Wavelet and ANN Based Detection of

Inrush and Internal Faults in Power Transformers

Dr. C. Venkatesh
Prof. and HoD
Dept. of EEE
SR Engineering College
Warangal, AP
Introduction
Transformer Faults
Differential Protection
Inrush Current
Fault Current and Inrush Current Detection
Wavelet Transforms
Artificial Neural Networks
Conclusion
Presentation Sequence
Power transformers are one of the most
important components of power system
network.
Their protection is of utmost importance.
Any maloperation can lead to heavy power
losses and monetary losses.
Faults in Power Transformer
INTERNAL FAULTS
Terminal to ground fault
Turn to turn fault
Core insulation failure
Phase to ground fault
Phase to phase fault
Turn to turn fault
Core insulation failure
EXTERNAL FAULTS
Open circuit fault
External system short circuits
Line-to-ground fault (LG)
Line-to-line fault (LL)
Line-to-line to ground fault (LLG)
3-phase fault (LLL)
3-phase to ground fault (LLLG)
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
The electric protective relaying
of power transformers
is based on percentage
differential relaying technique.
These compare currents from all
the terminals to a predetermined
threshold .
In case of an internal fault the
circuit breaker isolates the
transformer from the system
INRUSH CURRENT
When the transformer is suddenly connected to an AC
voltagesource, theremaybeasubstantial increaseinthe
primarywindingcurrent,knownasinrushcurrent.
Thephaserelationisthatfluxandcurrentareinphaseand
lagvoltageby 90degrees.
Voltage at zero position Voltage at its positive peak
Continuous Operation of Power Transformer
Cold Start of Power Transformer
Inrush Current and
Resulting
Differential Current
Transformer
Equivalent
Circuit
Differential protection discriminates between internal and external fault
currents
Butfailstodiscriminatebetweenfaultandinrushcurrent.
The magnitude of magnetization inrush current is similar to internal fault
currentandinrushcurrent.
Inrushisatransientphenomenonanddoesntrequirerelayoperation.
Relaytobeoperatedonlyforinternal faultsandnotforinrush
Manyrelaysareofslowactingtypesothattheyarenotoperatedforinrush.
Amethod to discriminate between inrush and fault current, to prevent any
maloperationoftherelayisrequired.
EARLIER ALGORITHMS USED FOR
DISCRIMINATION AND THEIR
DISADVANTAGES
The first method was by using the magnitude of second
harmoniccomponent.
However during extensive fault conditions the second
harmonicoffaultcurrentisgreaterthanthatofinrush.
Thentherewasthealgorithmusing wavelettransformswith
fuzzysystems
However themajor drawbackof thiswastheneedof fuzzy
lawswhichrequireextensivetrainingpatterns
Thentherewasthealgorithmusingwavelet transformusing
feedforwardneural networks
Thencamemathematical modelslikesupport vectormachine
andGaussianmixturemodel
These suffered the drawback of requirement of large data
windowforinputsandwerecomparativelyless effectivethan
artificialneural networks.
PROPOSED ALGORITHM
Captureonecycleofprimarycurrent
Obtaindifferential currentId=Ip-Is
CalculateDWTofprimarycurrent
Obtainstandarddeviationofdecomposedlevelsd1,d2,d3.
These parameters are given to ANN as input data to
discriminatethefaultsandinrushthatishealthycondition.
If ANNoutput isdiscriminatedasfault, thenissuetripsignal
otherwise proceed further i.e. monitor the differential
current.
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Single phase transformer simulation circuit
INRUSH CURRENT ANALYSIS
Inrush current at t=0.04sec
Inrush current at t=0.045sec
Inrush current at t=0.052ec.
INTERNAL FAULT CURRENT ANALYSIS
Primary fault current at t=0.04sec Primary fault current at t=0.045sec
WAVELET ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY CURRENTS
Coefficients obtained from the inrush current waveform
time d1 d2 d3
0.04 1.055 5.926 41.54
0.041 0.8699 7.486 52.37
0.042 0.7731 9.461 62.06
0.043 0.7869 9.199 66.64
0.044 0.8488 10.55 80.81
0.045 0.8818 10.4 93.54
0.046 0.8047 9.529 76.87
0.047 0.7619 8.604 65.31
0.048 0.7993 8.743 51.83
0.049 0.9599 6.434 40.07
0.05 1.049 5.304 43.35
0.051 0.938 7.287 49.59
0.052 0.7419 9.636 60.09
0.053 0.7927 9.05 67.88
0.054 0.8511 10.36 80.79
0.055 0.8684 10.55 95.44
0.056 0.7953 9.52 67.84
0.057 0.7331 8.835 62.44
0.058 0.8514 8.836 46.06
0.059 0.989 6.193 41.54
0.06 1.159 5.963 43.49
standard deviation values of inrush
current detail coefficients
WAVELET ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY CURRENTS
Coefficients obtained from internal fault current waveform
(terminal to ground fault)
time d1 d2 d3
0.04 83.95 199.7 2565
0.041 198.4 408.4 1932
0.042 478.8 902.5 5146
0.043 499 1631 7373
0.044 179.5 288.6 1634
0.045 161.8 220.4 1430
0.046 166.1 172.3 1628
0.047 484.2 2574 4137
0.048 175.8 740.7 2234
0.049 190.1 436.4 1787
0.05 15.21 46.98 77.02
0.051 160.6 573.5 1572
0.052 296.9 1262 2384
0.053 70.65 166.6 1270
0.054 43.58 142.6 945.9
0.055 54.41 196.5 1139
0.056 39.14 168.5 1167
0.057 112.9 216.3 1251
0.058 49.1 133.3 1179
0.059 135.9 401.7 730.1
0.06 70.45 131 916.6
standard deviation values of primary
current for internal fault on primary
time d1 d2 d3
0.04 579.8 1252 2735
0.041 376.3 1138 1780
0.042 291.9 928.6 527.4
0.043 282.9 962.6 1540
0.044 287.1 469.4 557.4
0.045 226.7 751.4 725.9
0.046 222.4 203.1 886.8
0.047 213.5 562.1 531.1
0.048 303.1 1283 1.36E+04
0.049 275.8 1628 1.53E+04
0.05 357.9 2481 1.66E+04
0.051 573.7 3468 2.01E+04
0.052 666.4 3586 7.65E+03
0.053 362.2 3677 1.28E+04
0.054 764.6 4033 1.16E+04
0.055 596.9 3103 1.21E+04
0.056 561.5 3189 2.25E+04
0.057 680.3 3602 1.87E+04
0.058 359.2 3653 1.60E+04
0.059 530 3756 2.13E+04
0.06 680.1 3892 3.98E+03
WAVELET ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY CURRENTS
standard deviation values of primary
current for internal fault on secondary
Structure of ANN
Data set One input layer with three input
nodes,
One hidden layer with four nodes
and
an output layer with two output
nodes
45 values are given for
training and
18 values are used to
test the ANN
ANN
Training:
Training output
Testing output
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
INRUSH CURRENT ANALYSIS
t = 0.04 s
Inrush
waveform of
phase A
Inrush
waveform of
phase B
Inrush
waveform of
phase C
INTERNAL FAULT CURRENT ANALYSIS
ABG fault on
primary side of
transformer at
t = 0.04 s
Phase A current
Phase B current
Phase C current
INTERNAL FAULT CURRENT ANALYSIS
ABG fault on
secondary
side of
transformer at
t = 0.04 s
Phase A current
Phase B current
Phase C current
Structure of ANN
Data set
One input layer with three
input neurons,
One hidden layer with four
neurons and
an output layer with two
output neurons.
63 values are given for
training and
42 values are used to
test the ANN
ANN for each phase
current analysis
Training output
Network A
Network B
Network C
Test output
Network A
Network B
Network C
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF A IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM
USING BACK PROPAGATION ALGORITHM
Technique Employed: Artificial Neural Network.
Algorithm: Back Propagation Algorithm.
BUS NO.1 IS TAKEN AS SLACK BUS
NO. OF PQ BUSES = 9
NO. OF PV BUSES = 4
At each bus Pgen, Qgen, Pload and Qload are given
Pinj = Pgen Pload and
Qinj = Qgen - Qload
are calculated and are inputs
HENCE, NO. OF INPUT NODES = 13*2 = 26.
For pq buses we need to calculate |V| and <V.
Assuming that Q constraints are specified for the PV buses, we need to calculate |V|
and <V.
HENCE, NO. OF OUTPUT NODES = 13*2 = 26.
No. of hidden layer nodes = 26
No. of training patterns = train_p = 16
No. of testing patterns = test_p = 4
output:
ETA= 0.50
Iterations= 4534
Error Rate= 0.000100
output:
ETA= 0.500000 Iterations= 3714 Error Rate= 0.000100
ETA= 0.550000 Iterations= 3895 Error Rate= 0.000100
ETA= 0.600000 Iterations= 3427 Error Rate= 0.000100
ETA= 0.650000 Iterations= 4308 Error Rate= 0.000100
ETA= 0.700000 Iterations= 3449 Error Rate= 0.000100
ETA= 0.750000 Iterations= 3965 Error Rate= 0.000100
ETA= 0.800000 Iterations= 4420 Error Rate= 0.000100
CONCLUSION
Efficient algorithm has been developed for di scrimi nation of inrush
current and internal fault current in power transformers
Wavelet-ANN detection technique demonstrated.
ANN application for Load Flow Anal ysis discussed.
Thankyou