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Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 79
TRANSITION FOR REGULAR TO MACH REFLECTION: HYSTERESIS
PHENOMENA
Razik Benderradji
1
, Abdelhadi Beghidja
2
, Hamza Gouidmi
3
1
Laboratory of renewable energies and sustainable development (LERDD), University of Constantine1, Algeria
2
Laboratory of renewable energies and sustainable development (LERDD), University of Constantine1, Algeria
3
Laboratory of renewable energies and sustainable development (LERDD), University of Constantine1, Algeria
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to perform numerical calculations on supersonic flows in a convergent-divergent nozzle and more
particularly to the study of the transition regular reflection to Mach reflection and vice versa hysteresis loop phenomena. The latter
method has been extensively studied in recent years. In this study the numerical simulations are performed for transient supersonic
flow, detection of the transition from reflection to another. This was done by changing the upstream Mach number in the initial
conditions over time. The viscosity was taken into account and all of the Navier-Stokes equations were solved. The results clearly
show the existence of a hysteresis loop in the transition transient shock waves.
Keywords: Shock wave, Interference of shock, Regular reflection, Mach reflection, Polar of shock.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The reflection loop of shock waves has been reported for the
first time in 1878 by E. Mach. He then distinguished two types
of reflection: a so-called regular reflection involving an
incident shock, reflected shock and reflection known
posthumously Mach reflection involving in addition to the
incident and reflected shocks, a strong shock near normal to
the direction flow.
The reflection of shockwave on a flat surface affected by the
presence of the boundary layer on the wall. The shock wave
can cause separation of the boundary layer and the actual
configuration of the remote configuration is predicted by the
theory of ideal fluid. Similarly, the interaction of perfectly
symmetric shocks is less likely. However the actual flows (air
inlet, external flow) are often the seat of interaction of shock
intensities and different families and the scope of their study is
considerable.
The experimental works in this area are few or nonexistent. As
in the case of interaction of two symmetrical shocks, there are
two configurations of Mach interaction (MR) and the regular
interaction (RR). An analytical and experimental study was
conducted to establish firstly criteria of transition between
these two types of interaction and secondly identify new
phenomena inherent in this type of flow. The interaction (MR)
and (RR) and corresponding geometric configurations ratings
are presented in Figure 1. Regular interaction consists of two
incidents shocks (i1) and (i2) and two reflected shock (r1) and
(r2). The boundary conditions for the configuration (RR) are
[1]:
1
3
=
2,
4
=o (1)
o =0 when,
1
=
2
, i.e. when the interaction is symmetric.
The interaction of Mach includes more incidents reflected
shocks and shocks, a strong near-normal shock connecting
triple points (T1) and (T2). Two slip lines (s1) and (s2)
complementary to the bumper system. The boundary
conditions for a Mach interaction are as follows [1].
1
3
=
1
o and,
2
4
=
2
o (2)
1
o =
2
o when
1
=
2
.
Fig -1: (a) Schematic of the regular interaction (b) Schematic
of the Mach interaction [1].
The analytical study prepared by J. Von Neumann [5],
highlighted two possible criteria for the transition reflection
regular-Mach reflection. A test is in the absence of regular
beyond the peel angle of the reflected shock reflection, the
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 80
other states that the transition from one configuration to the
other is seamless to the pressure angle Neumann between
these two criteria are particularly distinct as the Mach number
is high, there is a dual area where the two types of reflection is
possible. One is led to ask the following question: What is the
point of transition to a steady flow?. In the late 40 years and
early 50 years authors such as Liepmann and Roshko (1957),
Landau and Lifshitz (1957) and others had suggested the
criterion of detachment as the correct test. Their conviction
was based on experiments performed at moderately supersonic
conditions (M <3). But for such flows, the dual zone is rather
bit wide. A confusion of the two criteria into account
experimental uncertainties is at higher Mach numbers (M> 5).
Authors such as Henderson and Lozzi [6,7], and Kychakoff
Hornung [8] revealed the criterion of von Neumann as the
boundary crossing between the two configurations of
reflection. In (1979) Hornung, Oertel and Sandemen [9]
hypothesized the existence of a hysteresis phenomenon during
the transition. According to this hypothesis the transition from
regular reflection to Mach reflection should occur criterion
detachment, while the reverse transition should occur criterion
of von Neumann. However, past experiences and new
experiences by Hornung and Robinson [10], have not
confirmed this hypothesis and the standard von Neumann was
chosen as the limit of transition between the two types of
reflection.
2. MATHEMATICS MODELLING
It is recognized that the behavior of any flow testing the
hypothesis of continuous media, whatever the nature of the
fluid (compressible or not), and flow (laminar, turbulent) can
be represented by the Euler equations or Navier Stokes which
express the conservation of momentum, which are added the
conservation equations of mass and total energy. The flow is
described by the Navier-Stokes applied for supersonic flight.
Equations are hyperbolic in nature and in an abbreviated form.
[9]. the differential formulation of these equations is as
follows, in Cartesian coordinates:
Continuity equation (or balance equation of mass)
0 ) ( = +
c
c
v div
t
(3)
Balance equation of momentum
f div p grad v v div
t
v
+ + = +
c
c
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
(4)
Equation of energy balance
r q div v f v div v p e div
t
e
+ + = + +
c
c
) ( . ) . ( ) ( [
) (
(5)
With T q V =