Multiple modes of shear failure in rock les differents modes de rupture par cisaillement dans les roches Verschiedene Arten des Felsscherbruches 3. This paper describes the Iaboratory shear tests used to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the shear strength of intact or discontinuous rock having an irregular failure surface.
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ISRM-1CONGRESS-1966-087_Multiple Modes of Shear Failure in Rock
Multiple modes of shear failure in rock les differents modes de rupture par cisaillement dans les roches Verschiedene Arten des Felsscherbruches 3. This paper describes the Iaboratory shear tests used to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the shear strength of intact or discontinuous rock having an irregular failure surface.
Multiple modes of shear failure in rock les differents modes de rupture par cisaillement dans les roches Verschiedene Arten des Felsscherbruches 3. This paper describes the Iaboratory shear tests used to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the shear strength of intact or discontinuous rock having an irregular failure surface.
Les differents modes de rupture par cisaillement dans les roches
Verschiedene Arten des Felsscherbruches 3.47 by F. D. PATTON,Geologist and Foundation Engineer Research Associate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U. S. A., (presently NATO Post-Doctora Fellow, LNEC, Lisbon, Portugal) Summary The mechanism of shear failure in rock was investigated by studying over 300 rock slopes in the Rocky Mountains, making laboratory sliding friction tests on rock samples and direct shear tests on simulated rock surfaces, and reviewing the shear strength literature. This paper describes the Iaboratory shear tests used to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the shear strength of intact or discontinuous rock having an irregular failure surface. Specimens made of plaster of Paris were cast with irregular surfaces and tested in a specially designed shearing device. Test variables included the inclination, number, and strength of the specimen teeth, and the normal loads applied. The following con- clusions were drawn: I) failure envelopes for specimens with irregular failure surfaces are curved, 2) changes in the slope of a failure envelope reflect changes in the mode of failure, and 3) changes in the mode of failure are related to the physical proper- ties of the irregularities along the failure Surface. An application of these conclusions was demonstrated by interpreting a series of laboratory shear tests on rock. I. Introduction Resume On a etudie Ie mecanisme de rupture des roches par cisaillement, en observant plus de 300 pentes rocheuses dans les Montagnes Rocheuses, en faisant, au laboratoire, des essais de frottement sur des eprouvettes de roches et des essais de cisaillement directs sur des modeles de surfaces rocheuses, et en passant en revue la literature sur la resis- tance au cisaillement, Dans la presente communication, on decrit les essais de cisaillement executes au laboratoire qui ont servi II etablir un cadre theorique permettant l'interpretation de la resistance au cisaille- ment de roches intactes ou discontinues ayant une surface de rupture irreguliere. Dans un dispositif projete expressernent II ce but, on a fait des essais de cisaillement sur des echantillons en platre de Paris, rnoules avec des surfaces irregulieres, Les variables de J'essai comprenaient I'Inclinai- son, Ie nombre, et la resistance des redents de l'echantillon et les charges normales appliquees, On en a conclu que: I) les courbes intrinseques de rupture des echan- tillons ayant des surfaces de rupture irre- gulieres ne sont pas droites; 2) des varia- tions dans I'inclinaison de la courbe in- trinseque traduisent des variations dans Ie mode de rupture; et 3) les differents modes de rupture refietent les caracteristiques phy- siques des irregularites de la surface de rupture. On a dernontre les conclusions ci-avant, en les appliquant II I'interpretation d'une serie d'essais de cisaillement de roches executes au laboratoire. Zusammenfassung Durch Untersuchung von mehr als 300 Felsboschungen in den Rocky Mountains, Rutschreibungsversuche von Gesteinsproben und direkte Scherversuche vonvorgetauschten Gesteinsoberfliichen imLabor, sowie Durch- sicht der einschliigigen Literatur, wurde der Mechanismus des Felsscherbruches er- forscht. Dieses Referat beschreibt die La- borversuche die durchgefiihrt wurden, urn ein theoretisches Gedankengebiiude zur Erk- larung der Scherfestigkeit ganzen oder di- skontinuierlichen Felsens entlang einer un- regelrnassigen Bruchfliiche zu schaffen. Es wurden Gipsproben mit unregelmiissigen Oberfliichen geformt, und in einer speziell entworfenen Schereinrichtung geprUft. Unter anderem, wurde die Abhiingigkeit der Er- gebnisse von der Neigung, AnzahI und Fe- stigkeit der Probezahne, sowie von der Normallast untersucht. Es wurden folgende Ergebnisse erhalten: I) Die Mohrsche Urn- hullungskurve fur Proben mit unregelmiissiger Bruchfliiche ist krummlinig. 2) Steilheitsan- derungen der Mohrschen UmhUlIungskurve zeigen Anderungen der Bruchart an. 3) An- derungen der Bruchart hiingen von den phy- sikalischen Eigenschaften der Unregelmiissig- keiten der Bruchfliiche abo Die Erkliirung einer Reihe von Laborscherversuchen mit Felsen zeigt eine erfolgreiche Anwendung dieser Schliisse. Previous work by NEWLANDand ALLELY (1957), RIPLEY and LEE(1961), and WITHERS(1964) indicated that irregulari- ties along failure surfaces should play an important role in the determination of shear strength characteristics of rocks. With this in mind, afieldand laboratory investigation into the effect of surface irregularities was undertaken. The effects of natural irregularities on the stability of rock slopes were studied on over 300 stable, unstable, and failed slopes in the Rocky Mountains (PATTON,1966). By making corrections for the geometry of the rock discon- tinuities, the angle of frictional sliding resistance along a relatively flat plane was determined under field conditions. For sandstones and carbonate rocks this angle was found to compare favorably with the angle of residual frictional sliding resistance obtained from laboratory tests on wet, relatively flat, rough-sawn sandstone and carbonate rock surfaces. The field and laboratory study showed that irregularities have an appreciable influence upon the shearing resistance of rock masses. Furthermore, it seemed apparent that 509 different modes of shear failure take place along irregular rock surfaces. For example, failures of rock masses have occurred by sliding along rock surfaces having various orientations, by shearing through intact rock, or both. A framework that would permit this multiple-mode failure mechanism to be better understood and allow an improved interpretation of the results of shear tests on rock was required. The laboratory tests described in this paper were devised to help provide such a framework. D. Test specimens The interpretation of the results of shear tests on real rocks is usual1y complicated by sample variability - even when several samples are taken from the same block of rock. To overcome this difficulty the laboratory specimens were made from an artificial material so that the shape, size, and internal strength of the irregularities or teeth onthesurface of thetest specimens could beevaluated separa- tely. Plaster of Paris was selected as the testing material as it had rock-like properties, fil1ers could be added to vary its strength, and the shape of the teeth could be accurately reproduced using molds. Two different fillers - crushed quartz sand and kaolinite - were used to decrease the strength of the specimens. The properties and ingredients of the specimens are outlined in Table t. BB BB " Ill 011.55- BB Fig. 1 - Some of the Different Types of Plaster Specimens Cylindrical samples, which were cast and cured with each series of test specimens, were later tested for their point-load tensile strength and their unconfined compressive strength. III. Test apparatus and procedure A direct shear device was constructed to permit elec- tronic recording of the loads and the vertical and horizontal Summary of Physical Properties of Plaster of Paris Specimens Table 1 Filler Ratio Filler: Plaster by weight Weight Mixing Water Ibs/IOOIbs Plaster Unit weight at testing lbs/cu ft ~, degrees (1) Sand Sand Kaolinite Kaolinite 3: I 3:2 I: I I: 2 148 85 127 96 88.9 94.3 64.5 66.9 34-36 35-39 27-28 29-30 Tests on Cilinders Av. unconfined comp, strength psi Av. point-load tensile strength psi Average E, x 10 8 psi (I) 248 53 .65 1240 120 1.15 601 70 .22 988 90 . 4 5 (I) Obtained from direct shear tests after large displacements (2) E 1 is the tangent modulus of elasticity at Soo/u ultimate stren&tb Five to eight identical specimens of 12geometrical con- figurations were made for each of the four mixes. Four types of inclined teeth with slopes of 25, 35, 45, and 55 were formed. Two series of specimens - one with four teeth and the other with two - were cast for each type of inclined teeth. All the teeth had a height of 0.20 inches. Both halves of each specimen were cast simultaneously in a brass mold the surfaces of which were machined to within .005 inches. Similar specimens were cast within one or two days of each other. The kaolinite-plaster speci- mens were cured at 70F and 5C%relative humidity until testing ccrrmenced 45 to 50 days after casting. When both halves of the specimen were placed tcgether after casting, each specimen was 2.95 inches long, 1.75 inches wide, and 2.0 inches high. Figure 1 shows some of the different types of specimens. 510 displacements. This allowed the complete load-displacement curve to be obtained even with brittle materials. The shearing device consisted of 1) a shear box in which ahorizontal shearing force was applied, 2) amotor, variable- speed transmission, and a worm gear-ram arrangement that developed and transmitted the shearing force, 3) a loading frame and weights for applying the normal force, 4) twin load cells to measure the shearing force in tension, and 5) three LVDT transducers to measure horizontal and vertical displacements. Shearing was at a constant rate of displacement of .0624 inches per minute. Most of the results were plotted directly upon a Moseley x-y recorder. After a series of tests on one type of specimen, the peak and residual shear strengths were taken from the load-horizontal displacement graph made by the x-y recor- der and plotted on a shear strength diagram at the appro- priate normal load. The results of several such tests were joined by lines which formed two failure envelopes, one representing maximum shear strength and the other residual shear strength. IV. Definition of terms ~is the angle of sliding or shearing resistance. It isused where a more specific term does not seem warranted. ~I.l is the angle of frictional sliding resistance. Its value changes with the surface characteristics of the rock. For most practical problems involving rocks, the appropriate value of ~I.l can apparently be obtained after large displace- ments have occurred along macroscopically smooth and flat but microscopically irregular (i. e., unpolished) wet surfaces. ~r isthe angle of residual shearing resistance of materials which initially were partly or completely intact. It isobtained from the asymptotic minimum values of shear strength following large displacements. . i is the angle of inclination of the failure surfaces with respect to the direction of application of the shearing force. It is also used in a graphical sense as a particular angle on a shear strength diagram. V. Resnlts The results presented here are from the tests on speci- mens of kaolinite-plaster. Similar results were obtained from tests on the sand-plaster specimens. 1) Specimens with fiat surfaces Figure 2 shows a typical failure envelop , from a series of ,direct shear tests on relatively flat, unpolished, surfa7es. FaIlure envelopes from these specimens were straight lines passing through the origin and inclined at an angle ~I.l from the horizontal. The angle ~I.l for the specimens of the stronger mix (kaolinite-plaster I :2) was 310. For the weaker mix ~I.l was 2710. . ..c:. ... C'I C QI .. ... (/) 01 C .. e QI ..c:. (/) Normal Load, N Fig. 2- Failure Envelope for Specimens with Flat Surfaces 2) Specimens with inclined teeth at low normal loads Figure 3 shows two failure envelopes typical of those obtained from tests at low normal loads on specimens with inclined teeth. Themaximum strengths recorded for anumber of specimens wereused to form the maximum strength enve- lope (line A). The residual strengths remaining in these same specimens after large displacements had occurred were the basis for the residual strength envelope (line B). The equation describing the maximum strength envelope is S=N tan (~I.l +i) where Sis the total shearing strength and Nis the total normal load. The inclination of the resi- dual envelope is ~r and the envelope can be described by the equation S=N tan ~r' For the various plaster specimens, the angle ~r was always within 11 of ~I.l and the two were often identical. Line A of Figure 3 represents two different types of strengths. It represents the value of the external frictional resistance along the inclined planes, and it represents the internal strength of the teeth at the point of failure. When failure occurs these two strengths are equal. It may benoted from line A that although intact material was sheared there was no cohesion intercept indicated when the results were plotted. Yet the internal cohesive strength of the teeth still contributed to the total strength by making possible the development of increased frictional resistance along the surface of the teeth. The precise con- tribution of the internal cohesive strength of the teeth at any given normal load is the difference in strengths between the maximum and residual strength envelopes. A cohesion intercept would occur if the sumof ~I.l+i became equal to or greater than 900. 3) Different inclinations of teeth Results from three series of tests, each made on speci- mens with different inclinations of teeth, are shown in Figure 4. The failure envelope for specimens with i =250 is a straight line-line A. For specimens with i =350 and i =45thefailure envelopes arecurved but each envelope can be approximated by two straight lines as are envelopes Band C, respectively. Line Dis drawn through the residual shear strengths of aU three series of specimens. (/) .. s: .. en c QI .. .. (/) en c .. tl QI s: (/) Normal Load" N Fig. 3- Failure Envelopes for Specimens with Irregular Surfaces 511 ~ o MAll VALU[~ 'Oft , TE(IH 6 MAll VAlU(~'()III 2 fEtfH . It(SIQUAl VALUn 'Olt 1I0TH r"PC5 or ~"[CIM[N~ o KAOllNlf[ ,PLAST!1t ll21.,.4S" 6 I<AOlINl1[ "lASTEoII 1l.11,;'U" " 1t[5'OUAL VAlUeS 11:21 SP[CIM[N5 It[SIDUAL VALUES II II SPECIMENS .. " ' " ~llOAO,H 1M. KAOLINIT[ PLAST[lt 11.11 100 200 300 1'0011I"''''' lOAO. N 1M. Fig. 4 - Failure Envelopes for Specimens with Different Inclinations of Teeth Fig. 5- Failure Envelopes for Specimens with Different Numbers of Teeth Fig. 6- Failure Envelopes for Specimens with Different Internal Strengths The inclinations of the lower or primary portions of lines A , B, and C are equal to, or within one degree of, i11+ i . The inclinations of the upper or secondary portions of lines Band C are very close to the'value i,. The abrupt changes intheslopes of lines Band Carerelated to changes inthe mode of failure. Belowthechanges inslopethe maxi- mumshearing strength is related to the frictional resistance along the inclined surfaces. Above the transition in slope the maximum strength is unrelated to the increased surface friction due to the inclination of the teeth. The cross-sectional area of the intact material at the base of the 35 0 teeth is greater than for the 45 0 teeth. This explains why the transition in the mode of failure for the two inclinations of teeth occurred at different normal loads. Line A is straight because the range of normal loads used was not high enough to reach the transition for the specimens with 25 0 teeth. 4) Varying the number of teeth Figure 5 shows the effect of doubling the number of teeth from two to four and keeping the specimens identical in other respects. Each maximum strength failure envelope, although curved, is approximately described by two straight lines. The secondary portion of the failure envelope for specimens with four teeth '(line A) is about twice as far above the residual envelope' (line C) as the envelope for specimens with two teech (lineB). The steeply sloping primary portions of the failure envelopes are approximately equal to ~11+i , The inclina- tions of the secondary portions of the failure envelopes are approximately i,. The change in slope again is related to achange inthe mode of failure associated with the initial displacements. The effect of having additional teeth is to move the abrupt change in slope of the failure envelope to a higher normal load and to move the secondary portion of the failure envelope about twice as far above the residual enve- lope as the failure envelope for two teeth. This diagram illustrates the difficulties encountered in attaching any real meaning to the average shearing stresses computed for tests on real rocks. In rocks the number, size, and shape of the irregularities are unknown; hencethe real shearing and normal stresses are also unknown. 512 From tests made on higher strength specimens it was found that specimens with four teeth often gave failure envelopes that were only slightly greater than the envelopes for specimens with two teeth. This was interpreted as evi- dence of progressive failure. 5) Varying the strength of the teeth Figure 6 shows the results of tests on two series of spe- cimens with identical surface configurations but different internal strengths. Line A is the failure envelope for the stronger specimens and line B for the weaker specimens. LinesCandDaretheir respectiveresidual strength envelopes. Slopes of the primary and secondary portions of the failure envelopes are slightly different for each series of tests. These differences reflect a change in ~11 and ~, for the two strengths of specimens. The change in mode of failure occurs at a higher normal stress for the stronger specimens than for the weaker ones. Thus, increasing the strength of the specimen teeth has an effect similar to that of increasing the number of teeth. VI. Conclusions Three general conclusions can bedrawn fromthe results of the tests on plaster specimens: 1) failure envelopes for specimens with irregular failure surfaces are curved, 2) changes in the slope of the failure envelope reflect changes inthe mode of failure, and 3) changes inthe mode of failure are related to the physical properties of the irregularities along the failure surface. Theseconclusions, together with the fact that ~does not vary throughout a wide range of normal loads (although ~+i does vary), have many practical applications. In par- ticular, they facilitate the interpretation of curved failure envelopes. VII. Interpretation of tests on real rocks From the results of shear tests on real rocks one would expect to obtain asuperposition of theeffects of theseparate variables investigated for theplaster specimens. For example, inthesamesample of rock the irregularities along thefailure surface would have different sizes, inclinations, internal 300 SUMMARY ill: 29~41 APPARENT COHESION INTERCEPT : 10- 50psi VI Q. III III W It:200 .. III 00 100 200 300 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS, psi a) STRAIGHT LI NE FAILURE ENVELOPES 300 SUMMARY ill~-4lr:33 COHESION INTERCEPT: 0 200 100 100 200 300 AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS. psi b) CURVED FAILURE ENVELOPES REFLECTING MULTIPLE MODES OF fAILURE Fig. 7 - Two Interpretations of Direct Shear Tests on Ruck Samples with Irregular Surfaces strengths, and coefficients of friction. Thus, failure envelopes for rocks would not reflect a simple change in the mode of failure but changes in the intensities of different modes of failure occurring simultaneously. . Figure 7 illustrates two interpretations that can be given to four series of tests (A , B , C , and D) on different surfaces of the same rock. Figure 70 shows the shear test results interpreted as forming straight-line failure envelopes. This is equivalent to saying that only one mode of failure o~urred during the tests at different stress levels. From F!gure 70 it would also appear that the value of ~was dIfferent for each series of tests and was not a relatively c~nstant property of the material. In addition, the straight- line envelopes could lead some designers to conclude that an appreciable amount of cohesive strength exists at zero nor mal load. These errors are avoided in Figure 7b inwhich the same data is used to form curved failure envelopes. The curved failure envelopes in Figure 7b also provide more information on the geometry and effectiveness of the surface irregularities than is offered in' Figure 70. For example, at a given normal stress the vertical distance between a point on any maximum strength failure envelope and the residual envelope (line E) gives the internal strength contributed by the irregularities. This strength isthe strength that is lost when significant displacements occur along the failure plane. . From Figure 7b the rocks of the test series outlined by ~meA can be interpreted as having small relatively steep Irregularities which were effective between a normal stress of 0 to 40psi. Above 40 psi these small irregularities failed before displacements could occur along them. Between a normal load of 120 and 270 psi some larger irregularities which had inclinations of 10 (43 minus 33) became effec- tive. Above 270 psi these larger irregularities began to fail before displacements could occur. For some engineering design purposes straight-line failure envelopes are adequate. But to facilitate an under- standing of the failure mechanisms curved failure envelopes reflecting the multiple modes of shear failure appear to be a necessity. VIII. Acknowledgments This paper is based upon a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Ph. D. in Geology at the University of Illinois. The thesis was completed under the direction of Dr. D. U. Deere, professor of civil engineer- ing and geology, who made many valuable contributions to the study. References NEWLAND. P. L., and B. H. ALLELY - 1957, Volume changes in drai- ned triaxial tests on granular materials, Geotechnique, Vol. VD, pp. 17-34. PATTON, F. D. - 1966, Multiple Modes of Shear Failure in Rock and Related Materials, Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Illinois, 282 pp. RIPLEY, C. F., and K. L. LEE - 1961, Sliding friction tests on sedi- mentary rock specimens, Communication 8, 7th Congress of Large Dams, Vol. IV, pp. 657-671. WITHERS, J. H. - 1964, Sliding Resistance Along Discontinuities In Rock Massi'S. Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. of Illinois. 124 pp. 5.13