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ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
MULTI ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Dr. Vipul Patel
One Way Analysis of Variance
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One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): an
extension of the two-sample t-test used to
determine whether there are differences among
more than two group means.
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One Way between groups ANOVA is used when
you have one independent variable with three or
more levels (groups) and one dependent variable
continuous variables.
Case 1: One Way Between Group
Anova
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Open the file: optimism.sav
Is there a difference in optimism scores for young,
middle-aged and old subjects?
Null Hypothesis: there is no significant difference in the
mean optimism scores for all three groups (i.e., young,
middle aged and old).
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Here we have
One categorical independent variable with three
categories (Young, middle aged and old). Here age is
continuous variable that is recoded as categorical
variable having three equal groups.
One continuous dependent variable: Sum_Optms
(Summated scale for optimism). Score can range from
6 to 30 with high scores indicating higher level of
optimism.
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Levens test for homogeneity of variances tests
whether the variance in scores is same for each of
the three groups.
Check the significance value (Sig.) for Levenes test.
If this value is greater than 0.05, then assumption of
homogeneity of variance is not violated.
Here sig. value is 0.475 > 0.05. So it can be
concluded that assumption of homogeneity of
variance is not violated.
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Look at the ANOVA table
Check the Sig. value. If the Sig. value is less than
0.05, then reject the null hypothesis. It can be
concluded that there is significant difference among
the mean scores on the dependent variable for the
independent groups.
Here, p value is 0.01 (<0.05), reject the null
hypothesis.
Post Hoc Analysis
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ANOVA does not tell you which group is different
from which other group. Post hoc test can be used
for the same.
Post hoc tests will tell you exactly where the
differences among the group occur.
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Look down the column labeled Mean Difference.
Look for any asterisk (*) next to the value listed. If
you find an asterisk, this mean that the two groups
compared are significantly different from one
another at 0.05 significance level.
Here in our case, the 18-29 age group (young) and
the 45 + (Old) group differ significantly in terms of
their optimism scores.
Presenting the results for One way
Between Groups ANOVA (Case 1).
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A one way between groups ANOVA was conducted to
explore the impact of age on Levels of Optimism.
Subjects were divided into three groups according to
their age (Young - <29 years; Middle aged: 30 to 45
years and Old > 45 years). There was a statistically
significant difference at the 0.05 significance level in
Optimism scores for three age group: F (2, 432) = 4.6,
p=0.01. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test
indicated that the mean score for Young people was
significantly different from old people. Middle aged
people did not differ significantly from either young or
aged people.
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Two Way Between Groups ANOVA
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This test allows us to look at the individual and joint
effect of two independent variables on one
dependent variable.
Two way means that there are two independent
variables and between groups indicates that
different people are in each of the groups.
Case: Two-Way Between Group
ANOVA
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Open the file: optimism.sav
What is the impact of age and gender on
Optimism? Does gender moderate the relationship
between age and optimism?
Data Requirement:
Two categorical independent Variables
Gender: males / females
Age group: young, middle and old.
One continuous dependent variable: Total Optimism
Score.
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Tests of Between Subject Effects
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Main Effects:
For each independent variable, if the significance value
is less than or equal to 0.05 then there is a significant
effect for that independent variable.
In our case, there is a significant main effect for age
group (p=0.021) but no significant main effect for
gender (p=0.586).
This means that males and females do not differ in
terms of their optimism scores, but there is a difference
in score for young, middle and old subjects.
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Interaction Effect
The test tells you whether there is an interaction
between the two independent variables in their
effect on the dependent variable.
In our case, interaction effect (agegp3 * Gender)
is not significant (p=0.237). This indicates that
there is no significant difference in the effect of age
on optimism for male and female.
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Presenting the results for Two way
Between Groups ANOVA
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A two way between groups ANOVA was conducted to
explore the impact of sex and age on levels of
optimism. Subjects were divided into three groups
according to their age (Young - <29 years; Middle
aged: 30 to 45 years and Old > 45 years). There was
a statistically significant main effect at the 0.05
significance level in Optimism scores for three age
group: F (2, 429) = 3.91, p=0.02. The main effect for
gender [F(1, 429)=0.30, p=0.59] and the interaction
effect [F(2, 429) = 1.44, p=0.24] did not reach
statistical significance.
MANOVA (Multi-ANOVA)
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MANOVA is the extension of ANOVA for use when
we have more than one dependent variable.
These dependent variables should be related in
some way or there should be some conceptual
reason for considering them together.
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Case
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Open the SPSS data file: well_being.sav
In this case the difference between male and
female on number of measures of well-being is
explored. These includes a measure of negative
mood, positive mood and perceived stress.
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Data Requirement for One way MANOVA
One categorical independent variable
Sex: male and female
Two or more continuous dependent variables
Negative affect, positive affect and perceived stress
MANOVA can also be extended to two way and
higher order design involving two or more
categorical independent variables.
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Null Hypothesis
There is no statistically significant difference among the
group on linear combination of the dependent
variables.
Consider the value of Wilks Lambda. If the significance
level is less than 0.05, then you can conclude that there
is a difference among your groups.
In our case, the Wilks Lambda value is 0.976, with a
significance value of 0.014. This is less than 0.05. we
can conclude that there is a statistically significant
difference between males and females in terms of their
overall wellbeing.
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Do male and females differ on all of the dependent
measures, or just some?
Bonferroni adjustment: divide your original alpha
value of 0.05 by number of dependent variables.
In our case, dividing 0.05 by 3 will give new alpha
value of 0.017.
In our case, the only significant difference between
males and females was on their perceived stress
scores.
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A MANOVA was performed to investigate gender
difference in psychological wellbeing. Three dependent
variables were used: positive affect, negative affect
and perceived stress. The independent variable was
gender. There was a statistically significant difference
between males and females on the combined
dependent variable: Wilks Lambda = 0.98 p=0.014.
When the results for the dependent variables were
considered separately, the only difference to reach
statistical significance using Bonferroni adjusted alpha
level of 0.017, was perceived stress: p=0.004. An
inspection of the mean scores indicated that females
reported slightly higher levels of perceived stress than
males.
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Thank You!!!
vipulpat@gmail.com