The Application Of Ultrasonic Detection On The

Measurement Of Fatigue Crack

Abstract
This thesis is using ultrasonic detected skill on fatigue crack.

The

point is on realizing the ability of ultrasonic system for detecting

un-simple geometry shape surface crack and the application of ultrasonic
detected skill on measurement of open load.
Our lab has established an automatic ultrasonic testing system which
can examine obliquecamber and turned crack for simulating the
situation on work field. After experiments, the result is that ultrasonic
testing system can handle the surface shape and way of surface crack. In
depth aspect, because of real crack is closure below unloading and crack
growth in the interface of material pellet, producing diffraction wave
from tip is been influenced. We can almost get real crack dimension
accurately by way of repeating measurement and eliminate odd point.
To break through the defect of adopting strain gage for measuring
open load, by way of the change of ultrasonic reflection energy ,cause of
the difference of crack tip angle in different loading, to judge the open
load. We can obtain different type of echo curve in diverse condition, but
the turning point of slope of ultrasonic reflection energy will occur in the
same load and the load is the open load of the crack.

Yuko

III

IV
VI
I
II
.1
1-1 ....1
1-2 2
1-3 3
.4
2-1 .4
2-2 .7
2-3 ..13
2-4 ...16
...18
3-1 ..18
3-1-1 ..18
3-1-2 ..19
3-1-3 ..22
3-2 ..28
3-2-1 ...28
3-2-2 ..29
31
4-1 ..31
4-1-1 ...31
IV

4-1-1-1 ....31
4-1-1-2 ....32
4-1-1-3 ....33
4-1-2 .. 36
4-1-2-1 36
4-1-2-2 36
4-1-2-3 37
4-1-2-4 38
4-1-2-5 ....38
4-1-3 ...48
4-2 .......50
4-2-1 ...50
4-2-2 ....50
4-2-3 ...55
4-3 ....59
....61
5-1 ...61
5-1-1 ANSYS ...61
5-1-2 ...64
5-2 ...67
5-2-1 ...67
5-2-2 ...70
5-3 ..73
5-4 ....74
5-4-1 ...74
5-4-2 ...78
...80
.81


2-1 .....4
2-2 .....5
2-3 (a)8
2-3 (b)8
2-4 .9
2-5 TOFD ...9
2-6 .10
2-7 ....11
2-8 6dB .11
2-9 .14
2-10 .......14
2-11 ........14
2-12 ........15
2-13 -.......16
2-14 .......17
2-15 -.....17
3-1 18
3-2 .19
3-3 20
3-4 20
3-5 XY ..21
3-6 ..23
3-7 ..24
3-8 ..25
3-9 ..26
3-10 ....27
3-11 ....29
VI

 3-12 3-11 A-A ......30

3-13 .......30
4-1 ..........31
4-2 X-Y table Y .......32
4-3 ..32
4-4 ..........32
4-5 ..33
4-6 ..........34
4-7 5..........34
4-8 10............34
4-9 20.........34
4-10 30..............34
4-11 .................36
4-12 ................37
4-13 ............39
4-14 ................................40
4-15 40mm ........................41
4-16 ............................................................42
4-17 35mm .........................................43
4-18 72mm ........................................43
4-19 5...............................................................................44
4-20 10.............................................................................44
4-21 15..............................................................................44
4-22 5................................................................................45
4-23 10..............................................................................45
4-24 15..............................................................................46
4-25 20..............................................................................46
4-26 25..............................................................................46
4-27 ....................................................48
VII

 4-28 ............................49
4-29 R2_1 1 ........................................................50
4-30

R2_1 2 .........................................................52

4-31

R15_2 ...............................................................53

4-32

R15_4 ...............................................................54

4-33

R2_1 ........................................55

4-34

R15_2 ......................................56

4-35

R15_4 ......................................56

4-36

..........................................................................57

4-37 A...............................................................................57
4-38

B...............................................................................57

4-39

C...............................................................................57

4-40 ............................................59
4-41 .........................................................................59
4-42 .............................................................59
4-43 .........................................................................60
4-44 ............................................................60
4-45 .........................................................................60
4-46 ........................................................................60
5-1 ................................................62
5-2 ........................................................62
5-3 6 Y .....63
5-4 ....63
5-5 Force A up ...65
5-6 Force A down 65
5-7 Force A up 65
5-8 Force A down ...65
5-9 Force A up ....66
5-10 Force A up ......66
VIII

 5-11 ........67
5-12

10 .........68

5-13 10 .........68
5-14 20 .........68
5-15 20 .........68
5-16 10 .........68
5-17 10 .........68
5-18 20 .........68
5-19 20 .........68
5-20 10 .........69
5-21 10 .........69
5-22 20 .........69
5-23

20 .........69

5-24

10 .........69

5-25

10 .........69

5-26

20 .........69

5-27

20 .........69

5-28

..70

5-29 ....70
5-30

A up...71

5-31 A down......71
5-32 A up.71
5-33

A down.....71

5-34

B up......71

5-35

B down.....71

5-36

B up...71

5-37 B down......71
5-38 ........72
5-39 ....72
IX

 5-40 A up.......73
5-41

A Tip up........73

5-42 A down.........73
5-43 A Tip down.......73
5-44 B up........73
5-45

B Tip up........73

5-46 B down.........73
5-47

B Tip down.......73

5-48

Force A 8 ton.....75

5-49

ANSYS ....76


3-1 20
3-2

29

3-3

29

4-1 35
4-2 39
4-3 ....41
4-4 44
4-5 .46
4-6 ....47
4-7 R2_1 1 ..51
4-8 R2_1 2 ..52
4-9 R15_2 ....53
4-10 R15_4 ....54
5-1 XY .....64
5-2 ....74
5-3 ....74
5-4 ....74
5-5 ....74
5-6 Force A ..76
5-7 Force B ..77

XI

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14

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15

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2-13 -
2-14
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2-14
V = K (V CP ) .2-14
16

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2-15 -
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[13]

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2-15 -
17


3-1
3-1-1
3-1

(MC8041P)

(Visual basic)

RS232

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18

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3-1-2-1 (USM25)
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0.33

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0.45

0.49

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3-1-2-3 (MC8041P)
MC8041P
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3-1-2-4
3-5
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200mm 200mm

Panasonic MSMA002A1A
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3-5 XY

21

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3-1-3-1
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22

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23

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26

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27

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28

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JIS SM400,Grade A
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0.14

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0.21

98.68

R mm R
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5mm 2mm 3-12

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29

 3-12 3-11 A-A

3-13
10mm

3-13

30

4-1

A-scan

4-1-1

4-1
Z 0.2

4-1
4-1-1-1
X-Y table
Y 4-2

4-3 Y 0.25mm

31

 4-2 X-Y table Y

4-3
4-1-1-2

() X-Y table Y

5102030

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4-4
32

4-1-1-3
4-5
X Y
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X

X -7mm
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4-6
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4-6 B
B
B

4-5

33

 4-6

4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10

1
3

1.41

8.45

-2

-3

-1

-4

-2

-5

Y(mm)

Y(mm)

-1

-3

-6
-7

-4

-8
-5

-9

-6

-10

-7

-11

-8

-12

-9

-13
-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

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-4

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4-7 5

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-6

-8

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16

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4-8 10

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24.75

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Y(mm)

Y(mm)

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X(mm)

X (mm)

-12
-13

2
1

-14

-15

-1

-16

-2

-17

-3

-18
-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

10

11

12

X(mm)

X(mm)

4-9 20

4-10 30

34

 4-1

() () ()
5

1.41

3.59

72%

10

8.45

1.55

16%

20

16.00

4.00

20%

30

24.75

5.25

18%

4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10

4-1
5 20%

() 20
30
30

35

4-1-2

90 wedge

4-1-2-1
90 wedge

(JIS SM400 GRADE A) 4-11

4-11

4-1-2-2
4-12
50mm
50
36

mm

4-12

RANG()100mm
MTLVEL()2916 m/s
D-delay()0 mm
P-delay()0 s
0.9 3240
0.9=2916 m/s wedge()

P-delay

P-delay 13.89s
90 wedge P-delay 13.89
s

4-1-2-3

37


90 wedge

()

4-1-2-4

4-1-2-5
4-1-2-3 4-13
80% 100% 4-2
0.2mm
0.01% 90 wedge

38

 4-2

10 12 14

28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8

28.8 29 29 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.6

(%) 0 0.01 0.01 0

0 0.01

-
30.0

29.8
29.5

Y(mm)

29.3
29.0
28.8
28.5
28.3
28.0
0

4-13

8
X(mm)

10

12

14

16

4-14 4-14

39

14

---

13

Y(mm)

12
11
10
9
8

10

12

14

16

X(mm)

4-14

4-15
5 4-15
40mm
4-3
83mm
140mm 66%
4-16

40

 - 40mm
42

0.25mm

41

Y (mm)

40

39

38

37
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

X (mm)

4-15 40mm
4-3

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(%)

40

83

90

140

12.5

16.5

16.5

22.5

13.58

13.58

13.58

13.58

-1.08

2.92

2.92

8.92

-8%

22%

22%

66%

4-16

140mm

41

80mm 150mm

70mm

4-16

4-17 4-18
72mm
70mm

42

 -35mm

42

41
40

Y(mm)

39
38
37
36
35
34
0

2.5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

X (mm)

4-17 35mm
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78

Y (mm)

76

74

72

70

68
0

2.5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

20

22.5

25

X (mm)

4-18 72mm

4-19 4-20 4-21

4-4
43

10

26

26

10.25

25

25

24

24
Y (mm)

Y (mm)

4.8

23

23

22

22

21

21

20

20

10

X(mm)

10

X (mm)

4-19 5

4-20 10

15

24

14.3

Y (mm)

22

20

18

16
0

10

X (mm)

4-21 15
4-4
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10

15

4.85 10.59 10.25 10.2 13.9 14.3 17.5

() -0.2 0.76 -0.15 0.59

0.25

0.2 -1.1

-4% 15%

3%

2% -7% -5% 17%

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6%
44

-0.7

2.5

 4-19 4-20 4-21

4-4 5
7.3% 10 3.6% 15
9.6%

15
15
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15 15
15

4-22 4-26
4-5
10
5

26

26

24
Y(mm)

24
Y (mm)

6.9

25

2.34

25

23

23

22

22

21

21
20

20
6

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

10

11

12

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15

X (mm)

X (mm)

4-22 5

4-23 10
45

16

 20

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30

30

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28

29
28

Y(mm)

Y (mm)

26
27

24
26

22

25

20

24

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

10

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4-24 15

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46

16

 4-5
15 20 10 25
5
15~20

15
10 25 25

4-6
()

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4.4

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47

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10

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15

17.5

20

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25

X (mm)

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45

45

100mm 100mm
1 3

49

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4-2-1
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R2_1R15_2 R15_4R2 3-12
R 2mmR15 15mm

4-2-2

4-29

R2_1 1

50

 4-7 R2_1 1

6
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

1st
-1.7
-4.24
-3.92
-2.76
-4.77
-1.8
-2.33
-1.9
-1.27
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-3.92
-2.86
-3.39
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-1.38
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2nd
-2.69
-2.97
-2.69
-2.69
-3.11
-3.11
-3.11
-3.25
-3.25
-2.83
-2.97
-1.27
-1.84
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-3.11
-2.97
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-3.11
-2.97
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-2.2
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-3.31
-2.73
-3.94
-2.46
-2.72
-2.58
-2.26
-2.85
-3.03
-2.12
-2.25
-2.2
-2.69
-2.41
-3.49
-3.45
-2.99
-3.25
-3.61
-2.32
-3.31
-2.97
-2.46
-2.56

-0.9
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2.28
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0.315
0.29
0.175
1.675
0.895
1.38
2.045
1.97

51

144%
363%
215%
107%
135%
20%
16%
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2%
61%
130%
68%
88%
57%
66%
11%
29%
15%
-10%
-8%
-5%
-42%
-21%
-32%
-45%
-43%

Surface
First
Second
Crack

5
2.5
0

deapth(mm)

-2.5
-5
-7.5
-10
-12.5
-15
-17.5
-20
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Position(mm)

4-30

R2_1 2

4-8 R2_1 2

0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40

1st
-0.64
-4.5
-4.45
-6.22
-4.46
-1.24
-7.85
-10.2
-8.46
-18.7
-17.5

2nd
-1.25
-6.6
-5.29
-1.15
-5.4
-1.03
-6.29
-17.8
-9.03
-9.75
-19.7

-0.95
-5.55
-4.87
-3.69
-4.93
-1.14
-7.07
-14
-8.75
-14.3
-18.6

-0.12
-1.68
-2.52
-4.8
-7.32
-9.96
-12.2
-13.6
-14.6
-15.6
-16.26

-0.83
-3.87
-2.35
1.12
2.39
8.83
5.17
-0.38
5.855
1.355
-2.335

52

692%
230%
93%
-23%
-33%
-89%
-42%
3%
-40%
-9%
14%

 4-31

R15_2

4-9 R15_2

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

1st
0
-4.95
-6.13
-6.43
-5.86
-4.95
-6.01
-5.16
-5.23
-5.23
-0.35

2nd
0
-4.8
-5.47
-5.06
-5.5
-6.47
-5.79
-5.2
-5.29
-5.74
-5

0
-4.88
-5.8
-5.75
-5.68
-5.71
-5.9
-5.18
-5.26
-5.49
-2.68

0
-3.25
-4
-4.05
-3.6
-1.9
-4.75
-5.3
-5.15
-5
-3.25

53

0
-1.625
-1.8
-1.695
-2.08
-3.81
-1.15
0.12
-0.11
-0.485
0.575

0%
50%
45%
42%
58%
201%
24%
-2%
2%
10%
-18%

 4-32
4-10

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5

R15_4

R15_4

1st
0
-1.56
-0.6
-1.7
-2.47
-0.64
-1.9
-1.9
-1.9
-1.11
-0.95
0

2nd
0
-1.63
-2.33
-1.63
-2.67
-1.13
-0.6
-2.12
-2.12
-2.69
-2.05
0

0
-1.59
-1.47
-1.67
-2.57
-0.89
-1.25
-2.01
-2.01
-1.9
-1.5
0

0
-1.11
-1.61
-1.97
-2.18
-2.37
-2.39
-2.3
-1.97
-1.85
-1.49
0

54

0
-0.4827
0.145
0.305
-0.39
1.485
1.14
0.29
-0.04
-0.05
-0.01
0

0%
43%
-9%
-15%
18%
-63%
-48%
-13%
2%
3%
1%
0%

4-2-3

Surface
crack
First
Second

5
2.5

-2.5

-2.5

-5

-5

deapth(mm)

deapth(mm)

2.5

Surface
First
Second
Crack
Average

-7.5
-10

-7.5
-10
-12.5

-12.5
-15

-15

-17.5

-17.5

-20

-20
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

10

4-33

15

20

25

30

35

40

Position(mm)

Position(mm)

R2_1

4-33 R2_1 1
position
2 position
20

position
position
1228 36

55

6.00
Surface
First
Second
Crack
Average

deapth(mm)

2.00

-2.00

-6.00

-10.00
0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

Position(mm)

4-34

R15_2

4-34 position 14~18

Surface
Crack
First
Second
Average

3
2
1
Deapth(mm)

0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0

Position(mm)

4-35

R15_4

4-35

56

 4-29
4-31 position 0~10

4-36 A
A
4-37 A

4-36

4-38

4-37

4-39 C
57

 4-38
A
BCA
A
4-39

58

4-3
4-40

4-40

4-40 1,2 4-42 4-41

15
14
13

Y(mm)

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
0

8
10
X(mm)

12

14

16

4-41

4-42
59

 4-42 5.15mm
3.25mm 4.4mm 3.4mm
0.8mm
4-44 5.55mm 4-43
5.5mm

18
17
16

Y(mm)

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
0

10 12
X(mm)

14

16

18

20

4-43

4-44

4-46
6.95mm 7.5mm

20
19
18

Y(mm)

17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
0

10 12
X(mm)

14

16

18

20

4-45

4-46
60

5-1 FEM

5-2
5-3
5-4 5-2 5-3
5-1
5-1-1
ANSYS 5-1
450mm 40mm 12mm
25mm 0 2
4 6 8

5-2

Force A up A
5-2 A
C Force
A upForce A downForce B up Force B down

5-2
61

 5-1

5-2

A B
70mm
C D 45 45
25mm 45mm
45 5-2 C D Force
A Force B
Force AForce B
Force A Force B
Force A 5-3 ANSYS
Force A 6 Y
X Y
62

 5-4

5-3 6 Y

5-4
5-4 8515517519
63

 8267269271 5-2 A
B 3274 1304 5-1
5-1 XY
Force-A
2ton

4ton

6ton

8ton

8
267
269
271
515
517
519
1304
3274
117
382
288
290
542
544
1639
1663
3779
3803

-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.03
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04
-0.04

0.044
0.037
0.035
0.033
0.05
0.053
0.054
0.035
0.063
0.04
0.05
0.038
0.036
0.05
0.051
0.036
0.033
0.051
0.054

-0.085
-0.086
0.0859
-0.0858
-0.086
-0.086
-0.086
-0.0711
-0.0733
-0.0578
-0.063
-0.086
-0.086
-0.086
-0.086
-0.0867
-0.086
-0.087
-0.0863

0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.1
0.1
0.11
0.07
0.11
0.08
0.1
0.08
0.07
0.1
0.1
0.07
0.07
0.1
0.11

-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.11
-0.13
-0.09
-0.09
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13
-0.13

0.131
0.111
0.104
0.099
0.15
0.157
0.162
0.104
0.189
0.12
0.151
0.114
0.108
0.148
0.154
0.108
0.098
0.154
-0.163

-0.17
-0.172
-0.172
-0.172
-0.172
-0.172
-0.172
-0.142
-0.147
-0.116
-0.126
-0.17
-0.17
-0.172
-0.17
-0.174
-0.172
-0.174
-0.173

0.175
0.148
0.139
0.132
0.2
0.21
0.216
0.139
0.212
0.161
0.201
0.152
0.144
0.198
0.2
0.145
0.131
0.205
0.218

5-1-2
ANSYS 5-5 Force A up
Force A 5-2 A
5-6 Force A down
5-5 5-6 0 8
64


probe

XY

5-5 Force A up
(FEM)

5-6 Force A down

69

59

68.5

58.5

68

57.5

Exho(%)

Exho(%)

58

57

67.5
67

56.5

66.5

56

66

55.5

65.5
65

55
0

3
4
5
Load*(1000kg)

5-7 Force A up

3
4
5
Load*(1000kg)

5-8 Force A down

5-7 5-8 5-5

8
5 11mm 5
65

 5-7

5-6 5-8

35

32

34.5
34

30

33.5

29

33
32.5

Exho(%)

Exho(%)

31

28
27

32
31.5
31
30.5

26

30

25

29.5
29

24
0

3
4
5
Load*(1000kg)

5-9 Force A up

3
4
5
Load*(1000kg)

5-10 Force A up

5-9 5-10

5-5 5-6
5-9 5-2 C 5-5
5-9 5-10
5-7~ 5-10
1

Echo (%)

66

5-2
5-2-1

10 20 5-11
updown

5-11
5-12~
5-27 10 20

67

Force

36
22

32

28

Echo(%)

Echo(%)

20

18

24
16

20
0

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

5-12 10

5-13 10
40

28

36

26

32
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

30

24

28

22

24

20

20

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

5-14 20
Force

5-15 20

48

32

28

Echo(%)

Echo(%)

46

24

44

42

20

40

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

5-16

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

10

5-17 10
44

40

Echo(%)

Echo(%)

52

48

36

32

28
44
0

10

12

14

16

5-18

10

12

14

Load*(1000 kg )

Load*(1000 kg )

20

5-19
68

20

16

Force

40
28

24
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

30

20

20

16

12

10
0

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

5-20

10

5-21

10

52

Echo(%)

48

44

40

36
0

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

5-22

20
Force

5-23

20

70

44

42
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

60

50

40

38

36
40
0

10

12

14

16

5-24

10

12

14

16

Load*(1000 kg )

Load*(1000 kg )

10

5-25

10

44
45

40

Echo(%)

44

Echo(%)

43

36

42

32

41

28

40
0

10

12

14

16

5-26

10

12

Load*(1000 kg )

Load*(1000 kg )

20

5-27
69

20

14

16

5-2-2
23mm
25mm 5 ( 5-28)

5-28

5-29
5-30~ 5-37

0.8

5-29

70

Force

A
40

30

38
20
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

36

34
10

32

30

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

5-30

2.5

5-31 A down

A up

Force

50

50

40

40

30

30
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

Load*(1000 kg )

Load*(1000 kg )

20

20

10

10

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

5-32

1.5

2.5

Load*(1000 kg )

Load*(1000 kg )

5-33

A up

Force

A down

50
40

36

Echo(%)

40
Echo(%)

32

28

30

24

20

20

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

Load*(1000 kg )

5-34

5-35

B up

Force

2.5

Load*(1000 kg )

B down

60

100

80

40
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

60

40

20
20

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5

5-36

0.5

1.5

2.5

Load*(1000 kg )

Load*(1000 kg )

5-37

B up
71

B down

5-3
5-38 open
Clip gage

5-39 5-40~ 5-43

Force A

Tip
open 5-44~ 5-47 Force
B

5-38

5-39

72

Force A
120
100

Echo(%)

80
60
40
20
0
0

2
3
4
Load*(1000 kg)

5-40 A up

5-41
24

35

20

30

16

Echo(%)

Echo(%)

40

A Tip up

25

12

20

15

3
4
5
Load*(1000 kg)

5-42 A down

3
4
5
Load*(1000 kg)

5-43

A Tip down

Force B
50

20
18

40
Echo(%)

Echo(%)

16

30

14
12

20
10

10

3
4
5
Load*(1000 kg)

5-44

B up

3
4
5
Load*(1000 kg)

5-45

B Tip up

70
28

24

Echo(%)

Echo(%)

60

50

20

16

40
12

30

3
4
5
Load*(1000 kg)

5-46 B down

3
4
5
Load*(1000 kg)

5-47 B Tip down

73

5-4
5-4-1
10 20

6
Force A 10 Force B 20
Force A 10 Force B 20

5-2

Force
Force
Force
Force

A
A
A
A

10
10
20
20

v.s.
v.s.
v.s.
v.s.

Force
Force
Force
Force

B
B
B
B

20
20
10
10

5-3

Force A

10

v.s.

Force B

20

Force A

10

v.s.

Force B

20

Force A

20

v.s.

Force B

10

Force A

20

v.s.

Force B

10

5-4

Force A

up

v.s.

Force A

20

Force A

down

v.s.

Force A

20

Force B

up

v.s.

Force A

10

Force B

down

v.s.

Force A

10

5-5

Force A
up

Force A
down

v.s.
v.s.

Force A 20

Force A 20

Force B
Force B

v.s.
v.s.

Force A
Force A

up
down

74

10
10

1020 open

ANSYS

5-48

Force A 8 ton

75

 5-49

ANSYS

5-48 ANSYS Force A 8 ton Y

5-50 5-5
5-6
5-6 Force A
Force A
10
490
2ton

474

521

0.041 0.045 0.056

20
505
0.05

310

296

341

327

0.013 0.019 0.026 0.023

0.16 0.18 0.23

0.2 0.054 0.075 0.11 0.092
8ton
290% 300% 311% 300% 315% 295% 323% 300%

76

 5-7 Force B
Force B
10
490
2ton

474

521

20
505

310

296

341

327

-0.016 -0.012 -0.004 -0.009 -0.041 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03

8ton -0.064 -0.05 -0.017 -0.035 -0.17 -0.15 -0.11 -0.13

300% 317% 325% 302% 315% 305% 293% 306%

Force A 10 8 ton 521 Y

505 8 ton
10
Force A 10

8 5 3 Force
A 20 Force B 10

ANSYS

5-30 5-31 Force A up Force A down

tip

tip

open
5-2 Force A down Force B up

77

5-4-2

tip open A down

5-425-44
5-46AdownB upB down 1

5-41 A Tip up

A tip up 5-43 5-45 5-47

5-43 1.9 5-45
1.5 5-47 1.3
open
1.56

5-1-2

78


Near Field Length 1.3 in., 33mm,
3.7 (5200/1400) 1-1
8.9mm
( wedge
4 ) NFL
8mm
D 2 F / 4C

( )/(4)5-1

79

1 20 30
10%
15 30
2
70mm
3

80


[1]
90 6
[2]
91 7
[3] Krautkramer,Ultrasonic Testing of Materials,Springer-Verlage Berlin
Heidlberg New York (1969).
[4] Michael Berke, Krautkrmer GmbH & Co., Hrth, Nondestructive
Material Testing with Ultrasonics - Introduction to the Basic
Principles , The e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing &
Ultrasonics,Issue Vol. 5 No. 9 , (2000).
[5] W. J. McGonnagle
85 4
[6]
79 2
[7] Elber,Wolf,The Significance of Fatigue Crack Close,ASTM STP
486,pp144-147,1971.
[8]J.C.Newman,Jr.and I.S.Raju, Stress Intensity Factor Equations for
Cack in Three-Dimensional Finite Bodies,NASA Technical
Memorandom 83200,,pp.1-49,1981
[9]Elber,w,fatigue Crack Closure Under Cyclic Tension,Engineering
Fracture Mechanics,Vol2,1970,pp.37-45.
[10]Suresh, S. and Ritchie,R.O.,Propagation of Short Fatigue
Cracks.International Metallurgical Reviews,Vol.29,pp.445-476.
[11]Budiansky,B.and Hutchinson,J.W.,Analysis of Closure in Fatigue
Crack Growth.Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol.45, 1978,
pp.267-276.
[12]Allison,J.E.,The Measurement of Crack Closure During Fatigue
81

Crack Growth.ASTM STP 945,American Society for Testing and

Materials,Philadelphia,1988,pp.913-933.
[13]Sharpe, W.N., and Grandt, A.F., ASTM STP 590,American Society
for testing and Materials, Philadelphia,1976,pp.302-320.
[14] Lawson, S., and Parker, G.A., "Automatic detection of defects in
industrial ultrasound images using a neural network", Proc. of SPIE
vol. 2786, pp. 37-47 (1996)
[15] N. Trimborn, The Time-of-Flight-Diffraction-Technique, The
e-Journal of Nondestructive Testing & Ultrasonics,Issue Vol. 2 No.9
(1997).
[16] Silk, M.G., The use of diffraction based time-of-flight
measurements to locate and size defects, Brit. J. of NDT, vol. 26,
pp 208-213. (1984)
[17] T. Just, G. Csapo, Ultrasonic crack depth measurement of surface
bracking cracks in piping, The e-Journal of Nondestructive
Testing & Ultrasonics,Issue Vol. 2 No. 9 (1997).
[18]Elber,Wolf ,The Significance of Fatigue and crack close,ASTM
STP 486,pp144-147,1971
[19] ,
http://www.chsndt.com/article/height_0.htm
[20] Visual Basic 6.0 90
8
[21]
77 1
[22]

91 7
[23]
82

 92 6
[24]
92 6

83

68 12 23

18 22
0920960538