consistency of quality and production
that was once thought to be limited to manufactured goods.

Recently found near Lake Baringo in Kenya was evidence of what may be the earliest
known use of fore by ancestors of Homo sapiens.
* 證據=真理，用現在式 may be
(x) may have been
舊 The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of
OG income maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo
was earning annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for
London.
What scientists know about dinosaur brains comes from studies of the cranium 頭蓋骨, the
bony house of the brain located in the back of the skull.
Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, was
so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the
poems in his first two collections that he destroyed every copy he could find.
since October 1987, sales of fund shares in July were not as low as what an industry trade
group had previously estimated.
* 將 those which 簡化為 what

* sales of 注意 sales for 錯
WHAT 錯誤的句子
(x) What was as remarkable as the development of the Compact Disc

For (a) to make sense, it would have to begin "what is as remarkable as", since the
"remarkability" refers to the present (i.e. it's remarkable now).
(x) what they did outside the pinelands.

221
what they did 與 land values 不平行
BEING 為正確的句子，通常是表被動
Simply being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to become an
invasive or persistent weed, according to a decade-long study published in the journal
Nature.
past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them
when they do appear.
Being a year ahead in introducing a new computer product or process can give a company
a significant edge on its competitors.
(x) “a year advantage" should be "a year's advantage"

(x) "by a year earlier" should be simply "a year earlier" But a year earlier than what?
(x) "advantage to introduce" should be "advantage in introducing" or "advantage in the
introduction of".
Y107 In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic,
distinguishes between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in
mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis.
their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit．
The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a
symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not
only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil sticks, and trash, but also by dropped
anchors, probing drivers, and global warming.
The nurses went on strike to protest their being overworked.

(x) being very reluctant

The artist Renoir’s last word was “flowers,” spoken as a bouquet of roses just picked from
his garden was being arranged in a vase on his bedroom windowsill.
THERE 為正確的句子主詞有數量修飾詞,抽象存在物,表示客觀存在或與 no 連用形成強烈語氣

Children's programming was once limited to a few hours a week, but now there are at least
four cable networks dedicated entirely to shows produced specifically for children.
Y4 A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female
ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation’s clergy, double the figure for 1977.
222
such chemicals.
There is a widespread belief in the US and Western Europe that young people have less of a
commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had and that the
the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a
movement toward a minimal state．
* much 是 adv.修飾動詞 agree 的程度, 表示美國選民多麼地同意

* however 做連接詞, 表示"無論如何", 也就是"no matter how"
* 第二個 that 不可省
Until the seventeenth century, no tradition of child portraiture existed; childhood was
considered an unimportant phase of which there was no need to keep any record.
A recent United States Census Bureau report shows that there are more than three times as
many households where the children and grandchildren are living in their grandparents'
overfishing.
* monkfish 單複數同形
The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization that
there is little that is significantly different in the underlying mental processes manifested by
people from different cultures.
* 不可省掉第二個that因為significantly是副詞，如果省了可修飾different或是little
Though certain breeds of dog are renowned for their sense of smell, there is often a greater
difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than between members
of different breeds.
TENSE
未來式
the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but the mixed performance of the
index's individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more
現在進行式
Tip: 如果原題未用進行式，答案不用
223
based industries.
* 由未畫線的 becoming 得知是一個 on going situation

P1-51 Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add
雖然 is undergoing 但as後面用often所以用現在式add…combine
* Often means that we're referring to a number of individual events, rather than 1 continuous event.
現在式
訊號字: current, are being Ved
their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit.
現在完成式 Present perfect

 show an action continuing into the present.
 express action completed in the past
 瞬間動作的過去不可以用完成式: begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive,
reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose,
renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off
 講話時該狀態仍存在
* 代表動作發生於過去
the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
* OG 解釋 past tense to express action completed in the past

* 大寫 the Constitution 現在仍適用中，故用 present perfect

Of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth,
nearly 99 percent have vanished.
(x) Nearly 99 percent of the five hundred million different species of living creatures that
have appeared on Earth have vanished.
224
(x) Nearly 99 percent of five hundred million different species of living creatures that
 It says "species that appeared" on earth. Appeared is simple past but, in this case, we
want present perfect. We use past tense to discuss something that is completely over; we
use present perfect to discuss something that started in the past but is either still true or still
going on in the present. It is still true that the species appeared, so we want to say "have
appeared"
they do appear.
過去式 Simple Past Tense

 The simple past tense describes an action completed in the past.
 有確切寫出過去時間點
AT + 過去時間點
At a recent session, the French government decided that Paris needs a second, larger
opera house to cpmplement the famous Pais Opera.
France's longest ruling monarch. Louis, inherited the throne at the age of four and ruled the
country for 72 years.
(x) had inherited the throne at the age of four and he ruled the country for 72 years
"he" should not be here since it is redundant.
 E does not require past perfect since it is clear by sentence that event "inherited the
throne" happened "at the age of four".....which in itself denotes that this event happened
before second event "ruled the country for 72 years".
LAST YEAR – simple past tense
或其他年份
Y77 Even though the direct costs of malpractice disputes amounted to less than 1 percent of
the $541 billion the nation spent on health care last year, doctors say fear of lawsuits plays
a major role in health-care inflation.
The spectacular disintegration of a comet last year in full view of ground- and space-based
telescopes provided new insights into how comets form and may thus force a rethinking of
the role of comets in the delivery of organic compounds to the evolving Earth.
*Last year 修飾 a comet

P111 Born in Calcutta in 1940, author Bharati Mukherjee became a United States citizen in 1988;
she has lived in England and Canada, and first came to the United States in 1961 to study
at the Iowa Writers’ Workshop.
P112 Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World,
Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence.
* in classical times 古代
225
* in earlier times
BETWEEN 年份之間 – simple past tense
Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three
separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.
(x) have led

Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years
from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
過去完成式 Past Perfect

 We use the past perfect when we need to put an event two steps into the past.
 past perfect is required when,
(1) more than one event are specified and at least one of them has finished before another.
AND
(2) there is need to show one event has occured before another one.
 Past perfect can ONLY be used if the two events take place at DIFFERENT times.
(x) Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the
earthquake had been constructed in violation of the city’s building code.
1000s
c
According to a study published by Dr. Myrna Weissman, only one percent of Americans born
before 1905 had suffered major depression by the age of seventy-five; of those born since
1955, six percent had become depressed by age twenty-four.
* tenses make sense: the study deals with things that had occurred before the study was
conducted, and whose relevance continued to the time of the study (also in the past).
therefore, past perfect is clearly the best choice.
數個事件時態時態
時態順序: past perfect  simple past(動作已完成)  present perfect
1. (先) simple past (後) present perfect
2. (先) past perfect (後) simple past
不需區隔時態
 Simple past tense: twoactions were completed in the past and occurred at about the same
time.
* be underway: (adj) happening now

(x) raised, indicating completed action.
(x) "have been carried live" is not correct here, since the action is already over. so "were" is
226
the correct form of verb
Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon, a fungus that has been
slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has become the largest living
single organism known to humans.
4. cave: were occupied by

5. carbon-14 dating: has been established by
6. is difficult
(x) had maintained

* 表示 maintained 與 had 同時發生於過去，並在動作在過去已經完成了。
P30 Thomas Eakins’ powerful style and his choices of subject — the advances in modern
themselves — were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.
Since February, the Federal Reserve has raised its short-term interest rate target five times,
and because of the economy's continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks
that the target will be raised again in November.
1. the Federal Reserve has raised…

2. analysts have been predicting for… that …will be raised…
In 1860, the Philological Society launched its effort to create a dictionary more
comprehensive than the world had ever seen; although the project would take more than 60
years to complete, the Oxford English Dictionary was born.
1. ..was born (it was launched in the past, the completion is sometime in the future.)
2. would take (future in the past)
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to
announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization
just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by
the beginning of next year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and
Russia, trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day.
1. had long been expected to

2. recently announced
3. if….trim…, the group will pare

Meeting in May, the promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of
directors, including obituaries, will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(x) Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at
its May meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
227
In June of 1989, Princeton Township approved a developer's plans to build 300 houses on a
Kaplan Some of the dogs that were distributed to local pet sanctuaries or exterminated by the city
health officials had been collected as part of the city's initiative to protect local resident from
dog attacks.
* exterminate = kill
* And you need OR because the same dog can not be distributed and exterminated.
YET (adv.)
1. (= so far) used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or
up to the present time;
2. (= so far) used after a superlative
3. somebody/something has yet to do something: (formal) used to say that someone has not
done something, or that something has not happened when you think it should already have
been done or have happened
Unearthed in China, fossils of feathered dinosaurs offer the most dramatic evidence yet
discovered of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and birds.
* used after a superlative; "this is the best so far"; "the largest drug bust yet"
In 1926, in her second attempt to swim across the English Channel, Gertrude Ederle not only
crossed the Channel against currents that forced her to swim thirty-five miles instead of the
minimal twenty-one, but also set a record for speed, swimming the distance almost two hours
faster than anyone had yet done.
environment that are not yet incorporated in any detail into the computer models used to predict
how rising greenhouse gas concentrations could affect climate.
In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United States the
term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms
(180 pounds).
NASA's methodical approach to the exploration of Mars has not yet answered the questions of
whether biological life forms ever emerged on Mars and whether, presuming such life forms left
fossil traces to begin with, those traces still exist in some moist recesses of the cold and arid
planet.
RECENT/ RECENTLY
最近發生的事，用現在式或現在完成式
Y73 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a
goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.
P56 Recently discovered fossil remains strongly suggest that the Australian egg-laying mammals
of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolution rather than a type that
developed independently from a common ancestor of mammals more than 220 million years
ago.
Recently found near Lake Baringo in Kenya was evidence of what may be the earliest known
use of fore by ancestors of Homo sapiens.
* recently 與 near Lake Baringo in Kenya 修飾 found
228
* of late = lately or recently

Y60 More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic
development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal
budgets and fading federal support.
hybrid vigor.
* partly to acquire... and partly ... to provide... 平衡兩個不定詞

站在過去，講過去最近發生的事
A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some
of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, fossils that are at least 25 million years older
than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.
Until recently, the Inuit people led a nomadic existence, sheltering in igloos, the ice-block
domes that are peculiar to north-central Canada, and in structures made of stones, bones,
driftwood, and skins.
P49 Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in
women's apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in
all of its stores．
* 原題是站在 retailer 過去說話的角度上（從 said it would）在那個時刻他談到 recent，是過去
的過去，所以用 had
* extended: 廣泛的
BEFORE & AFTER: 用簡單式

二個詞可為介係詞或連接詞
BEFORE
Before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New
York City took three weeks and cost $100; on the canal the move took less than eight days
and cost less than $6.
Y46 Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home,
and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an
P43 Although she had signed a pledge of abstinence as an adolescent, Frances Willard was 35
years old before she chose to become a temperance activist.
儘管 F 在青少年的時候已經簽署戒酒了，但是她直到 35 歲才成為戒酒運動積極分子
Discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him,
Lincoln knew how to use a good story to generate good will.
AFTER
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After Ving, S+V…主詞需能作 Ving 動作
錯誤選項特徵: subsequently
(x) Following gradually declining …注意 follow 是 vt 必須要有受詞，declinging 不可當受詞

After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present in
core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was
able to reconstruct the history of precipitation in tropical South America over the past 25,000
years.
whole.
* the information before the comma describes California.

P32 The Wallerstein study indicates that even after a decade young men and women still
Both the caribou and the reindeer belong to the species Rangifer tarandus, but after 7,000
years of domestication in Eurasia, reindeer have developed a tendency to circle in tight
groups, while caribou tend to spread far and wide.
The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after
pounding them with a mortar and pestle.
* after…修飾soak
SINCE 時間點, 主詞 + have pp. 或明確指出年代時全為 simple past tense

A point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. Since means
"from a point in the past until now." Since is normally used with perfect tenses.
* “since” emphasizes the continuity of he action

Since 可為介係詞或連接詞
* 時態需一致
Since the start of the space age, orbits near Earth have become more and more littered,
230
often from the intentional discarding of lens caps, packing material, fuel tanks, and payload
covers.
Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10000 years from the
beginning of agriculture to 1950.
比較: Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000
years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
P12 Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and
they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos, who typically cook the meat in a
heavily spiced stew.
* sb be prized as: Stephen is prized as a teacher in Bogota.

* sb be prized for: Stephen is prized for his ability to dance the salsa.
throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians ever since 1788, when
Europeans saw Dharug-speaking men tossing "bumariny" in the area later known as Sydney.

After increasing steadily for centuries, the total annual catch of all wild fish peaked in 1989;
since that time, the total catch for most species has declined or plateaued, prompting
conservation efforts designed to help prevent population crashes and possible extinctions.
* plateaue: (vi) if something plateaus, it reaches and then stays at a particular level
years ago.
A March 2000 Census Bureau survey showed that Mexico accounted for more than a quarter
of all foreign-born residents of the United States, the largest share that any country has
contributed since 1890, when about 30 percent of the country’s foreign-born population was
from Germany.
* when修飾1890
becoming the tenth most intense hurricane to hit the United States mainland in the twentieth
century and the most intense since Camille in 1969.
* in 1969 修飾 Camille
(x) 不可將 since 改 after
UNTIL 表達未來的一個時間點
Until 可為介係詞或連接詞
until 優於 before the year 或 prior to
站在過去看未來: simpe past tense
Until recently, the Inuit people led a nomadic existence, sheltering in igloos, the ice-block
domes that are peculiar to north-central Canada, and in structures made of stones, bones,
231
driftwood, and skins.
(x) during recent times/ up until recently/ until recent times  wordy and awkward
(x) the Inuit people, leading a nomadic existence, have sheltered. Up until recently
indicates that this happened in the past. It's not that they are still leading a nomadic
existance. [have sheltered – implies still – eliminate it]
Until the passage of the Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act in 1982, a first-time
charge of copyright infringement was merely a misdemeanor charge; therefore, federal
prosecutors were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, and offenders were
subject to relatively small penalties.
P13 Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's
ragtime opera＂Treemonisha＂was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its
completion.
P14 From the time of its defeat by the Germans in 1940 until its liberation in 1944, France was a
bitter and divided country; a kind of civil war raged in the Vichy government between those
who wanted to collaborate with the Nazis and those who opposed them.
* to be sighted 限定 the first pulsar 表示第一顆被看到的星星是在 1967 年被觀察到的

Though the Pythagorean theorem is attributed to Pythagoras, a mathematician and
philosopher who lived in the 6th century BC, the first proof was not completed until 300 BC,
when it appeared in Euclid's Elements.
(x) the first proof of the theorem was not completed prior to
Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, was a well-established
method of mineral extraction as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years
ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally
recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of
President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.
Classical guitar was not prestigious and was not often played in concert halls until Andres
Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, after he was won over by the sound despite
the instrument's relative obscurity.
站在現在看未來 simple present tense
areas of the skin.
* immobilize: to stop something from working

(x) until healing
Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their last scheduled
day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to
workers even if they find a new job before they are terminated.
232
(x) until the last day that they are scheduled to collect. It sounds like workers are collecting
the "last day".
* if the deal were to V 與未來事實相反

The yield of natural gas from Norway’s Troil gas field is expected to increase annually until
the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will
allow at least 50 years’ production.
ORIGINALLY 原來: 過去式

P21 It is possible that Native Americans originally migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a
bridge of land that once existed between Siberia and Alaska.
(x) had migrated to

 For past perfect, the two events have to take place at different times. If they migrated
over the bridge, they had to do it when it existed... therefore, the two events take place at
the same time. If they take place at the same time, you use the same tense (in this case,
simple past)
(x) "Was existed" is never correct construction.

Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that the elephant is descended
from an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
originally seemed they would.
EARLY / EARLIER 時態: 過去式或過去完成式

"JP woke up at 7am, but Vicky had woken up earlier."
and that later generate eggs or sperm, embryonic steam cells have the ability to develop into
different kinds of body tissue.
Y86 Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they were moved
to the daytime hours in the 1930's when the evening schedule became crowded with
comedians and variety shows.
1970’s.
233
Y45 According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the
economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come
in for a "soft landing," followed by a gradual increase in business activity.
* The use of "had feared" instead of "feared" is to distinguish between two events that
happened in the past, one earlier than the other. In this case, analysts HAD FEARED a
recession before the stock market MADE some recent gains. (I know the word "made" is not
used in the example, but it is inferred from the context.) "Had feared" is in the past perfect
simple tense, whereas "made" is in plain old past tense.
* in the year 不可寫成 this year 除非 YEAR 都一樣指的是這一年，in the year 有時是指未來
有時是指過去的某特定一年
* early in the year 年初
* confidence(n) that
* confident(adj) in
Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because their sales a
year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their
holiday gifts.
Y73 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a
goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations.
Y80 New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly irrigation
and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties.
fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to
generate its own electricity.
DURING(介) + EVENT 可接過去式或是現在完成式
During is generally used to convey broad time period of an event. For example:
During golf war Saddam was reduced to a weak force
During world war II
During is usually used to specify when something happened.

For example: During my stay at Harvard, I met many interesting people.
During does not tells "how long" the time lasted. For does.
For example: For a period of 2 years, I studied at Harvard.
During, when used to show length of time, need to have subordinate clause beginning with
that/when. For example, D, in this case, would have been correct if it said:
During a hundred years that began in 1788, England ....
Y51 The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek
world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival.
GWD During her presidency of the short-lived Woman’s State Temperance Society (1852-1853),
1-Q1 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many
234
of her most ardent supporters by suggesting that drunkenness be made sufficient cause
for divorce.
increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last
two years.
decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-
day cycle of religious pageants, gladiatorial games, and spectacles.
His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during(介) the First World War, Horace
Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and
guiding its movements with his left.
* 前句為獨立分詞片語，注意不需要 being 在 crippled 前面

(x) Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet...
 have 使役動詞有 Horace Pippin 找人來開那一槍的意味
舊 OG Over a period of a hundred years beginning in 1788, England exiled some 160,000
criminals to Australia.
* over a period of 時間長度

(x) During a hundred years, a period beginning in 1788..
 "during a 100 years" is not idiomatic. The correct usage is "during + event" or "for
+ time".
 "During a hundred years, a period beginning in 1788" used a nonrestrictive
clause, seems to indicate that the hundred year is somehow a specific period that
is identical to the period beginning in 1788.
It may be easier to explain with examples:

During the Great Culture Revolution, a period beginning in 1966, ... This would be
correct
Since there are many "a hundred years", if you want to modify it you need to use
restrictive clause, such as:
During a hundred years that began in 1788 ...
(x) Beginning in 1788 for a period of a hundred years... Sounds like England began in
1778 and existed for 100 years...注意 beginning 放句首，修飾主詞
Since 1990 the global economy has grown more than it did during the 10000 years from
the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
known to exist.

GWD Tom Bradley was mayor of Los Angeles from 1973 to 1993, an era during which the city
24-Q1 was transformed from a collection of suburban neighborhoods to the second-largest city in
the United States.
* an era that transformed it 注意 ear 不能 transform

* an era + during + which 三個不可省
235
Even though its per capita food supply has hardly increased in two decades, stringent
rationing and planned distribution have allowed the People's Republic of China to ensure
nutritional levels of 2,000 calories per person per day for its population.
* (X) during two decades

Quick rule whenever you see "during" it should not be followed by "time"
e.g. During two decades is wrong, it should be during last two decades.
The human growth hormone, made by the pituitary gland, is secreted in higher
concentrations during sleep than during waking hours.
(x) in higher concentrations when asleep than when awake

 Because a hormone cannot be asleep or awake.
PREVIOUSLY + V 過去式或過去完成式
wordy:多寫 in the past
P70 Faced with an estimated$2 billion budget gap, the city’s mayor proposed a nearly 17 percent
reduction in the amount allocated the previous year to maintain the city’s major cultural
institutions and to subsidize hundreds of local arts groups.
* the previous year means the calendar year before the one you're in. Today is June 18,
2008. The previous year is January 1 to December 31 2007.
* In the previous year is the last twelve months. That would be June 18, 2007 to June 8,
2008.
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential
campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than in any previous election.
* than 後面省了 soaring TV costs accounted for half the spending

A group of paleontologists recently announced that a site in Utah has yielded fossils of some
of the biggest armored dinosaurs ever found, fossils that are at least 25 million years older
than those of any similar dinosaur type previously found in North America.
circling Uranus, doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant planet.
The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to
pursue something they had not previously considered possible — better control, if not
eradication, of such infections as measles and yaws.
A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the
economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.
* as weak as 後面省 the economy that

* sales of fund shares 與 an industry trade group 不是同類所以不能比較

236
現在完成式
Present perfect indicates something that started in the past but is still going on or still true today.
HAVE BEEN
Have been is used to describe an action that started in the past, and still continues.
For some birds the sense of smell appears to play a role in navigation, since pigeons with
surgically removed olfactory nerves have been found to have increased difficulty in homing.
OVER/ FOR…一段時間
A period is a duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. For means "from the
beginning of the period until the end of the period." For can be used with all tenses.
Over the next few years, increasing demands on the Chattahoochee River, which flows into the
Apalachicola River, could alter the saline content of Apalachicola Bay, robbing the oysters there
of their flavor and making them smaller, less distinctive, and less in demand.
Until recently, trade flows were of interest mainly to economic experts and executives of large
corporations, but over the past few years, the movement of goods and services across national
boundaries has become the subject of intense public attention all over the world.
(x) since the past few years

(x) the movement across national boundaries of goods and services
According to scientists at the University of Alaska, while the surface temperature of the globe
has risen over the last century by about one degree Fahrenheit, the surface temperature in
Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased over the last thirty years by about five
degrees.
(x) in the previous thirty years

increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last two
years.
* Falling refers to a continuing action over the past 2 years.

(x) which increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it fell 意為 uses
simple past which implies the increase is not longer true
(x) with a five percent increase during the first three months of this year after falling 需要 which
作連接詞
For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than the economies of Britain,
France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained well below that of the other
three countries.
NYTimes原句:
But for the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than those of Britain, France and
Germany, and unemployment -- at 6.5 percent -- is well below that of the large European
countries.
Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten to
237
warm the Earth's atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will.
(x) during the next fifty years
EVER
 Adverbs of frequency ("always," "never," "often," "seldom," "ever," etc.) must be placed
between the auxiliary verb and the past participle.
 Consider the following examples:
"In 1960 Johnson scored as many goals as anyone had ever scored in one year."
"In 1960 Johnson scored as many goals as anyone has ever scored in one year."
In the first example, Johnson's number of goals in 1960 is compared only with previous years.
In the second example his number of goals in 1960 is compared with all years before and
since.
Unlike human runners, who broke the four-minute mile in 1954 and have consistently recorded
faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have shown little
improvement in winning times: Secretariat’s world-record-breaking Derby tine of 1:59 2/5, for
example, was set in 1973 and remained unsurpassed more than a quarter of a century later.
Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechet's student and protégé when he was nineteen and, for a few
years in the 1940's, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as
anyone has ever come.
* come close (to doing sth) to be almost as good as someone or something else
* "being" - usually indicate the event is currently in progress (or happening) at the time of
discussion
*as… as anyone has ever come 意思是「現目前為止從未有人像…一樣」表達最高級意味
* carbon copy of: someone or something that is very similar to another person or thing
* virtuoso: someone who is a very skilful performer, especially in music
(x) as anyone ever had been 比較的動詞是came 而且ever位置也放錯
HAVE NEVER
* provision: a law
Even though her career was cut short when she was in her prime and the fifteen recordings
she made were disappointing artistically as well as technically, Olive Fremstad (1871-1951)
has never been entirely forgotten by opera aficionados.
The animosity between those who regulate and those who are regulated has never been
more pronounced than in recent debates over environmentalism and pollution control.
Curious about the possibility of inducing false memories, the researchers designed a test
that would test subjects’ tendencies to create memories of things that had never actually
happened.
238
ONCE 現在完成式、過去式或過去完成式
* once (副)「以前」（formerly）解....
* once (連) 「一旦」
once (連) 「一旦」，修飾主要子句的動詞
Y63 A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers;
the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once
the animals' horns have been trimmed.
表示在觀光客 arrive 之前 trim 動作已經發生

(x) visit and see
ONCE (副)「以前」（formerly）解....
* once(adv.) + verb….now(adv.) + verb

(x) at one time
P21 It is possible that Native Americans originally migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a
bridge of land that once existed between Siberia and Alaska.
Scholars who once thought Native American Meratures were solely oral narratives
recorded by missionaries of anthropologists now understand this body of work to consist of
both oral Meratures and the written works of Native American authors, who have been
publishing since 1772.
The ivory-billed woodpecker, once the largest woodpecker in North America at a striking 20
inches tall, has moved in and out of the extinct category, with scientists consistently unable
to find solid proof that the bird still exists.
(x) Developing television programs in conjunction with the marketing of toys, as once
prohibited by federal regulations, are thriving…
 "as" in "as once prohibited..." refers to the the procedure of "development", which is the
subject of the sentence and you know "as" is not PRONOUN - it is always better to use
"such programs" then to use "as" to refer something.
ONCE 一次
Y124 Canadian scientists have calculated that every nine years a human being will be struck by
a meteorite, while each year 16 buildings can be expected to sustain damage from such
objects.
(x) a meteorite will strike a human being once in every nine years
C is saying that the meteorite will the strike the same person every nine years
239
AT ONCE = at the same time
* at once 不可插隊至 vt 與 object 之間
DATE
date to …. yeas ago
date at……years old
date back: have its origin
date from: to reckon from some point in time
P33 Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2, 000
years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.
* supposed Mediterranean predecessors.  adjectives modify nouns

This sentence means that we are not sure whether these things are actually
predecessors.
*supposedly Mediterranean(adj.) predecessors. adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and

other adverbs.
This sentence means that we are not sure whether these things are actually
Mediterranean.
* we can have two adjectives modify the same noun as long as we have the same
emphasis of the adjectives.
beautiful blue rose

adj + adj + noun
一個 5000 年前的北美遺址指出在那時期的緬因州居民是廣大的 Algonquian-speaking

people 文化的一部份
almost two million years and could explain such hominid features as a large brain and
small teeth.
P90 The concept of the grand jury dates from the twelfth century, when Henry II of England
ordered panels of common citizens to prepare lists of suspected criminals in their
communities.
Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the
240
Kushan empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
Gandharan grey schist.
date…..to 可追溯 sth 到...幾年，強調發生的時間點
P1- The teeth and jawbones found in Tanzania by Dr. Mary Leakey and dating to 3.75 million
129 years ago are the oldest reliably dated human fossils.
G21- Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of
34 adry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago,
date….at a certain age 年代判定、鑑別/ 年份有….年之久，強調發生到現在經過的時間有多長
G31- Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-nuke-
28 wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and
thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
G13- Fossils of the arm of a sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million
28 years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on the Greater Antilles islands.
PLAN 用法:
a plan to V / a plan for Ving
to plan (vi) / to plan on Ving / to plan for N/ Ving
Y56 In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers
proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the
waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy of crashing waves and protecting the
beaches.
Northwest, politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan to
protect wild salmon and other endangered fish, proposing instead a series of smaller steps
intended to protect the fish.
GWD According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of
ANY OTHER + 單數 N
NO OTHER
比較對象包括自己時，需用 other 排除自己
Malaria ravages more people than any other disease, yet only a dozen laboratories in the
world are devoted to its study.
Y96 Ranked as one of the most important of Europe's young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz
241
has written 40 plays; his works -translated into more than 30 languages- are produced more
often than those of any other contemporary German dramatist.
The decisons of John Marshall have had a greater influence then those of any other chief
justice in history.
Today's technology allows manufacturers to make small cars that are more fuel-efficient
than those at any other time in production history.
* than (it had had) for any previous campaign

* supply for 非 supply in
In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its
return of 1910-1911.
* return of 1910-1911 sound acceptable when speaking of historical events (as in: the
revolution of 1917)
* Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as it did
in its return of 1910-1911.
Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of
wood, and the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all other major wood
products.
Local residents claim that San Antonio, Texas, has more good Mexican American
restaurants than does any other city in the United States.
One reason more young people lose their virginity during the summer than at other times of
the year is undoubtedly that school vacations give adolescents more free time.
Like many other entertainers, members of an advocacy association of musicians said that
they no longer wanted to be tax evaders but instead wanted to begin paying into Social
Security and building good credit histories.
* 不可省 other。Musicians are a type of entertainer. We use "other" in a comparison if we're

comparing specific members of a group to the rest of the group.
OBSERVE
their movement to be observed during a single human lifetime.
(x) deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of the Baltic Sea sediments
無 the Baltic Sea sediments 此說法
(o) in the sediments of the Baltic Sea
242
Like the great navigators who first sailed around the Earth gathering information about its
size and the curvature of its surface, astronomers have made new observations that show
with startling directness the large-scale geometry of the universe.
DESCEND FROM
Humans are believed to have descended from apes. (verb)
Humans are animals descended from apes. (past participle)
We are all descendants of our African ancestors. (noun)
Australian embryologists have found evidence to suggest that the elephant is descended from
an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally evolved as a kind of snorkel.
exceedingly recent divergence with respect to genetic evolution and one which scarcely seems
sufficient to allow the marked physical changes in the animal.
* 注意是被動
According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have occurred
in human DNA over the millennia indicates that everyone alive today may be a descendant of a
single female ancestor who lived in Africa sometime between 140,000 and 280,000 years ago.
* a descendan of: We are all descendants of our African ancestors.

(x) a descendant from
NATIVE
 native(n) of is used for human beings 本地人 a person who was born in a particular place
native(adj) to is used for animals, plants, insects etc.. = be indigenous to 原產的 growing,
living, produced etc in one particular place 可能是出生以及成長在 B 地、但是血統(native to)源
自 A 地。
For many revisionist historians, Christopher Columbus has come to personify the
devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native
peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
* 'native of' is used only for people

Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are
native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to
control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.
* be introduced into 將...引進到某地

* introduce to 將...介紹給..
(x) be introduced to
(x) as an attempt at
SUPPORT FOR N/Ving

(n.)
243
* support from: you are getting help from some group.
* support of: "In support of his party, Diego defended the actions of his fellow party members."
SUPPORT (vt)
錯誤選項 support(n.) to
movement toward a minimal state.
New genetic evidence—together with recent studies of elephants’ skeletons, tusks, and
other anatomical features—provides compelling support for classifying Africa’s forest
elephants and its savanna elephants as separate species.
(x) provide compelling support to classify

The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and
environmental protection, have consistently received the unqualified support of labor.
(x) have consistently received labor’s unqualifying support.

 unqualifying 不具有資格的 ≠ unqualified 無條件[限制]的, 絕對的 fully
CREDIT
Credit sb with sth (verb): give responsibility for
Credit X to Y (verb): give money or credit to
Credit for (noun): money received for or in exchange for something
決定
DECIDE
(v.) decide to / decide that
(n.) decision to
Northwest, politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan to protect
wild salmon and other endangered fish, proposing instead a series of smaller steps intended
to protect the fish.
Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution in deciding at its founding in 1833 to
accept both men and women as students.
(x) at its 1833 founding 錯！似乎還有其他的建立時間

(x) Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution when it was founded in 1833 for its
decision to accept
 Means that it was founded on more than one occasion, and Oberlin College was a
renegade at this particular founding... Crazy!!
 Furthermore, the placement of for so close to founded makes it sound as if Oberlin
244
College was founded because of its decision.
Here's a simpler example:

Joe became a rebel by refusing to obey his teacher.
This sentence clearly establishes a cause and effect relationship with its use of by refusing.
Joe became a rebel when he refused to obey his teacher.
It means that Joe became a rebel at the same time that he refused to obey his teacher. I.e.,
no causal relationship is established.
At a recent session, the French government decided that Paris needs a second, larger opera
house to complement the famous Pais Opera.
another increase might be on the way helped to bolster the dollar in recent weeks by making
deposits more attractive.
ELECT
(formal) to choose to do something
* past 翻最近
DETERMINE
In an effort improve the quality of patient care, Dr. Lydia Temoscho is directing one of several
clinical research projects that seek to determine how helpful psychological counseling is in
supplementing the medical treatment of serious disease.
(x) seeks to determine the extent that psychological counseling is helpful in supplementing
* 錯誤選項訊號字 the extent 其可用 how
UNDERGO / UNDERWAY
* undergo(vt) + N/Ving「經歷」「接受(治療,檢查等)」此動詞已經包含 process 意味，
* be underway: (adj) happening now
experience.
PACK
In the traditional Japanese household, most clothing could be packed flat, and so elaborate
closet facilities were unnecessary.
* "flat," an adjective, modifies "clothing."

(x) be packed flatly: If we were to use the adverb, then flatly would modify packed, which would
245
mean something like "packed in a flat manner," which doesn't quite make sense.
RANGE FROM …TO(介)…

P09 William H. Johnson's artistic debt to Scandinavia is evident in paintings that range from
sensitive portraits of citizens in his wife's Danish home, Kerteminde, to awe-inspiring views
of fjords and mountain peaks in the western and northern regions of Norway.
*debt to: the degree to which you have learned from or been influenced by someone or
something else
(x) to signify widely ranging work

因為 work 不會 move from one place to another,所以要改為包含 a wide range of work 表示
a variety of projects.
ONLY 不同位置不同句意
"Only" is used both as adjective and adverb, and should be placed next to the word to which it
applies, preceding verbs/adjective/adverbs and preceding or following nouns and pronouns.
錯誤選項: only + V 必錯
與中文不同，英文 I have ony five dollars. (x) I only have five dollars.
Y3 Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation's third leading cause
of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
(x) only surpassed
(1) A is only surpassed by B

 we learn that the only thing that B does relative to A is surpass it. In other words, B
doesn't do anything else. This is because "only" modifies "is surpassed".
(2) A is surpassed only by B

 we learn that the only entity that surpasses A is B (and not C or D, for example).
separate(adj), required course.
(x) a separately require course

In June of 1989, Princeton Township approved a developer's plans to build 300 houses on a
* 原題的 only 位置不要改，先不要認為是錯

SC1000 A collection of 38 poems by Phillis Wheatley, a slave, was published in the 1770’s, the first
246
book by a Black woman and only the second published by an American woman.
NOW 置前修飾動詞
P93 Intar, the oldest Hispanic theater company in New York, has moved away from the Spanish
classics and now draws on the works of contemporary Hispanic authors, both those who live
abroad and those who live in the United States.
ALONE (adv) 強調唯一性

P2 Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida alone among the
- five-nation Iroquois League sided with the colonists during the American Revolution.
54
PART OF A + N: 兩者沒有等號，類似 some of, many of, much of 用法

≠
(A) PRAT OF N: 兩者有等號，是 N 的一部份 eg: Taiwan is(=) a part of China.
Tip: part of a 多選
that time were(≠) part of a widespread culture of Algonquian-speaking people.
* 文化包含人，注意 Algonquian-speaking 要修飾 people 非 culture

G4-31 Twenty-two feet long and 10 feet in diameter, the AM-1 is one of the many new satellites that
are part of a 15-year effort to subject the interactions of Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, and land
surfaces to detailed scrutiny from space.
* satellites ≠ part of a effort 部分的努力

* as part of 修飾 purchase
The Madagascar periwinkle, a derivative of which has proved useful in decreasing mortality
among young leukemia patients, is cultivated in China as part of a program to integrate
traditional herbal medicine into a contemporary system of health care.
part of the N
Kaplan Some of the dogs that were distributed to local pet sanctuaries or exterminated by the city
health officials had been collected as part of the city's initiative to protect local resident from
dog attacks.
P47 The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world's capital markets are more
closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be
transmitted to the rest of the village -almost instantaneously.
In the early part of the twentieth century, many vacationers found that driving automobiles
and sleeping in tents allowed them to enjoy nature close at hand and tour at their own pace,
without the restrictions of passenger trains and railroad timetables or the formalities,
expenses, and impersonality of hotels.
percent of the leaf and small-stem material, the most nutritious part of the plant, shatters and
falls to the ground.
247
not cause planet wide destruction.
Y49 Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings
for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a
purchase later.
Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists
believed that cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were endocrine cells and
thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were
nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.
程度修飾詞
EXTENT
the extent of
to such an extent
would have.
The discovery that glass can be expanded and shaped by human breath revolutionized
glassworking to such an extent that today "glassblowing" has become the generic term for all
glassworking, whether the glass is blown or formed by other techniques.
In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed
to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the
humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was
growing on the walls.
P50 Neither First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt nor Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins sought
* in large measure = to large extent

The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization that
there is little that is significantly different in the underlying mental processes manifested by
people from different cultures.
(x) little of significant differences 因為little只能接不可數

* 不可省掉第二個that因為significantly是副詞，如果省了可修飾different或是little
舉例 SUCH AS
248
* such as can be seen to mean "for example,"
* such as 最好前面打逗號
錯誤選項:
1. like: "Like" is used to introduce similaraties while "such as" to introduce examples
* take on..duties: be responsible for something

* sentinel 哨兵
used by visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and underestimate
that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
* 必須要 adj.+N 結構
* such as 為插入句
P105 As business grows more complex, students who major in such specialized areas as finance
and marketing are becoming more and more successful in the job market.
commodities 指的是大宗商品，比方說一貨櫃的玉米，一噸的鹽，或者什麼大單位的物質品
項，期貨市場裡面交易的東西就是 commodities，依照這個意義，aluminum and other
metals 是 commodities 的其中一樣東西也就是他的子集，舉例時用 such as 不用 like，主詞
是 the market
inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to
be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.
Complex human traits such as artistic talent or social skill are likely to be shaped by
thousands, if not tens of thousands, of the 80,000 or so genes in the human genome.
Scientists have become able to provide ever more accurate models of the atmosphere's
complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different
planetary conjunctions.
注意: accurate不能修飾能力
almost two million years and could explain such hominid features as a large brain and small
teeth.
Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B, companies
conducting consumer taste tests of foods or beverages typically choose numbers such as
697 or 483 to label the products.
Methane, which has long been counted among the greenhouse gases that are implicated in
global warming, comes both from natural sources such as bogs and from a host of human
sources, including coal mines, leaking pipelines, landfills, and rice paddies.
Growing evidence that coastal erosion occurs continuously, not just in calamitous bursts
249
such as hurricanes, has led scientists and planners to urge a stringent new approach to
limiting development along the nation's shoreline.
* not just 注意字的順序

(x) such like
Socially and environmentally responsible investing is on the rise: last year in the United
States, over $2 trillion was invested in funds that screen companies according to a variety
of criteria such as adherence to labor standards, protection of the environment, and
observance of human rights.
* in accordance with = according to

(x) in accordance with a variety of criteria, such as by 兩個錯，多了逗號跟by
farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment of
national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in
Researchers have questioned the use of costly and experimental diagnostic tests to identify
food allergies, such as to milk, that supposedly disrupt normal behavior.
* food allergies 與 milk 不同類，所以需用 allergy to milk

* such as m 修飾 market
kaplan Uninformed about students' experience in urban classrooms, critics often condemn schools'
performance gauged by a so-called objective index, such as standardized test scores, that
is quantified and overlook less measurable progress, such as that in higher-level reasoning.
* "that can be quantified" vs "that is quantified".

Numerical test scores are already numbers - therefore, they already ARE quantified.
* "such as what is made" vs "such as that".

In general, when we're referring back to a noun or noun phrase (e.g. "measurable
progress"), we use the pronoun "that" instead of "what". "That" is less wordy (since it
doesn't require extra language such as "is made") and more to the point. While "what is
made" isn't gramatically incorrect, it's stylistically inferior.
標點符號冒號 : 可以接句子
作用補充說明
D35 Unlike Mesopotamian cities, in which buildings were arranged haphazardly, the cities of the
Indus Valley all followed the same basic plan: houses were laid out on a north-south, east-
west grid, and houses and walls were built of standard-size bricks.
D52 It will not be possible to implicate melting sea ice in the coastal flooding that many global
warming models have predicted: just as melting ice cubes do not cause a glass of water to
overflow.
P97 Seismologists studying the earthquake that struck northern California in October 1989 are
still investigating some of its mysteries: the unexpected power of the seismic waves, the
upward thrust that threw one man straight into the air, and the strange electromagnetic
signals detected hours before the temblor.
250
Unlike human runners, who broke the four-minute mile in 1954 and have consistently
recorded faster times ever since, horses in classic races such as the Kentucky Derby have
shown little improvement in winning times: Secretariat’s world-record-breaking Derby tine of
1:59 2/5, for example, was set in 1973 and remained unsurpassed more than a quarter of a
century later.
The reasons for yesterday's sharp rise in the stock market were much the same as those
behind last week's rally: a surge in the economy to a 5.6 percent annual growth rate and
improved corporate earnings balanced by the lack of signs of inflationary pressure.
in 1990.
Critical-thinking instruction is predicted on two assumptions: that there are clearly
identifiable thinking skills that students can be taught to recognize and apply appropriately,
and that if students recognize and apply these skills, they will become more effective
thinkers.
Y50 It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of
microcomputer technology: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future,
did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
Drawing on her roots in a society that has a strong tradition of story-telling and oral
renditions of the past, Indian writer Suniti Namjoshi incorporates many types of literature
into her writing: historical texts, legends, and even nursery rhymes from both Indian and
European sources.
* 不需要在冒號後面寫 including
HOWEVER 副詞, 表示"無論如何", 也就是"no matter how"

However many times you ask me to lend you my car, I will still say no.
This sentence means that I will say no no matter how many times you ask me to borrow my car.
※ however, whatever, whenever 不可用省略用法

251
movement toward a minimal state.
* much 是 adv.修飾動詞 agree 的程度, 表示美國選民多麼地同意，與 voters 無關

However much lobbyists are able to increase support for the proposed bill to lower the tax-
rate ceiling among legislators, it is unlikely that such legislation would result in a decreased
overall tax burden for the majority of the middle class in the next few years.
We are saying that it doesn't matter how much the lobbyists are able to increase support for
the bill; the bill will not really decrease taxes.
Since fanatics usually regard themselves as self- less patriots eager to die for their beliefs,
fanaticism can rarely be controlled, however ruthless the countermeasures.
however ruthless the countermeasures

is the same as
however ruthless the countermeasures are
which means pretty much the same thing as
it doesn't matter how ruthless the countermeasures are
In other words, we can omit the be-verb when we use however.
ESPECIALLY ≠ SPECIALLY
especially means 'in particular' while specially means unique in a specific way.
Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it
diminishes the respiratory system’s ability to deal with all other pollutants.
G17 Almost like clones in their similarity to one another, members of the cheetah species are
-22 especially vulnerable to disease because of their homogeneity.
The current economic downturn has significantly reduced advertising income both for
technology.
past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them
when they do appear.
Because of a similarity to dance, synchronized swimming—exhibition swimming in which
the movements of one or more swimmers are synchronized with a musical accompaniment
—is sometimes called water ballet, especially in theatrical situations.
全部畫線的句子考修飾語
252
短句考邏輯關係
The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after pounding
them with a mortar and pestle.
長句考修飾語誤置
First opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island
processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter
of the twentieth century.
WHICH 代整句
Elk now live almost solely in the Rocky Mountains, which would make it seem that elk are
mountain dwellers, while they once ranged over virtually all of the continental United States
except for a small strip in the extreme Southwest.
List of verbs normally followed by Infinitives

afford | agree | appear | arrange | ask | attempt | care | choose | claim | come | consent
dare | decide | demand | deserve | determine | elect | endeavour | expect | fail | get | guarentee
hate | help | hesitate | hope | hurry | incline | intend | learn | long | manage | mean | need
offer | plan | prepare | pretend | promise | refuse | resolve | say | seem | tend | threaten | want |
wish
List of verbs that can only have gerunds after them
acknowledge | admit | adore | anticipate | appreciate | avoid | celebrate | confess | contemplate
delay | deny | describe | detest | discuss | dislike | dread | endure | enjoy
fancy | finish | imagine | involve | keep | justify | mention | mind | miss | omit | postpone | practise
quit | recall | recommend | regret | report | resent | resume | risk | suggest | tolerate | understand
名詞動詞同形的字
conflict, increase, rise
怪 (x) Over the course of the eighteenth century, the average output of ironwork tripled as a
題 result of several improvements in blowing machinery and because coal replaced charcoal as
the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore.
(網友修改) Over the course of the eighteenth century, the average output of ironwork tripled
as a result of several improvements in blowing machinery and the use of coal.
(x) With charcoal's being replaced by coal as the fuel used in the smelting of iron ore and
several improvements in blowing machinery, the average output of ironwork tripled over the
eighteenth century.
(網友修改) The replacement of charcoal with coal, and improvements in blowing machinery
resulted in tripling the average output of ironwork over the eighteenth century.
* First, the word charcoal should not have an apostrophe in it (it's not possessive). You don't
need the word being (even when describing a past event, it's best to write in the active
voice).
253
新聞: With production more mechanized and with coal being replaced by oil, natural gas,
nuclear power and other alternatives, employment in coal mining has shrunk sharply in
developed countries.
* over 與 the course of 重複
…. to (介) + Ving 詞組
a solution to Ving
when it comes to Ving
resort to Ving
be close to Ving
be crucial to Ving
in addition to ving
as opposed to Ving
confess to Ving
dedication to Ving
254

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Brick walls are for a reason: they let us prove how badly we want things.

NOUN + BE-VERB + NOUN/ADJECTIVE

(x)The greatest change in my life was when I immigrated to the US.

PS：人 be 形容詞 /介係詞片語/ 副詞/ 副詞片語，be 動詞不可以當作等號。

(X) term is a process

(X) term is a person

(x) the body was the man

* campaign為名詞，需找概念the realization配，不可用to realize.

(x) 20.2 million and it was 變成「畫=第二高價」

* 文化包含人，注意 Algonquian-speaking 要修飾 people 非 culture

* "that can be quantified" vs "that is quantified".

* and 後面的 it was 不可省

(x) can tend

* 原為 could be cleaner…could be enforced…could be reduced 舊式文法，被動可省 be

* 不可在 and 後面補 she

* take turns + Ving/N

* partly to acquire... and partly ... to provide... 平衡兩個不定詞，雖然多了一個 because

*為了區隔主要的平衡, to carry 改成 that carry 比較清楚

(x) , allowing such an extraction rate for at least

* fishery: (n.c) a place where fish are bred; fish hatchery

* (which was) be spawned by

* 不可改寫成 which was determined by，因為平衡時被動的 be 需省略。

*三個動詞都是 keep them + adj.

* rotates independently of (Earth's outer layers) 的省略形式

* less(adj.) lending(動名詞)….increased(adj.) pressure(名詞)

* a of (b and c) 與 a of b and of c 意義不同

(x) the movement across national boundaries of goods and services

(x) Paris was home to Josephine Baker 主詞不平行

* and of many 省 galaxies

(x) X published a book, arguing in a treatise ... .

* 注意: thrust 三態同行，此為分詞

(x) the nation’s leading gas and electric company 看起來像是一家公司，但是題意最好是表

同一類型的子句平行 that…that…; where…where….

注意: and 前面沒有逗號

* 不加強語氣詞，可以省略 and 後面介係詞

* are geared toward Ving = are geared to N

* “potential(n.) as” and "potential to be" are both idiomatic

* 平衡三個 defending.., acting as…and sounding

as well as ≠ and also ≠ as well (ps: as well = also)

(x) and…as well

*選項有 not only …but also…

*'..a critique of X and a vision of Y...'

* the younger and the older people

* grains of sugar/sand/salt 細小沙狀物才可用 a grain of 修飾，pebble是大顆的石頭。

* process 此字喜歡用 that 子句

* officials (n.) 政府官員，非軍警 【比較】officers 軍警

NOT …and …NOT

* The movement is not leading to x or y, nor is it displacing z.

* endow …with: supply with a talent or quality

* vast(adj) amounts(n.) of money(n.u)……a large(adj.) staff(集合名詞，視為單數)

(x) neither vast amounts of money nor staff members

WHETHER TO V / WHETHER (THAT)子句/ WHETHER A OR B

* was or was not ; is or is not  一定會用 whether 取代

(x) did not doubt whether

NOT ONLY…BUT (ALSO) 不等於 A AND B...ALSO

* "it" refers to thing to which "what patients eat" is referring to.

是 A 不是 B: NOT/BUT vs. RATHER THAN

* no = not any = not a

(x) but rather it's affirmation in terms of

* 平衡三個動詞 was…began…and merged

*注意 not 的位置不能與 produced 對調

Instead of(介) 只能接名詞(包括 Ving)

* officials (n.) 政府官員，非軍警【比較】officers 軍警

BESIDES(介) / IN ADDITION TO(介) 作用:附加說明強調"除此之外，還包括"