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Viscous Fluid Dampers (VFDs) have long been utilized for vibration control in various applications
throughout the world. One of the first uses of VFDs as part of earthquake resistant structural systems was in
San Bernardino, California over ten years ago (Hussain,et al, 1993). VFDs can be very effective in reducing
lateral displacements and dissipating energy from earthquake and wind loading.
Use of visco-elastic dampers are here proposed instead of other dampers types, due to their smaller sizes,
which make them more applicable specially for retrofitting of existing buildings, and their stiffness, which
have very important role on regulating of the flexibility rate of the flexible frame and stability control of the
system. Two RCC structures with 3 and 20 stories are selected and nonlinear dynamic analysis under time-
histories acceleration records of the ground strong motions have been carried out for the structures, SAP 2000
is used for modeling and nonlinear analysis of the structures.
In this investigation to reduce mathematical calculation one of the middle frame of each 3D structure has been
modeled. In that regard two RCC structures with 3 and 20 stories are selected and visco-elastic dampers are
attached.
Case study
The engineering case used for this paper is an existing 20-storey RC frame building. The frame was
originally designed based on seismic precautionary intensity 7, which corresponds to the basic ground
acceleration of 0.1 g (g is the gravitational acceleration) with the response spectra characteristic period Tg=
1.2728 s. Tg is the design characteristic period of ground motion. These means that the new seismic measures
should be taken to enhance seismic performances of the local school buildings to meet the intensity 9
requirement set
by the Chinese code. It is two grades higher than the original precautionary intensity 7 for which
the buildings were designed. In this case study, with Tg = 0.4 s, design parameters and seismic
performance requirements to meet the new seismic precautionary target are listed in Table 1.
According to the field investigation results, although a few nonstructural components, corner
beam column joints, and staircases have suffered serious damages, as plotted in Fig. 7, most
structural components only have slight damages. A finite elemental analysis model for the primary frame was
established to further investigate structural seismic responses and structural properties as well as the analytical
results are listed in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. It is found that that the existing structure is insufficient
to resist the designed precautionary earthquake with the intensity 8. Especially for the ground floor, the storey
drifts under frequently-occurred earthquake are greater than the limit value of 1/550 set in Chinese code.
Therefore, it is necessary to retrofit this damaged frame for its consequent service.
External guide
Dr. P. Kamatchi
Senior Scientist
Risk And Reliability Group
CSIR-SERC
Time history
The nonlinear dynamic procedure (dynamic time-history analysis) provides amore accurate estimate
of the dynamic response of the structure. The time-history procedure is used if it is important to represent
inelastic response characteristics or to incorporate time-dependent effects when computing the structures
dynamic response.
Building Drift
Drift is generally defined as the lateral displacement of one floor relative to the floor below. Drift
control is necessary to limit damage to interior partitions, elevator and stair enclosures, glass, and cladding
systems. Stress or strength limitations in ductile materials do not always provide adequate drift control,
especially for tall buildings with relatively flexible moment-resisting frames or narrow shear walls. Total
building drift is the absolute displacement of any point relative to the base. Adjoining buildings or adjoining
sections of the same building may not have identical modes of response, and therefore may have a tendency
to pound against one another. Building separations or joints must be provided to permit adjoining buildings
to respond independently to earthquake ground motion.
Ductility
Ductility is the capacity of building materials, systems, or structures to absorb energy by deforming
into the inelastic range. The capability of a structure to absorb energy, with acceptable deformations and
without failure, is a very desirable characteristic in any earthquake-resistant design. Concrete, a brittle
material, must be properly reinforced with steel to provide the ductility necessary to resist seismic forces. In
concrete columns, for example, the combined effects of flexure (due to frame action) and compression (due to
the action of the overturning moment of the structure as a whole) produce a common mode of failure;
buckling of the vertical steel and spalling of the concrete cover near the floor levels. Columns must, therefore,
be detailed with proper spiral reinforcing or hoops to have greater reserve strength and ductility. Ductility is
measured by the hysteretic behavior of critical components such as a column-beam assembly of a moment
frame. It is obtained by cyclic testing of moment rotation(or force-deflection) behavior of the assembly.
Input time history analysis
Fig 2.1: A typical acceleration time history simulated Zone 3 WOD.
Fig 2.2: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone4 WOD
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Series1
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Series1
-4000
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Fig 2.3: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 4 WD
Fig 1.1: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 3 WOD along longitudinal direction
Fig 1.2: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 4 WOD along longitudinal direction
-1000
-800
-600
-400
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0
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Series1
Fig 1.3: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 4 WD longitudinal direction
Fig 1.4: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 3 WOD transverse direction
Fig 1.5: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 4 WOD transverse direction
-2000
-1500
-1000
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0
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Series1
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Fig 1.6: A typical acceleration time history simulated for Zone 4 WD transverse direction
Equivalent Strain Energy Method of Analysis
The modal strain energy method has been studied extensively and successfully applied to predict the
equivalent damping ratios of the structures with added VE dampers. The damping ratios of the visco-
elastically damped structure can be expressed as
=
)
Where
= effective damping ratio for i
th
vibration mode
= the i
th
vibration mode shape of the viscoelastically damped structure