Physics Module Form 5

Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity

- 1 -
CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY


7.1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC CURRENT

Van de Graaf

1. What is a Van de Graaff generator? Fill in each of the boxes the name of the part shown.
A device that produces and store electric charges at high voltage on its dome






























dome
rubber belt
Metal dome
roller
roller
motor
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 2 -
2. How are electrical charges produced by a Van de Graaff generator? And what type of
charges is usually produced on the dome of the generator?

When the motor of the Van de Graaff generator is switched on, it drives the
rubber belt.
This causes the rubber belt to against the roller and hence becomes charged.
The charge is then carried by the moving belt up to the metal dome where it is
collected.
A large amount of chargeis built up on the dome
Positivecharges are usually produced on the dome of the generator.




3. What will happen if the charged dome of
the Van de Graaff is connected to the earth
via a micrometer? Explain.

There is a deflection of the pointer of
the meter.
This indicates an electric current flow.












+
+
+
+
+
+ +
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 3 -
4. Predict what will happen if a discharging
metal sphere to the charged dome.

When the discharging metal sphere is
brought near the charged dome,
sparkling occurs.
An electric current flow.







5. Predict what will happen if hair of a
student is brought near to the charged
dome. Give reasons for your answer.

The metal dome attracts the hair and
the hair stand upright.
This is because of each strand of hair
receives positive charges and repels
each other.

6. The flow of electrical charges produces electric current.










+
+
+
+ +
+
+
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 4 -
Electric Current

1. Electric current consists of a flow of electrons
2. The more charges that flow through a cross
section within a given time, the larger is the
current.
3. Electric current is defined as the
rate of flow of electric charge


4. In symbols, it is given as:

where I = electric current
Q = charge
t = time

(i) The SI unit of charge is (Ampere / Coulomb / Volt)
(ii) The SI unit of time is (minute / second / hour)
(iii) The SI unit of current is (Ampere/ Coulomb / Volt) is equivalent to
(Cs // C
-1
s // Cs
-1
)
(iv) By rearranging the above formula, Q = ( I t /
t
I
/
I
t
)

4. If one coulomb of charge flows past in one second, then the current is oneampere.
5. 15 amperes means in each second, 15 coulomb of charge through a cross section of a
conductor.
6. In a metal wire, the charges are carried by electrons.
7. Each electron carries a charge of 1.6 x 10
-19
C.
8. 1 C of charge is 6.25 x 10
18
electrons.




I = Q
t


Each second, 15 coulombs of charge cross
the plane. The current is I = 15 amperes.
One ampere is onecoulomb per second.
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 5 -
Electric Field
a) An electric field is a region in which an electric chargeexperiences a force.
b) An electric field can be represented by a number of lines indicate both the magnitudeand
direction of the field
c) The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :
(i) electric field lines always extend from a positively-charged object to a
negatively-charged object to infinity, or from infinity to a negatively-charged object,
(ii) electric field lines never cross each other,
(iii)electric field lines are closer in a stronger electric field.

Demo 1 : To study the electric field and the effects of an electric field.
Apparatus & materials
Extra high tension (E.H.T) power supply (0 5 kV), petri dish, electrodes with different
shapes (pointed electrode and plane electrode), two metal plates, talcum powder, cooking oil,
polystyrene ball coated with conducting paint, thread and candle.
Method
DEMO
A)

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the above figure
2. Switch on the E.H.T. power supply and adjust the voltage to 4 kV
3. Observed the pattern formed by the talcum powder for different types of electrodes.
4. Draw the pattern of the electric field lines.


Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 6 -
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE

ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE


ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE


ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO NEGATIVE CHARGES





Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 7 -
ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND TWO POSITIVE CHARGES


ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A NEGATIVE CHARGE AND A
POSITIVELY CHARGED PLATE


ELECTRIC FIELD AROUND A POSITIVE CHARGE AND A
NEGATIVELY CHARGED PLATE


ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN TWO CHARGED
PARALLEL PLATES




Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 8 -
EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD ON A POLYSTYRENE BALL



1. Place the polystyrene ball between the
two metal plates.
2. Switch on the E.H.T and displace the
polystyrene ball slightly so that it
touches one of the metal plates

Observation:
The polystyrene ball oscillated between the
two plates, touching one plate after
another.

Explanation:
When the polystyrene ball touches the
negatively charged plate, the ball
receives negative charges from the plate
and experiences a repulsive force.
The ball will then move to the positively
charged plate.
When the ball touches the plate, the ball
loses some of its negative charges to the
plate and becomes positively charged.
I t then experiences a repulsive force.
This process continues.













Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 9 -
EFFECT OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD ON A CANDLE FLAME
C)


1) Switch of the E.H.T and replace the
polystyrene ball with a lighted candle.
2) Sketch the flame observed when the
E.H.T. is switched on.

Observation:
The candle flame splits into two portions in
opposite direction. The portion that is
attracted to the negative plate is very much
larger than the portion of the flame that is
attracted to the positive plate.

Explanation:
The heat of the flame ionizes the air
molecules to become positive and
negative charges.
The positive charges are attracted to the
negative plate while the negative
charges are attracted to the positive
plate.
The flame is dispersed in two opposite
directions but more to the negative
plate.
The positive charges are heavier than
the negative charges. This causes the
uneven dispersion of the flame.

Conclusion

1. Electric field is a region where an electric charge experiences a force.
2. Like charges repel each other but opposite charges attract each other.
3. Electric field lines are lines of forcein an electric field. The direction of the field
lines is from positiveto negative.



Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 10 -
Exercise 7.1
1. 5 C of charge flows through a wire in 10 s. What is the current in the wire?



2. A charge of 300 C flow through a bulb in every 2 minutes. What is the electric
current in the bulb?



3. The current in a lamp is 0.2 A. Calculate the amount of electric charge that passes
through the lamp in 1 hour.



4. If a current of 0.8 A flows in a wire, how many electrons pass through the wire in one
minute? (Given: The charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10
-19
C)






5. An electric current of 200 mA flows through a resistor for 3 seconds, what is the
(a) electric charge
(b) the number of electrons which flow through the resistor?








Q = It
I = Q/t
= 5 / 10
= 0.5 A
Q = It
I = Q/t
= 300 / 120
= 2.5 A
Q = It
= 0.2 (60 x 60)
= 720 C
Q = It
= 0.8 (60) Convert: 1 minute = 60s
= 48 C

1.6 x 10
-19
C of charge 1 electron.
Hence, 48 C of charges is brought by 48 C = 3 x 10
20
electrons
1.6 x 10
-19
C
a) Q = It
= 200 x 10
-3
(3)
= 0.6 C

b) 1.6 x 10
-19
C of charge 1 electron.
Hence, 0.6 C of charges is 0.6 C = 3.75 x 10
18
electrons
1.6 x 10
-19
C
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 11 -
Ideas of Potential Difference
(a)








(b)



Pressure at point P is greater than the pressure
at point Q
Water will flow from P to Q when the valve is
opened.
This due to the difference in the pressure of
water

Gravitational potential energy at X is greater than
the gravitational potential energy at Y.
The apple will fall from X to Y when the apple is
released.
This due to the difference in the gravitational
potential energy.

(c) Similarly,
Point A is connected to positive terminal
Point B is connected to negative terminal
Electric potential at A is greater than the electric potential at
B.
Electric current flows from A to B, passing the bulb in the
circuit and lights up the bulb.
This is due to the electric potential difference between the two
terminals.
As the charges flow from A to B, work is done when electrical
energy is transformed to light and heat energy.
The potential difference, V between two points in a circuit is
defined as the amount of work done, W when one coulomb of
charge passes from one point to the other point in an electric
field.
The potential difference,V between the two points will be
given by:
where W is work or energy in J oule (J )
Q is charge in Coulomb (C)



A
B
Bulb
V =
e ch Quantityof
Work
arg
=
Q
W

P Q
X
Y
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 12 -

Device and symbol
ammeter
Cells
voltmeter

Switch

connecting wire
Constantan wire //
eureka wire


resistance


bulb

rheostat



Measuring Current and Potential Difference/Voltage

Measurement of electricity Measurement of potential difference/voltage


(a) Electrical circuit



(a) Electrical circuit




(b) Circuit diagram








(b) Circuit diagram


A
V
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 13 -

1. Name the device used to measure electrical
current.
An ammeter

2. (a) What is the SI unit for current?
Amperes

(b) What is the symbol for the unit of
current?


3. How is an ammeter connected in an
electrical circuit?
In series

4. The positive terminal of an ammeter is
connected to which terminal of the dry
cell?
Positive

5. What will happen if the positive terminal of
the ammeter is connected to the negative
terminal of the dry cell?
The ammeter needle will deflect and show
reading below zero.

1. Name the device used to measure
potential difference.
A voltmeter

2. (a) What is the SI unit for potential
difference?
Volts

(b) What is the symbol for the unit of
potential difference?


3. How is an voltmeter connected in an
electrical circuit?
In parallel

4. The positive terminal of a voltmeter is
connected to which terminal of the dry
cell?
Positive








A
V
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 14 -
Exp 1: To investigate the relationship between current and potential difference
for an ohmic conductor.








(a) (b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different
readings? Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Referring to the figure (a) and (b),
(i) Make one suitable inference.
(ii) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
(iii) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis.
(a) Inference The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it.
(b) Hypothesis
The higher the current flows through a wire, the higher the potential difference across
it.
(c) Aim
To determine the relationship between current and potential difference for a
constantan wire.
(d) Variables
(i) manipulated variable
(ii) responding variable
(iii) fixed variable
: current, I
: potential difference, V
: length of the wire // cross sectional area //
temperature
Apparatus /
materials









Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 15 -

Method :
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the
current, I= 0.2 A.
3. Read and record the potential difference, V across the wire.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A.

Tabulation of
data
:

Current,I/A Volt, V/V
0.2 1.0
0.3 1.5
0.4 2.0
0.5 2.5
0.6 3.0
0.7 3.5


Analysis of data : Draw a graph of V against I





















Potential difference, V /V
Current, I /A
3.0 -
2.0 -
1.0 -
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
4.0 -
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 16 -

Discussion : 1. From the graph plotted.
(a) What is the shape of the V-I graph?
The graph of V against I is a straight line that passes through origin

(b) What is the relationship between V and I?
This shows that the potential difference, V is directly proportional to the
current, I.

(c) Does the gradient change as the current increases?
The gradient the ratio of
I
V
is a constant as current increases.
2. The resistance, R, of the constantan wire used in the experiment is equal to the
gradient of the V-I graph. Determine the value of R.

7 .
5 . 3
o
= 5 O

3. What is the function of the rheostat in the circuit?
It is to control the current flow in the circuit

Conclusion : The potential difference, V across a conductor increases when the current, I passing
through it increases as long as the conductor is kept at constant temperature.
















Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 17 -
Ohms Law
(a)
Ohms law states

that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to
the potential difference across the ends of the conductor,

if temperature and other physical conditions remain constant

(b) By Ohms law: V I
= constant I
or
I
V
= constant
(c) The constant is known as resistance, R of the conductor.
(d) The resistance, R is a term that describes the opposition experienced by the electrons
as they flow in a conductor. It is also defined as the ratio of the potential difference
across the conductor to the current, I flowing through the conductor. That is
R =
I
V
and V = I R

(e) The unit of resistance is volt per ampere (V A
-1
) or ohm (O)
(f) An ohmic conductor is one which obeys Ohms law, while a conductor which does not
obey Ohms law is known as a non-ohmic conductor











Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 18 -
Factors Affecting Resistance
1. The resistance of a conductor is a measure of the ability of the conductor to (resist /
allow) the flow of an electric current through it.
2. From the formula V = IR, the current I is (directly / inversely) proportional to the
resistance, R.
3. When the value of the resistance, R is large, the current, I flowing in the conductor is
(small / large)
4. What are the factors affecting the resistance of a conductor?
a) the length of the conductor
b) the cross-sectional area of the conductor
c) type of material of the conductor
d) the temperature of the conductor
5. Write down the relevant hypothesis for the factors affecting the resistance in the table
below.
Factors Diagram Hypothesis Graph
L
e
n
g
t
h

o
f

t
h
e

c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
,

l

The longer the conductor, the
higher its resistance

Resistance is directly proportional
to the length of a conductor


T
h
e

c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

a
r
e
a

o
f

t
h
e

c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
,

A

The bigger the cross-sectional
area, the lower the its resistance

Resistance is inversely
proportional to the cross-
sectional area of a conductor


T
h
e

t
y
p
e

o
f

t
h
e

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l

o
f

t
h
e

c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r



Different conductors with the
same physical conditions have
different resistance

T
h
e

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

o
f

t
h
e

c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r

The higher temperature of
conductor, the higher the
resistance

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 19 -
6. From, the following can be stated:
Resistance of a conductor, R length
Resistance of a conductor, R 1
cross-sectional area

Hence, resistance of a conductor, R length
cross-sectional area

Or R l or R = l where = resistivity of the
A A substance























Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 20 -
Exercise 7.2

1. Tick () the correct answers
True False
(a) Unit of potential difference is J C
-1

(b) J C
-1
volt, V
(c)
The potential difference between two points is 1 volt if 1 joule
of work is required to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one
point to another.

(d)
2 volt is two joules of work done to move 2 coulomb of charge
from one to another in an electric field.

(e) Potential difference Voltage

2. i) Electric charge, Q = ( It /
t
I
/
I
t
)
ii) Work done, W = (QV /
Q
V
/
V
Q
)
iii) Base on your answer in 2(i) and (ii) derive the work done, W in terms of I, V and t.
W = QV
= ItV

3. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted
into heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.

W = QV
2.5 = 5.0 (V)
V = 0.5 V

4. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges
passed through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What
is the potential difference across the bulb?

W = QV
25 = 5 (V)
V = 5 V
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 21 -
5. The potential difference of 10 V is used to operate an electric motor. How much work is
done in moving 3 C of electric charge through the motor?

W = QV
= 3 (10)
= 30 J

6. When the potential difference across a bulb is
20 V, the current flow is 3 A. How much work
done to transform electrical energy to light and
heat energy in 50 s?

W = VIt
= 20 (3) (50)
= 3000 J

7. What is the potential difference across a light bulb
of resistance 5 O when the current that passes
through it is 0.5 A?

V = IR
= 0.5 (5)
= 2.5 V


8. A potential difference of 3.0 V applied across a resistor of resistance R drives a current of
2.0 A through it. Calculate R.

V = IR
3.0 = 2.0 (R)
R = 1.5 O

9. What is the value of the resistor in the figure, if
the dry cells supply 2.0 V and the ammeter
reading is 0.5 A?

V = IR
2.0 = 0.5 (R)
R = 4 O



3 A
A
20 V
Bulb

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 22 -

10. If the bulb in the figure has a resistance of 6 O,
what is the reading shown on the ammeter, if the
dry cells supply 3 V?

V = IR
3.0 = I (6)
I = 0.5 A



11. If a current of 0.5 A flows through the resistor of
3 O in the figure, calculate the voltage supplied
by the dry cells?

V = IR
= 0.5 (3)
V = 1.5 V


12. The graph shows the result of an experiment to
determine the resistance of a wire. The resistance
of the wire is

From V-I graph, resistance = gradient
=
5
2 . 1

= 0.24O



13. An experiment was conducted to measure the
current, I flowing through a constantan wire when
the potential difference V across it was varied.
The graph shows the results of the experiment.
What is the resistance of the resistor?

From V-I graph, resistance =1/ gradient
=1/ (
4
10 x 8
3
)
=1/( 2.0 x 10
-3
)
= 500 O





V/V
I/A
0 5
1.2
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 23 -

14. Referring to the diagram on the right, calculate

(a) The current flowing through the resistor.

V = IR
12 = I (5)
I = 2.4 A


(b) The amount of electric charge that passes
through the resistor in 30 s

Q = It
= 2.4 (30)
= 72 C

(c) The amount of work done to transform the
electric energy to the heat energy in 30 s.

W = QV or W = VIt
= 72 (12) = 12(2.4)(30)
= 864 J = 864 J


15. Figure shows a torchlight that uses two 1.5 V dry
cells. The two dry cells are able to provide a
current of 0.3 A when the bulb is at its normal
brightness. What is the resistance of the filament?

V = IR
3.0 = 0.3(R)
R = 10O

16. The diagram shows four metal rods of P, Q, R
and S made of the same substance.
a) Which of the rod has the most
resistance?
P
b) Which of the rod has the least
resistance?
S
1.5 V + - 1.5 V + -
12 V
5 O
I




Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 24 -

17. The graph shows the relationship between the
potential difference, V and current, I flowing
through two conductors, X and Y.

a) Calculate the resistance of conductor X.
From V-I graph, resistance = gradient
=
2
8

= 4O

b) Calculate the resistance of conductor Y.
From V-I graph, resistance = gradient
=
2
2

= 1O

c) If the cross sectional area of X is 5.0 x 10
-6
m
2
, and the length of X is 1.2 m, calculate its
resistivity.


18. The graph shows a graph of I against V for three
conductors, P, Q and R.
i) Q Compare the resistance of conductor P, Q and R.
R
R
> R
Q
>R
p

ii) Explain your answer in (a)
From I-V graph, resistance = 1/gradient
The greater the gradient, the lower the resistance
Gradient of P > Gradient of Q > Gradient of R
Thus, R
R
> R
Q
>R
p





I/A
V/V
0
0
X
Y
2
8
2
V/V
I/A
P
Q
R
R =
A
l

=
l
RA

=
2 . 1
) 10 x 0 . 5 ( 4
6

= 1.67 x 10
-5
Om
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 25 -



19. Figure shows a wire P of length, l with a cross-
sectional area, A and a resistance, R. Another
wire, Q is a conductor of the same material with
a length of 3l and twice the cross-sectional area
of P. What is resistance of Q in terms of R?
Conductor P R =
A
l

Conductor Q R =
' A
' l
(notes: P and R have the same resistivity, )
=
A 2
) l 3 (

=
2
3
R

20. PQ, is a piece of uniform wire of length 1 m
with a resistance of 10O. Q is connected to an
ammeter, a 2 O resistor and a 3 V battery. What
is the reading on the ammeter when the jockey
is at X?
Resistance in the wire
R is directly proportional to l
100 cm = 10 O
Hence, 20 cm =
100
20
(10)
R = 2O
Total resistance
2O + 2O = 4O
Current, I =
R
V

=
4
3

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 26 -
= 0.75 A
21. Figure shows the circuit used to investigate the relationship between potential
difference, V and current, I for a piece of constantan wire. The graph of V against I
from the experiment is as shown in the figure below.







(a) What quantities are kept constant in this experiment?
Length // cross-sectional area // type of material // temperature of the wire

(b) State the changes in the gradient of the graph, if
i) the constantan wire is heated
R |, gradient | // the resistance increases, hence the gradient increases

ii) a constantan wire of a smaller cross-sectional area is used
R |, gradient | // the resistance increases, hence the gradient increases

iii) a shorter constantan wire is used
R +, gradient + // the resistance decreases, hence the gradient decreases










Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 27 -

7.3 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Current Flow and Potential Difference in Series and Parallel Circuit
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT


1 the current flows through each bulb/resistor is
the same
I

= I
1
= I
2
= I
3
2 the potential difference across each bulb /
resistor depends directly on its resistance. The
potential difference supplied by the dry cells is
shared by all the bulbs / resistors.

V

= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
where V is the potential
difference across the
battery

3 If Ohms law is applied separately to each bulb /
resistor, we get :
V

= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3

IR

= IR
1
+ IR
2
+ IR
3


If each term in the equation is divided by I, we
get the effective resistance

R

= R
1
+ R
2
+ + R
3





1 the potential difference is the same across each
bulb/resistor
V

= V
1
= V
2
= V
3

2 the current passing through each bulb / resistor is
inversely proportional to the resistance of the
resistor. The current in the circuit equals to the
sum of the currents passing through the bulbs /
resistors in its parallel branches.

I

= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
where I is the total current
from the battery

3 If Ohms law is applied separately to each bulb /
resistor, we get :
I

= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3



If each term in the equation is divided by V, we
get the effective resistance







V
R
V
R
1
V
R
2
+ =
V
R
3
+
1
R
1
R
1
1
R
2
+ = +
1
R
3
I

V

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 28 -
Identify series circuit or parallel circuit

(a) (b)

(c)
(d)
Series Parallel A, B - series Q, S - parallel

Ammeter reading Current












Voltmeter reading Potential difference Voltage











1
5
6
3
2
2
0.5
1
3
3
2
5
2
1.5
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 29 -

Effective resistance, R


(a)
R = 20 + 10 + 5= 35 O


(b)
1/R = +1/5 + 1/10 = 4/5
Effective R = 1.25 O

(c)
1/R = 1/8 + 1/8= 1/8
R = 4 O
Effective R = 20 + 10 + 4 = 34 O


(d)
1/R =1/16 + 1/8 + 1/8
=5/16
Effective R = 3.2 O

(e)
1/R = 1/4 + 1/2=3/4
R = 1.33 O
Effective R = 1.33 + 1 = 2.33 O

(f)
1/R = 1/4 + 1/12=1/3
R = 3 O
Effective R = 3 + 2 = 5 O


(g)
Effective R = 2+5+3+10
= 20 O

(h)
1/R = 1/20 + 1/20=1/10
R = 10 O
Effective R = 10 + 10 + 5 =2 5 O


(i)
1/R = 1/5 + 1/10=3/10
R = 3.33 O



(j)
1/R = 1/10 + 1/10=2/10
R = 5 O

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 30 -

Solve problems using V = IR




















Exercise 7.3

1. The two bulbs in the figure have a resistance of 2O and 3O
respectively. If the voltage of the dry cell is 2.5 V, calculate

(a) the effective resistance, R of the circuit
Effective R = 2 + 3 = 5 O

(b) the main current, I in the circuit (c) the potential difference across each bulb.
V = IR 2O: V = IR = (0.5)(2) = 1V
2.5 =I(5) 3O: V = IR = (0.5)(3) = 1.5 V
= 0.5 A







V = IR
9 =I(18)
= 0.5O
V = IR
240 = 6(R)
I =40 A
1/R = 1/5 + 1/20=1/4
R = 4 O
Effective R = 1 + 4 = 5 O
V = IR
= 2(5) = 10 V

1/R = 1/10 + 1/10 =2/10
R = 5 O
Effective R = 1 + 4 = 5 O

V = IR
12 =I(5)
= 2.4 A
0.5A
2
3
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 31 -
2.

There are two resistors in the circuit shown. Resistor R
1
has a
resistance of 1O. If a 3V voltage causes a current of 0.5A to flow
through the circuit, calculate the resistance of R
2
.
V = IR
3=0.5(1+R
2
)
R
2
= 5O







3.

The electrical current flowing through each branch, I
1
and I
2
, is 5
A. Both bulbs have the same resistance, which is 2O. Calculate
the voltage supplied.
Parallelcircuit;V =V
1
=V
2
= IR
1
or
= IR
2

= 5(2)
= 10 V
4.
The voltage supplied to the parallel is 3 V. R
1
and R
2
have a resistance of 5O and 20O. Calculate

(a) the potential difference across each resistor
3 V (parallel circuit)

(b) the effective resistance, R of the circuit
1/R = 1/5 + 1/20 =1/4
R = 4 O

(c) the main current, I in the circuit (d) the current passing through each resistor
V = IR 5O: V = IR 20 O: V = IR
3 =I(4) 3 =I(5) 3 =I(20)
= 0.75 A I = 0.6 A I = 0.15 A




5. In the circuit shown, what is the reading on the ammeter
when switch, S

(a) is open? (b) is closed?

Effective R = 6 O Effective R = 4 O
V = IR V = IR
12 =I(6) 12 =I(4)
I = 2 A I = 3 A

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 32 -
6. Determine the voltmeter reading.
(a)

(b)

Determine the ammeter reading.
(a)



7.

Calculate
(a) The effective resistance, R
R = 12 O
(b) The main current, I
I = 2 A
(c) The current passing through 8O and 2.5O
resistors.
I = 2 A


(d) (i) The potential difference across 8O
resistor.
V = IR
= 2(8) = 16 V
(ii) The potential difference across 2.5O
resistor.
V = IR
= 2(2.5) = 5 V
(e) The current passing through 6 O resistor.
V = V
8
+ V
2.5
+V
parallel

24 = 16 + 5 + V
parallel

V
parallel
= 3V
V = IR
3 = I(6)
I = 0.5 A









R = 12 O
I = 24/12
= 2A

V= IR
= (2)(8)
= 16 V
R = 12 O
I = 6/12
= 0.5A
V at 9O : V= IR
= (0.5)(9)
= 4.5 V
V reading : 6 4.5 = 1.5 V
R =9 O
I = 4.5/9
= 0.5A

A reading : 0.5/2= 0.25 A
Notes: Divide 2 because
the resistors have similar
resistance.

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 33 -

8.


The electrical components in our household appliances are connected in a combination of series and
parallel circuits. The above figure shows a hair dryer which has components connected in series and
parallel. Describe how the circuit works.

Suggested answer


The hair dryer has three switches A, B and C
When switch A is switched on, the dryer will only blow air at ordinary room temperature
When switches A and B are both switched on, the dryer will blow hot air.
As a safety feature to prevent overheating, the heating element will not be switched on if the fan is
not switched on
The hair dryer has an energy saving feature. Switch C will switch on the dryer only when it is
held by the hand of user
The body of the hair dryer must be safe to hold and does not get hot easily












Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 34 -

7.4 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Electromotive force
Figure (a) Figure (b)



1. An electrical circuit is set up as shown in figure (a). A high resistance voltmeter is
connected across a dry cell which labeled 1.5 V.
a) Figure (a) is (an open circuit / a closed circuit)
b) There is (current flowing / no current flowing) in the circuit. The bulb (does not light up /
lights up)
c) The voltmeter reading shows the (amount of current flow across the dry cell / potential
difference across the dry cell)
d) The voltmeter reading is (0 V / 1.5 V / Less than 1.5 V)
e) The potential difference across the cell in open circuit is (0 V / 1.5 V / Less than 1.5 V).
Hence, the electromotive force, e.m.f., E is (0 V / 1.5 V / Less than 1.5 V)
No current flow
R
Voltmeter reading,
e.m.f.
Voltmeter reading,
potential difference, V < e.m.f.,
E
E , r
Current flowing
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 35 -
f) It means, (0 J / less than 1.5 J / 1.5 J / 3.0 J) of electrical energy is required to move 1 C
charge across the cell or around a complete circuit.
2. The switch is then closed as shown in figure (b).

a) Figure (b) is (an open circuit / a closed circuit)
b) There is (current flowing / no current flowing) in the circuit. The bulb (does not light up /
lights up)
c) The voltmeter reading is the (potential difference across the dry cell / potential difference
across the bulb / electromotive force).
d) The reading of the voltmeter when the switch is closed is (lower than/ the same as /
higher than) when the switch is open.
e) If the voltmeter reading in figure (b) is 1.3 V, it means, the electrical energy dissipated by
1C of charge after passing through the bulb is (0.2 J / 1.3 J / 1.5 J)
f) The potential difference drops by (0.2 V/ 1.3 V / 1.5 V). It means, the potential difference
lost across the internal resistance, r of the dry cell is (0.2 V/ 1.3 V / 1.5 V).

g) State the relationship between e.m.f , E , potential difference across the bulb, V
R
and drop
in potential difference due to internal resistance, V
r
.

Electromotive force, e.m.f., E = Potential Difference + Drop in Potential Difference
across resistor, R due to internal resistance,r

= V
R
+ V
r
where V
R
= IR and V
r
= Ir
= IR + Ir
= I (R + r)









Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 36 -


3.


a) Why is the potential difference across the resistor not the same as the e.m.f. of the
battery?
The potential drops as much as 0.4 V across the internal resistance
b) Determine the value of the internal resistance.

Since E = V + Ir
1.5 = 1.1 + 0.5 r
r = 0.8 O
Therefore, the value of the internal resistance is 0.8 O

c) Determine the value of the external resistor.

Since V = IR
1.1 = 0.5 R
R = 2.2 O

Therefore, the value of the external resistance is 2.2 O






Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 37 -


Activity : To determine the values of the electromotive force (e.m.f.) and
the internal resistance, r of the cell










Interference
Hypothesis To investigate the relationshipbetween V and I
Aim
To determine the values of the electromotive force (e.m.f.) and
the internal resistance, r of the cell
Apparatus /
materials
Dry cells holder, ammeter (0 1 A), voltmeter(0 5 V), rheostat (0 15 O), connecting
wires, switch, and 2 pieces of 1.5 V dry cell.
Method :
a) Set up the circuit as shown in the figure.
b) Turn on the switch, and adjust the rheostat to give a small reading of the
ammeter, I, 0.2 A.
c) Read and record the readings of ammeter and voltmeter respectively
d) Adjust the rheostat to produce four more sets of readings, I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5
A and 0.6 A.

Tabulation of
data
:
Current, I/A Volt, V/V
0.2 2.6
0.3 2.5
0.4 2.4
0.5 2.2
V
Dry cell
Internal resistance
+ -
Switch
Rheostat
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 38 -
0.6 2.0
0.7 1.9






Analysis of data

Draw a graph of
V against I

:














Discussion : 1. From the graph plotted, state the relationship between the potential difference, V
across the cell and the current flow, I?
The potential difference, V across the cell decreases as the current flow increases.
2. A cell has an internal resistance, r. This is the resistance against the movement of
the charge due to the electrolyte in the cell. With the help of the figure, explain the
result obtained in this experiment.
When the current flowing through the circuit increases, the quantity of charge
flowing per unit time increased. Hence, more energy was lost in moving a larger
amount of charge across the electrolyte. Because of this, there was a bigger drop
in potential difference measured by the voltmeter.
3. By using the equation E = V + Ir
(a) write down V in terms of E, I and r.
V = -rI + E

(b) explain how can you determine the values of E and r from the graph plotted
in this experiment.
E = the vertical intercept of the V I graph
R = the gradient of the V I graph
Potential difference, V /V
Current, I /A
3.0 -
2.0 -
1.0 -
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 39 -

(c) determine the values of E and r from the graph.
By extrapolating the graph until it cuts the vertical axis,
E = 2.9 V
r = - gradient
= 1.4 O

Exercise 7.4
1

A voltmeter connected directly across a battery gives a reading of 1.5 V.
The voltmeter reading drops to 1.35 V when a bulb is connected to the
battery and the ammeter reading is 0.3 A. Find the internal resistance of
the battery.

E = 1.5 V, V = 1.35 V, I = 0.3 A
Substitute in : E = V + Ir
1.5 = 1.35 + 0.3(r)
r = 0.5 O

2. A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistence has a value of
10.0 O and the potential difference across it is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the circuit and the
internal resistance, r.
E = 3.0 V, R = 10 O, V = 2.5 V
Calculate current : V = IR , I = 0.25 A
Calculate internal resistance : E = I(R + r), 3.0 = 0.25(10+r)
r = 2.0 O
3
A simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5O. When the switch is
closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.
Calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading in open circuit
The voltmeter reading = e.m.f. = 2 V
(b) the resistance, R (c) the voltmeter reading in closed circuit
E = I(R + r) V = IR
2 = 0.4(R + 0.5) = 0.4 (4.5)
R = 4.5 O = 1.8 V





Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 40 -
4



Find the voltmeter reading and the resistance, R of the
resistor.
E = V + Ir
12 = V + 0.5 (1.2)
V = 11.4 V

V = IR
11.4 = 0.5 (R)
R = 22.8 O

5

A cell of e.m.f., E and internal resistor, r is connected
to a rheostat. The ammeter reading, I and the
voltmeter reading, V are recorded for different
resistance, R of the rheostat. The graph of V against I
is as shown.
From the graph, determine

a) the electromotive force, e.m.f., E b) the internal resistor, r of the cell
E = V + Ir r = - gradient
Rearrange : V = E - I r = - (6 - 2)
Equivalent : y = mx + c 2
Hence, from V I graph : E = c = intercept of V-axis = 2 O
= 6 V
6

The graph V against I shown was obtained from an experiment.

a) Sketch a circuit diagram for the experiment

b) From the graph, determine
i) the internal resistance of the battery ii) the e.m.f. of the battery
r = -gradient E = c = intercept of V-axis
= 0.26O = 1.5 V


e.m.f.
6
2
2
/A
/ V
1/A
V / V
1.5
0.2
5
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 41 -
7









A graph of R against 1/I shown in figure was obtained
from an experiment to determine the electromotive force,
e.m.f., E and internal resistance, r of a cell. From the
graph, determine
a) the internal resistance of the cell
E = I(R + r)
Rearrange : R =
I
E
- r,
Hence, r = -gradient = -(-0.2) = 0.2O
b) the e.m.f. of the cell
e.m.f. = gradient = 3 V


7.5 ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

Electrical Energy

1. Energy Conversion

(a) (b)














2. When an electrical appliance is switched on, the current flows and the electrical energy
supplied by the source is transformed to other forms of energy.
R/O
1.3
- 0.2
0.5
1 (A
-1
)
I
battery
(chemical energy)
Light and heat
energy
current current
Energy Conversion:
Chemical energy Electrical energy
Light energy
+ Heat energy
battery
(chemical energy)
current current
Energy Conversion:
Chemical energy Electrical energy
Kinetic energy
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 42 -
3. Therefore, we can define electrical energy as : The energy carried by electrical charges
which can be transformed to other forms of energy by the operation of an electrical
appliance.

Electrical Energy and Electrical Power
1. Potential difference, V across two points is the energy,E dissipated or transferred by a
coulomb of charge, Q that moves across the two points.
2. Therefore,

3. Hence,
4. Power is defined as the rate of energy dissipated or transferred.
5. Hence,

Electrical Energy, E Electrical Power, P
From the definition of potential
difference, V



Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy,
Electrical energy converted, E





; where Q = It


Hence,


; where V = IR


Hence,


; where I = V
R


Hence,



SI unit : J oule (J )

SI unit : J oule per second // J s
-1
// Watt(W)

E
Q
V =
E =VQ
E =VI t
E =I
2
Rt
V
2
t
R
E =
E
t
P =
VQ
t
P =
P =VI
I
2
R
P =
P =I
2
R
Electrical energy dissipated, E
Charge, Q
Potential difference, V =
E =VQ
Energy dissipated, E
time, t
Power, P =
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 43 -
Power Rating and Energy Consumption of Various Electrical Appliances

1. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given period of time can be calculated by
Energy consumed = Power rating x Time
E = Pt where energy, E is in Joules
power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
2. The unit of measurement used for electrical energy consumption is the
kilowatt-hour, kWh.
1 kWh = 1000 x 3600 J
= 3.6 x 10
6
J
= 1 unit
3. One kilowatt-hour is the electrical energy dissipated or transferred by a 1 kW device in
one hour
4. Household electrical appliances that work on the heating effect of current are usually
marked with voltage, V and power rating, P.
5. The energy consumption of an electrical appliance depends on the power rating and the
usage time, E = Pt
6. Power dissipated in a resistor, three ways to calculate:






R= 100O, I=0.5 A, P=?

P = I
2
R
= (0.5)
2
100
= 25 watts





R= 100O, V=50 W, P=?
P = (V/R)
2
R
= V
2
/R
= (50)
2
/100
= 2500/100
= 25 watts





V=50 V, I=0.5 A, P=?

P = I
2
(V/I)
= IV
= (0.50)50
= 25 watts


Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 44 -
Cost of energy
Appliance Quantity Power / W Power / kW Time
Energy
Consumed
(kWh)
Bulb 5 60 0.06 8 hours 2.4
Refrigerator 1 400 0.4 24 hours 9.6
Kettle 1 1500 1.5 3 hours 4.5
Iron 1 1000 1.0 2 hours 2
Electricity cost: RM 0.28 per kWh
Total energy consumed, E = (2.4 + 9.6 + 4.5 + 2.0)
= 18.5 kWh
Cost = 18.5 kWh x RM 0.28
= RM 5.18
Comparing Various Electrical Appliances in Terms of Efficient Use of Energy
1. A tungsten filament lamp changes electrical energy to
useful light energy and unwanted heat energy
2. A fluorescent lamp or an energy saving lamp
produces less heat than a filament lamp for the same
amount of light produced.
3. a) Efficiency of a filament lamp :
Efficiency = Output power x 100
Input power
= 3 x 100
60
= 5 %
b) Efficiency of a fluorescent lamp and an energy
saving lamp
Efficiency = Output power x 100
Input power
= 3 x 100
12
= 25 %
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 45 -
Exercise 7.5
1. How much power dissipated in the bulb?

(a)


(b)



2.



Calculate
(a) the current, I in the circuit (b) the energy released in R
1
in 10 s.





(b) the electrical energy supplied by the battery in 10 s.



5 V
R = 10O
5 V
R = 10O
R = 10O
R1=2O
R2=4O
R3=4O
V= 15V
I
P = V
2

R
= 5
2
/ 10
= 2.5 W
P = V
2

R
= 5
2
/ 5
= 5 W
Total resistance, R = (2 + 4 + 4) O
= 10 O

V = IR
I = V/R
= 15 / 10
= 1.5 A
E = I
2
Rt
= (1.5)
2
(10)(10)
= 225 J
E = I
2
Rt
= (1.5)
2
(2)(10)
= 45 J
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 46 -
2. A lamp is marked 12 V, 24 W. How many joules of electrical energy does it consume
in an hour?



3. A current of 5A flows through an electric heater when it is connected to the 24 V mains
supply. How much heat is released after 2 minutes?



4. An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW. Calculate the resistance of its heating element and
the current at normal usage.




5. An electric kettle operates at 240 V and carries current of 1.5 A.
(a) How much charge will flow through the heating coil in 2 minutes.



(b) How much energy will be transferred to the water in the kettle in 2 minutes?



(c) What is the power dissipated in the kettle?








E = Pt
= 24 (1 x 60 x 60)
= 86 400 J

E = VI t
= 24 (5) (2 x 60)
= 14 400 J

Q = I t
= (1.5) (2 x 60)
= 180 C
E = QV
= 180 (240)
= 43.2 kJ
P = IV
= 1.5 (240)
= 360 W
P = IV R = V
2
/P
I = P/V
= 2000 / 240 R =28.8O
= 8.3 A

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 47 -
6. An electric kettle is labeled 3 kW, 240 V.

(a) What is meant by the label 3 kW, 240 V?
The electric kettle dissipates electrical power 3 kW if it operates at 240 V

(b) What is the current flow through the kettle?



(c) Determine the suitable fuse to be used in the kettle.
13 A
(d) Determine the resistance of the heating elements in the kettle.



7. Table below shows the power rating and energy consumption of some electrical appliances
when connected to the 240 V mains supply.
Appliance Quantity Power rating / W Time used per day
Kettle jug 1 2000 1 hour
Refrigerator 1 400 24 hours
Television 1 200 6 hours
Lamp 5 60 8 hours
Electricity cost: RM 0.218 per kWh
Calculate
(a) Energy consumed in 1 day
Energy consumed = Quantity x Power rating (kW) x Time used
Kettle jug, = 1 x 2 x 1 = 2 kWh
Refrigerator = 1 x 0.4 x 24 = 9.6 kWh
Television = 1 x 0.2 x 6
= 1.2 kWh
Lamp = 5 x 0.06 x 8
= 2.4 kWh
Total energy consumed = 15.2 kWh
P = IV
3000 = I (240)
I = 12.5 A
P = I
2
R
3000 = (12.5)
2
R
R = 19.2 O
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 48 -
(b) How much would it cost to operate the appliances for 1 month?
Cost = 15.2 kWh x 30 x RM 0.218
= RM 99.41

8. A vacuum cleaner consumes 1 kW of power but only delivers 400 J of useful work per
second. What is the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner?




9. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply
voltage is 12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate

(a) Energy input to the motor



(b) Useful energy output of the motor



(c) Efficiency of the motor











Efficiency = Output power x 100 %
Input power
= 400 x 100 %
1000
= 40 %
E = VIt
= 12 (5.0) (2.5)
= 150 J
U = mgh
= 2 (9.8) (5)
= 98 J
Efficiency = Output power x 100 %
Input power
= 98 x 100 %
150
= 65.3 %
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 49 -
Reinforcement Exercise Chapter 7
Part A: Objective Questions

1. What is the unit of electric charge?
A. Ampere, A
B. kelvin,K
C. Coulomb, C
D. Volt, V

2. Which of the following diagrams
shows the correct electric field?

A.

B.

C.







3. Which of the following graphs shows
the correct relationship between the
potential difference, V and current, I
for an ohmic conductor?
A.

B.

C.

D.

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 50 -
4. A small heater operates at 12 V, 2A.
How much energy will it use when it is
run for 5 minutes?
A. 90 J
B. 120 J
C. 1800 J
D. 7200 J

5. The electric current supplied by a
battery in a digital watch is 3.0 x 10
-5

A. What is the quantity of charge that
flows in 2 hours?

A. 2.5 x 10
-7
C
B. 1.5 x 10
-5
C
C. 6.0 x 10
-5
C
D. 3.6 x 10
-3
C
E. 2.2 x 10
-1
C

6. Which of the following circuits can be
used to determine the resistance of the
bulb?

A.

B.




C.


D.


7. Why is the filament made in the
shape of a coil?
A. To increase the length and produce
a higher resistance.
B. To increase the current and produce
more energy.
C. To decrease the resistance and
produce higher current
D. To decrease the current and produce
a higher potential difference

8. Which of the following will not
affect the resistance of a conducting
wire.
A. temperature
B. length
C. cross-sectional area
D. current flow through the wire



E =VIt
= 12(2)(5x 60)
= 7200J
Q=It
= 3.0 X10
-5
(2 X 60 X 60)
= 0.216C
= 2.2 X 10
-1
C
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 51 -
9. The potential difference between two
points in a circuit is
A. the rate of flow of the charge from
one point to another
B. the rate of energy dissipation in
moving one coulomb of charge
from one point to another
C. the work done in moving one
coulomb of charge from one point
to another
D. the work done per unit current
flowing from one point to another

10. An electric kettle connected to the
240 V main supply draws a current
of 10 A. What is the power of the
kettle?
A. 200 W
B. 2000 W
C. 2400 W
D. 3600 W
E. 4800 W

11. An e.m.f. of a battery is defined as

A. the force supplied to 1 C of charge
B. the power supplied to 1 C of charge
C. the energy supplied to 1 C of
charge
D. the pressure exerted on 1 C of
charge



12. Which two resistor combinations have
the same resistance between X and Y?




A. P and Q
B. P and S
C. Q and R
D. R and S
E.

13. In the circuit above, what is the
ammeter reading when the switch S
is turned on?
A. 1.0 A
B. 1.5 A
C. 2.0 A
D. 9.0 A
E. 10.0 A



P = IV
= 10(240)
= 2400 W
R= 1 R= 0.4
R= 2.5 R= 1
R = 6

I = V/R
= 12/6
= 2 A
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 52 -
14. A 2 kW heater takes 20 minutes to
heat a pail of water. How much
energy is supplied by the heater to
the water in this period of time?
A. 1.2 x 10
6
J
B. 1.8 x 10
6
J
C. 2.4 x 10
6
J
D. 3.6 x 10
6
J
E. 4.8 x 10
6
J

15. All bulbs in the circuits below are
identical. Which circuit has the
smallest effective resistance?
A.

B.

C.

D.


16. An electric motor lifts a load with a
potential difference 12 V and fixed
current 2.5 A. If the efficiency of the
motor is 80%, how long does it take
to lift a load of 600 N through a
vertical height of 4 m
A. 20 s
B. 40 s
C. 60 s
D. 80 s
E. 100 s

17. The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of
measurement of
A. Power
B. Electrical energy
C. Electromotive force




18. The circuit above shows four
identical bulbs to a cell 6 V. Which
bulb labeled A, B, C and D is the
brightest?



E = Pt
= 2 x 10
3
x 20 x 60
= 2400 x 10
3

= 2.4 x 10
6
J
80 = 600 x 4 x 100
t (2.5 x 12 )
t = 6000 x 4 X 100
2.5 x 12 80
= 100s
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 53 -
19. A 24 O resistor is connected across
the terminals of a 12 V battery.
Calculate the power dissipated in the
resistor.
A. 0.5 W
B. 2.0 W
C. 4.0 W
D. 6.0 W
E. 8.0 W

20. Which of the following quantities can
be measured in units of JC
-1
A. Resistance
B. Potential difference
C. Electric current
























R = 24
V = 1
2

P = V
2
/R
= 144/24
= 6.0W
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 54 -
Part B: Structured Questions
1.












The figure above shows a graph of electric current against potential difference for three
different conductors X, Y and Z.
(a) Among the three conductors, which conductor obeys Ohms law?
Conductor Y
(b) State Ohms law.
The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current that
flows through it, if the temperature and other physical quantities are kept constant.
(c) Resistance, R is given by the formula R = V/I. What is the resistance of X when the
current flowing through it is 0.4 A? Show clearly on the graph how is the answer
obtained.
From the graph I against V;
resistance, R = reciprocal of gradient, 1/gradient
=
11 . 0
1

= 9.09 O
(d) Among X, Y and Z, which is a bulb? Explain your answer.
X, because as I increases, the gradient decreases. Hence, the resistance X increases
as I increases which is a characteristic of a bulb.

Gradient
=
0 6 . 3
2 . 0 6 . 0

= 0.11 A V
-1
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 55 -
2. The figure below shows an electric kettle connected to a 240 V power supply by a
flexible cable. The kettle is rated 240 V, 2500 W.







The table below shows the maximum electric current that is able to flow through
wires of various diameters.

diameter of wire / mm maximum current / A
0.80 8
1.00 10
1.20 13
1.40 15

(a) What is the current flowing through the cable when the kettle is switched
on?
P = IV
I = P/V = 2500 / 240 = 10.4 A
(b) Referring to the table above,
i. What is the smallest diameter wire that can be safely used for this
kettle?
1.20 mm
ii. Explain why it is dangerous to use a wire thinner than the one selected
in b(i)
As resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area,
a thinner wire will have a higher resistance thus the wire will
become very hot. This could probably cause a fire to break
out.

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 56 -
(c) State one precautionary measure that should be taken to ensure safe usage of
the kettle.
Do not operate kettle with wet hands.

(d) Mention one fault that might happen in the cable that will cause the fuse in the
plug to melt.
Short circuit might occur if the insulating materials of the wires in the cable are
damaged.


























Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 57 -
Part C: Essay Questions
1. Figure 1 shows the reading of the voltmeter in a simple electric circuit
Figure 2 shows the reading of the same voltmeter



(a) What is meant by electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a battery?
(b) Referring to figure (a) and figure (b), compare the state of the switch, S, and
the readings of the voltmeter. State a reason for the observation on the
readings of the voltmeter.
(c) Draw a suitable simple electric circuit and a suitable graph, briefly explain
how the e.m.f. and the quantity in your reason in (b) can be obtained.
(d)



The figure above shows a dry cell operated torchlight with metal casing
(i) What is the purpose of the spring in the torchlight?
(ii) Why it is safe to use the torchlight although the casing is made of metal?
(iii) What is the purpose of having a concave reflector in the torchlight?

Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 58 -
Suggested Answers
1. (a) The work done by a battery to move a unit charge around a complete circuit.

(b) - Switch in figure 1 is turned off
- Switch in figure 2 in turned on
- Reading of voltmeter in figure 1 is higher than in figure 2
- This is due to the presence of an internal resistance in the battery

(c)




























e.m.f = intercept on the v-axis
internal resistance = -(gradient of the graph)
(d)
(i) To improve the contact between the dry cells and the terminals of the
torchlight
(ii) Current flowing through the torchlight is very small, will not cause
electric shock
(iii) To converge the light rays to obtain increase the intensity of the light rays
projected by the torchlight.



emf
0
Potential difference, V/V
Currrent, I/A
V
Dry cell
Internal resistance
+ -
Switch
Rheostat
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 59 -
2. A group of engineers were entrusted to choose a suitable cable to be used as the
transmitting cable for a long distance electrical transmission through National Grid
Network.
Four different cables and their characteristic of the cables were given. The length and
diameter of all the cables are similar.

(a) Define the resistance of a conductor.
(b) The table below shows the characteristic of the four cables, A, B, C and D.

Resistivity /
O m
Maximum load
before breaking/
N
Density /
kgm
-3
Rate of
expansion
A 0.020 500 2800 Low
B 0.056 300 3200 Low
C 0.031 400 5600 Medium
D 0.085 200 3800 High

Base on the above table:
(i) Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the table to be used for a long
distance electricity transmission
(ii) Determine the most suitable wire and state the reason

(c) Suggest how three similar bulbs are arranged effectively in a domestic circuit.
Draw a diagram to explain your answer. Give two reasons for the arrangement.
(d) An electric kettle is rated 2.0 kW.
(i) Calculate how long would it take to boil 1.5 kg of water from an initial
temperature of 28
0
C.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg
-1

0
C
-1
]
(ii) What is the assumption made in the calculations above?




Physics Module Form 5
Teachers Guide Chapter 7: Electricity
- 60 -

Suggested Answers
2.(a) Resistance is the ratio of potential difference to current flowing in an ohmic conductor.
(b)
Characteristics Explanations
A low resistivity Energy loss during transmission is reduced
Max load before
braking is high
Stronger and long lasting
A low density
Mass or weight reduced. Can be supported by transmission
tower
Rate of expansion Cable will not slag when it heated during transmission
Cable A is chosen because it has low resistivity, high max load before breaking, low
density and low expansion rate.




ac

(c) (i) If one bulb is burnt the others is still be lighted up
(ii) Each bulb can be switch on and off independently
(d) (i) Pt = mc
(2000)(t) = (1.5)(4200)(100-28)
t = 226.8 s
(ii) No heat is lost to the surroundings and absorbed by the kettle





END OF MODULE CHAPTER 7