describe what is meant by wave motion recognise that waves transfer energy without transferring matter compare transverse waves and longitudinal waves and give examples of each state what is meant by a wavefront state the direction of propagation of waves in relation to wavefronts define: i. amplitude ii. period iii. frequency iv. wavelength v. wave speed Objectives Introduction If you throw a stone into a pond, you will see a circular waves spreading outwards on the water surface Waves Motion fixed rod hand ribbon Waves motion What will happen to the ribbon when the hand holding the other end of the rope is moved up and down?? Gains Kinetic Energy 1. The particles of the rope do not move forward with the wave 2. The rope is the medium through which the wave propagates Waves Motion Waves motion What will happen to ball if we use a stick to disturb the water surface? Gains Kinetic Energy 1. The particles of the water do not move forward with the wave 2. The water is the medium through which the wave propagates Types of Waves A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy between two points through vibrations in a medium without transferring matter between the two points. Waves Transverse wave Longitudinal waves Transverse Waves Types of Waves A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the waves move 1 Waves motion X Examples of transverse wave are water waves and electromagnetic waves Longitudinal Waves Types of Waves A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to the direction in which the waves move 2 Waves motion X An example of longitudinal wave is sound waves Ripple Tank Ripple Tank 1. When water waves are produced in a ripple tank by dipping a finger on its surface, ripples are seen spreading outwards.
2. Ripples are made up of the peaks(or crests) of the water waves.
Wavefronts peak trough Wave direction Wavefronts wave front A wavefront is an imaginary line that joins all the points on the crest of a wave peak trough Wavefronts The direction of wave is always perpendicular to the wavefronts Oscillating System A wave is produced by oscillations (or vibrations) in a medium. An oscillation is a to and fro movement along a fixed path. Simple pendulum A loaded spring Oscillating System A B O One complete oscillation is a to and fro movement of a body when it: i. has returned t its original position; ii. is moving in the same original position A O B O A Oscillating System A B O B O A O B B Amplitude, a A B O Amplitude, a, is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium (or mean, or rest or undisturbed) position. a a a a A O B Period, T and frequency, f A B O Period, T is the time taken to complete one oscillation Frequency, f is the number of oscillations produces in one second. The unit for frequency, hertz (Hz) f = -2 2 Period, T and frequency, f A B O The oscillation of a loaded spring can be represented by a graph of displacement (y) against time(t) Example 1 Displacement, y/ cm Time, t/s 0.4 0.8 1.2 -2 2 Period, T and frequency, f Example 1 Displacement, y/ cm Time, t/s 0.4 0.8 1.2 From the graph, calculate: a) Amplitude, a b) Period, T c) Frequency, f Answer: 2 m, 0.8s and 1.25 Hz O Describing a Wave A Displacement Distance Graph Displacement, y/ cm Distance/m A B C D E F a a
O Describing a Wave A Displacement time Graph Displacement, y/ cm Time, t/s A B C D E F a a T T Wave Speed, v The wave speed, v is the distance moved by a crest in one second. As the wave moves forward a distance of in a time equal to 1 period, T. Wave Speed, v Calculate the wave speed if its wavelength and frequency are 2.5 cm and 12 Hz respectively. Problem 1 Answer: v = 30 cm/s A wave travels with a speed of 3.0 x 10^8 m/s. a) What is the frequency of the wave if its wavelength is 1.5 m? b) Another wave is travelling with the same speed but has a frequency of 1.0 x 10 ^12Hz. What is the wavelength of the wave? Answer: a) f = 2.0 x 10^8 Hz b) 3.0 x 10^-4 Problem 2 Wave Speed, v A string tied at one end is shaken at the frequency of 2 Hz to produce a wave as shown below. What is the speed of the wave? Problem 3 Answer: v = 60 cm/s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 cm Wave Speed, v A leaf floats on the surface of a lake. If the frequency of the water waves in the lake is 5 Hz. What is the time taken for the leaf to move from the position of a wave crest to the next wave crest? Problem 4 Answer: T = 0.2 s Wave Speed, v A vibrator dipped into a water in a ripple tank produces a wave of speed 15 cm/s. If the wavelength of the wave if 3 cm, what is the frequency of the vibrator? Problem 5 Answer: 5 Hz Effect of Damping When a system is oscillating freely by itself, without any force applied it is said to be oscillating in its natural frequency, f0. In a free oscillation , the amplitude is constant with time Damping Damped oscillation are oscillations with decreasing energy and decreasing amplitude. Damped is caused by dissipative forces such as frictional forces and air resistance. The following are effects of damping.
a) The amplitude becomes smaller with time b) The frequency of oscillation decreases with time. Resonance When no external force is applied to an oscillating system, the system oscillates at its natural frequency.
When an external force is applied to an oscillating system, the system is under forced oscillations Resonance Resonance occurs when a system is forced to oscillate at its natural frequency. When resonance occurs, the system oscillated with maximum amplitude as maximum energy is transferred from the forcing system. Resonance takes place when f = f0 Natural frequency, f0 Resonance Bartons Pendulum Resonance Bartons Pendulum a) A driver pendulum X is pulled aside and then released b) The energy of the driver pendulum X is transmitted along the supporting thread to other pendulums. c) Pendulums A, B, C, D, E and F are in forced oscillation. d) Only pendulum E oscillates with the biggest amplitude as it is in resonance with X. e) The reason is that X and E have the same length and hence the forced frequency is equal to the natural frequency of X Effects of Resonance Sound produced by wind instruments The production of sound from wind instruments are caused by the effects of resonance. When air is blown into the mouth piece, the air column inside the instrument is set into longitudinal vibrations When the blowing frequency equals to the natural frequency if the instruments, resonance occurs and a loud sound is produced. Ripple Tank Ripple Tank When water waves are produced on the surface of the water, a wave crest will act like a convex lens and the wave trough will act like a concave lens. Hence the crest focuses the light to for a bright fringe on the white screen below the ripple tank and the trough diverges the light and forma a dark fringe on the white screen Each bright and dark fringe represents the wavefronts of the water wave. Ripple Tank A hand stroboscope can be used to freeze the motion of the water waves.
A hand stroboscope is made of a disc with 12 equally spaced slits cut in it.
The fringe pattern will be seen when the eye of the slits in front of him
Ripple Tank When the fringe pattern on the white screen below the ripple tank is frozen, the frequency of the water waves is given by
f = n x rate of rotation of the stroboscope
n = number of slits on the stroboscope Ripple Tank A student uses a hand stroboscope which has 8 slits to view the fringe pattern of water waves on a white screen below a ripple tank. The stationary bright and dark fringes are observed when the stroboscope is turning at the rate of 2 revolutions per second. If the distance between 6 consecutive dark fringes is 11 cm. Calculate:
a) The frequency of the water waves b) The speed of the water waves Example 1 11.0 cm Ripple Tank The figure shows the pattern of plane water wavefronts in a ripple tank. The frequency of the wave is 35 Hz. Calculate a) The wavelength of the wave b) The speed of the wave. Example 2 35 cm