陳坤隆

:D9507103
Development of a Novel Coreless Hall Effect Current

Transformer
IEC standard 60044-8
1.0 5P18
-i-
Abstract
Iron cores are a necessary component of traditional current transformers
(CTs) because in addition to transforming a magnetic field into electricity,
iron cores can also help currents to be measured accurately by eliminating the
effects of the geometric shape of the measured objects. When a fault occurs in
a power system, the fault currents usually contain large direct current offsets,
and therefore may cause saturation of the CT iron cores. This saturation
phenomenon will cause distortion of current waveforms in the secondary
windings, resulting in false responses in current measurement and protective
systems. These problems, therefore, severely affect the safety and reliability
of power systems. Furthermore, the bulkiness of traditional CTs, create extra
restrictions on the development of smart grid.
In this research, a new method for performing current measurement is
proposed; this method involves the use of Hall sensors without iron cores,
called a coreless Hall effect current transformer (HCT). Hall sensors are
symmetrically attached to the conducting cable. The HCT calculates the
average Hall voltages generated by Hall sensors; thus, it can eliminate the
problems of asymmetrical magnetic fields. The simulation and measurement
results show that the HCT can effectively eliminate the ambient interference
and the effects caused by electric cables not being infinitely long straight
conductors. The accuracy class of the current measurements using HCTs
without iron cores is as good as that obtained using traditional CTs. Moreover,
in the presence of faults, HCTs do not encounter problems related to
saturation that exist in traditional CTs. According to IEC standard 60044-8,
the proposed method can achieve the accuracy class 1.0 for measuring CTs,
and the accuracy class 5P18 for protective CTs.
Keywordscurrent measurement, current transformer, coreless Hall effect
current transformer, Hall sensor, quiescent output voltage
- ii -
!
-
ESRC
Ellen
- iii -

....i
...ii
..iii
..iv
.vii
.1
1.1 1
1.2 2
1.3 2
.4
2.1 4
2.2 4
2.2.1 .4
2.2.2 .5
2.2.3 ...6
2.3 9
2.3.1 A1301 9
2.3.2 ...12
.......14
3.1 ..14
3.2 ..14
3.3 ..17
...21
4.1 ..21
4.2 ..21
4.2.1 ...21
- iv -
4.2.2 ...23
4.3 ..27
4.4 ..29
4.5 ..30
...32
5.1 ..32
5.2 ..32
5.2.1 d ..32
5.2.2 ...35
5.2.3 38
5.3 ..39
5.3.1 ...39
5.3.2 ...41
5.3.3 ...43
5.4
.44
5.4.1 .......44
5.4.2 ...45
5.4.3 ...54
...57
6.1 ..57
6.2 ..57
6.2.1 ...57
6.2.2 ...58
6.2.3 ...60
6.3 ..62
...63
7.1 ..63
-v-
7.2 ..63
7.2.1 ...63
7.2.2 ...67
7.2.3 ...69
7.3 ..71
7.3.1
...........................................................................................71
...82
8.1 ..82
8.2 ..83
.85
.89
- vi -

2-1
....5
2-2
A1301[23].9
2-3
25 A1301
[23]10
2-4
5V A1301
[23]11
2-5
25 A1301
[23]....11
2-6
5V A1301
[23]....12
4-1
(a)(b)......22
4-2
R ....22
4-3
...25
4-4
R1 = 026
4-5
d = 5r (r )
R1 ..26
4-6
...28
4-7
...29
4-8
...30
5-1
(a) 5-1(a)
(b) 5-1(b)
...33
5-2
...37
5-3
5-1(a)(d = 4r)
...37
- vii -
5-4
5-1(b)(d = 4r)
...37
5-5
5-1(a)(d = 4r)
...38
5-6
5-1(b)(d = 4r)
.......39
5-7
...40
5-8
L = 2D4D 6D
...41
5-9
3-8 A L
= 2D...42
5-10
S
.......42
5-11
L = 2D S = 0.1r43
5-12
23 kV GIS .44
6-1
LabVIEW ..58
6-2
...59
6-3
LabVIEW ..60
6-4
...61
6-5
LabVIEW ..61
7-1
(d=15cm) 0
R
...64
7-2
(d=15cm) 0
- viii -
R ...64
7-3
(d=15cm) 0
S
...65
7-4
(d=15cm) 0
S 65
7-5
(d=15cm) 0
T
...66
7-6
(d=15cm) 0
T
66
7-7
(d=15cm) 0
.67
7-8
(d=15cm) 0
.68
7-9
R ...69
7-10
S ..70
7-11
T ..70
7-12
0 ( R )
.72
7-13
0 ( R )
.72
7-14
0 ( G )
.73
- ix -
7-15
0 ( G )
.73
7-16
0 ( B )
.74
7-17
0 ( B )
.74
7-18
30 ( R )
.75
7-19
30 ( R )
.75
7-20
30 ( G )
.76
7-21
30 ( G )
.76
7-22
30 ( B )
.77
7-23
30 ( B )
.77
7-24
60 ( R )
.78
7-25
60 ( R )
.78
7-26
60 ( G )
.79
7-27
60 ( G )
.79
7-28
60 ( B )
.80
-x-
7-29
60 ( B )
.80
- xi -
2-1
(300 K) [19]...7
2-2
[14-17].....8
2-3
A1301 A1302 [23]10
3-1
IECANSI[2429]...15
3-2
IEC (Classes 0.1 1.0)

.......16
3-3
IEC ....16
3-4
IEC (Classes 3 5)........17
3-5
IEC ....17
3-6
IECANSI [3034]....18
3-7

...................................................................................................19
3-8
IEC ....19
3-9
IEC (Classes 3 5)....19
3-10
IEC ......20
5-1
5-1(a) d
.34
5-2
5-1(b) d
...35
5-3
-..36
5-4
d
...38
5-5
...45
5-6
Task 1 d = 10 cm
.47
- xii -
5-7
Task 1 = 0
.47
5-8
Task 1 = 15 = 75
.48
5-9
Task 1 = 30 = 60
.48
5-10
Task 1 = 45
.....49
5-11
Task 2 d = 10 cm
.49
5-12
Task 2 = 0
.50
5-13
Task 2 = 15 = 75
.50
5-14
Task 2 = 30 = 60
.51
5-15
Task 2 = 45
.51
5-16
Task 3 d = 10 cm
.52
5-17
Task 3 = 0
.52
5-18
Task 3 = 15 = 75
.53
5-19
Task 3 = 30 = 60
.53
5-20
Task 3 = 45
.54
- xiii -
5-21
.....55
5-22
Task 3 = 0
.56
6-1
...62
7-1
0
.....67
7-2
0
.68
7-3
0
.68
7-4
0
.71
7-5
RG B
.81
8-1
...83
8-2
...83
- xiv -

1.1
(current transformer, CT)

(
)
[1][2]( Rogowski coil )[3,4]
60 Hz
[5,6]
[7,8]
(Lorentz force)
(
)
-1-
(open-loop)(closed-loop)
()[912]
(
)
1.2
1.3
-2-
MATLAB/simulink
GIS
LabVIEW
-3-
2.1
(Hall effect
sensor)(magnet diode)(magnetoresistance )
(superconducting quantum interference device)
(nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometer) (giant
magnetoresistance)(giant magnetoimpedance)
(Hall effect)
(Hall voltage)
(mobility)
2.2
2.2.1 (Hall effect) [13]
(rectangular Hall plate) B
2-1 v
(+y
-4-
)
F 1 = qv B
(2-1)
q
B+z
(Lorentz force)
F 2 = qE
(2-2)
E+y
,
F 1 +F 2 =0
(qv B + qE) = 0
(2-3)
B=azB
VH
-
tH
IH=ax IH
L
W
2-1
-5-
2.2.2 [14-18]
2-1 VH
VH = G
IH B
RH
tH
(2-4)
G 0 1
RH (Hall coefficient)
rH
ne
RH
(2-5)
n
-9
e 1.610
rH

(impurity scattering)rH
1 2
(2-4)
(sensitivity) S
S =G
RH GrH
=
t H t H ne
(2-6)
(2-6)( rH
)
[19]
2.2.3

-6-
AllegroHoneywellMelexisToshibaANPECDiodes
(InSb)
(InAs)(GaAs)(Ge)(Si)
2-1 [19]
2-2 9200(cm2/V-s)
77000(cm2/V-s)
1.42(eV) 0.17(eV)
[14-17]
[20-22]
kG
Allegro
2-1 (300 K) [19]
(eV)
(cm2/V-s)
(cm2/V-s)
InSb
0.17
850
77000
InAs
0.35
450
33000
GaAs
1.42
320
9200
Ge
0.66
1800
3900
Si
1.12
505
1450
-7-
-8-
-20~+100
-0.2%/
1kG
-55~+125
(Si)
-50~+150
-50~+150
(Ge)
-0.1%/
kG
-0.06%/
kG
-0.02%/
kG
-30~+100
(GaAs)
(InAs
(InSb)
2-2 [14-17]
2.3
2.3.1 A1301
2-2 Allegro
A1301[23]
2-3 A1301
A1302 A1301 5V
(quiescent outpout voltage) 2.5 V
2.5 mV/G1000G
150VA1301
20kHz 2-3 2-6
A1301 2-3 A1301
25 5V A1301
2.5mV/G 2-4 A1301
2-5 A1301
25 5V A1301
2.5V 2-6 A1301
2-2 A1301[23]
-9-
2-3 A1301 A1302 [23]
2-3 25 A1301
[23]
- 10 -
2-4 5V A1301
[23]
2-5 25 A1301
[23]
- 11 -
2-6 5V A1301
[23]
2.3.2
A1301 (1)
5V 2.5 V(2)
2.5 mV/G(3)1000G(4) 150V(5)
20kHz Op
- 12 -
IEC
- 13 -

3.1
(metering)(relaying)
()
()
3.2
(CT
ratio)
(International
Electrotechnical Commission, IEC) (American National
Standards Institute, ANSI)
3-1 IECANSI
- 14 -
3-1
IECANSI[2429]
Standard
IEC
Topic
60044-1
Insturment Transformers Part 1:

Transformers
60044-3
Insturment Transformers
Combined Transformers
Current
Part
3:
Insturment Transformers
Part 6:
60044-6 Requirements
for
Protective
Current
Transformers for Transient Performance
Traditional
CT
C57.13
ANSI/IEEE
IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument

Transformers
IEEE Guide for the Application of Current

C37.110 Transformers Used for Protective Relaying
Purposes
CNS
()
11437
Instrument Transformers
GB
()
1208
Current Transformers
(ABBSIEMENS ALSTOM)
IEC 60044-1
(
)()
PR PX
(accuracy class) 3-2

3-4
3-5 3-2
25% ~ 100%
(current error)(phase displacement)
3-3
- 15 -
25% ~ 100%
3 5
50% ~ 100% 3-4
(rated
accuracy limit primary current)
(composite error) 3-5
3-2
Minutes
Centiradians
20
100
120
20
100
120
20
100
120
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
15
0.45
0.24
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.75
0.35
0.2
0.2
30
15
10
10
0.9
0.45
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
90
45
30
30
2.7
1.35
0.9
0.9
1.0
3.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
180
90
60
60
5.4
2.7
1.8
1.8
3-3
IEC
Minutes
1
100 120
0.2S 0.75 0.35 0.2
0.2
0.2
30 15 10
10
10
0.9 0.45 0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5S
0.5
0.5
90 45 30
30
30
2.7 1.35 0.9
0.9
0.9
1.5
20
0.75 0.5
Centiradians
20 100 120
- 16 -
20
100 120
3-4
IEC (Classes 3 5)
50
120
3-5
IEC
Minutes
Centiradians
5P
60
1.8
10P
10
3.3
3-6
IEC 60044-8
Rogowski coil
- 17 -
3-6
IECANSI [3034]
Standard
IEC
60044-8
Instrument Transformers Part 8: Electronic

389
IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing

Electronics Transformers and Inductors
C37.92
IEEE Standard for Analog Inputs to Protective

Relays from Electronic Voltage and Current
Transducers
20840.8
Instrument Transformers Part 8: Electronic

Electronic CT ANSI/IEEE
GB/T
()
Topic
Rogowski
IEEE Guide for the Application of Rogowski
ANSI/IEEE C37.235
Coil
Coils Used for Protective Relaying Purposes
IEC 60044-8 IEC 60044-1
()(
)
IEC60044-8
(accuracy
class) 3-7 3-9
IEC60044-8 IEC60044-1
3-10
- 18 -
3-7
Minutes
Centiradians
20
100
120
20
100
120
20
100
120
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
15
0.45
0.24
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.75
0.35
0.2
0.2
30
15
10
10
0.9
0.45
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
90
45
30
30
2.7
1.35
0.9
0.9
1.0
3.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
180
90
60
60
5.4
2.7
1.8
1.8
3-8
IEC
Minutes
100 120
0.2S 0.75 0.35 0.2
0.2
0.2
30 15 10
10
10
0.9 0.45 0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5S
0.5
0.5
90 45 30
30
30
2.7 1.35 0.9
0.9
0.9
1.5
3-9
20
0.75 0.5
Centiradians
20 100 120
20
100 120
IEC (Classes 3 5)
50
120
- 19 -
3-10
IEC
Minutes
Centiradians
5TPE
60
1.8
10
5P
60
1.8
10P
10
- 20 -

4.1
IC
4.2
4.2.1
[7-8]
-(Bio-Savart low)
[35]
B=
0 I
2r
(T)
(4-1)
r
B r
I
0
- 21 -

4-1
S
d
R
d
d
d
y
x
x
(a)
4-1
(b)
(a)(b)
R R
IC
4-2
4-2
MATLAB/simulink
i R (t ) = I m cos(t )
(4-2)
iS (t ) = I m cos(t 120)
(4-3)
iT (t ) = I m cos(t + 120)
(4-4)
- 22 -
(4-1)
BRR =
BSR
BTR
0iR
(4-5)
2 (a + d )
2
0 iS
=
2 (3a + b + d )
2
0 is
=
a
5
+ 2b + d )
2 (
2
(4-6)
(4-7)
BRR RB SR S
B TR T
BR ( Hall ) = BRR + BSR + BTR
(4-8)
BR = BRR R
BR _ ratio =
BR ( Hall )
=
BR
2
1

1
(a + 2d ) {
+
(a + 2d ) 2 (3a + 2b + 2d ) 2 (5a + 4b + 2d )
(4-9)
12
3
1
1
}
4 (3a + 2b + 2d ) (5a + 4b + 2d )
(Br(Hall))R
(BR )(4-1)R
4.2.2
4-3

2 N a ea a
- 23 -
LSRa
0 (i A )
ea
LSRa
i cos RSa
BRSa =
= 0A
2 LSRa
2 LSRa
(4-10)
(d + rcos Ra )2 + (rsin Ra )2
LSRa =
(4-11)
d 2 = L SRa + r 2 2L SRa rcos RSa

2
(4-12)
LSRa + r 2 d 2
2LSRa r
2
cos RSa =
(4-13)
S
BRSj =
0iAcos RSj
(4-14)
2 LSRj
R N S
2
2
j =1
+ 2drcos Rj + r
Rj R j
i
BRS = 0 A
2N
dcos Rj + r
(4-15)
R (d = 0)
BRR =
0i A
2r
(4-16)
(4-16)(4-1) R N
B R = B RR + B RS
(4-17)
B RRB RS
(percentage current error)
I er =
dcos Rj + r
B RS
r N
= 2
100%
B RR
N j=1 d + 2drcos Rj + r 2
- 24 -
(4-18)

ez
iA
iA
RSa
HS
a
R Ra
HS
SRa
LSRa
ey
HS
ea
ex
H
S
HS
4-3
( R1 ) = 0
(N)(distance d) 4-4
accuracy class 0.5
4-4
(N) d
(5r) 0.2%
4-5 d = 5r
R1 R1 = 0 N
N = 4 R1
accuracy class 0.5 N = 4
N = 4 90
(4-18) N = 4 d = 5r
- 25 -
accuracy class 0.5(4-1)
Percentage Current Error (%)
N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
0
4-4
N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5
N=8
N = 11
5
6
7
3
4
1
2
Distance d (times r, where r is the radius of the cable)
R1 = 0
N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11
N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5
N=8
N = 11
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Position Angle ()
4-5
d = 5r (r )
R1
- 26 -

d R1
BR
N = 1
B R = B RR + B RS =
=
0i A 0i A
dcos R1 + r
2r
2 d 2 + 2drcos R1 + r 2
0i A
2r
dcos R1 + r
1 2
2
d + 2drcos R1 + r
(4-19)
dcos R1 + r
= B RR 1 2
2
d + 2drcos R1 + r
R1 = 0
d+r
d
B R = B RR 1 2
B
=
RR
2
d + r
d + 2dr + r
(4-20)
d = 5r B R = 5 6 B RR
B R 6/5 4.2.1
(4-9)
BR
4.3
90
- 27 -
(4-1)
(coreless Hall effect current transformer)
4-6

90
Hall_90
HS
Hall_0
HS
HS
HS
Hall_180
4-6
Hall_270
iR (t ) = I m cos(t ) ,
iS (t ) = I m cos(t 120) , iT (t ) = I m cos(t + 120)
B R_average =
(BR (Hall_0) + BR (Hall_90) + BR (Hall_180) + BR (Hall_270))
4
(B (Hall_0) + BS (Hall_90) + BS (Hall_180) + BS (Hall_270))
BS_average = S
4
(B (Hall_0) + BT (Hall_90) + BT (Hall_180) + BT (Hall_270))
BT_average = T
4
(4-21)
(4-22)
(4-23)
- 28 -
4.4
4-7
(weighted adder)
(quiescent output voltage) 5V

2.5 V
(5 V)
V Q (2.5 V)V Q
5V
Weighted Adder
R2
Hall Sensors
HS
V1
R1
HS
V2
R1
HS
V3
R1
HS
V4
R1
V0
-
R2
VQ
-5V
4-7
- 29 -
4.5
(4-1)
4-8 x
xyz b L
1 m L
A
A
L
Hall_90
HS
Hall_0
HS
p
(x, y, z)
A
HS
HS
Hall_180
Hall_270
1m
A
D
Cable
4-8
- 30 -
(Biot-Savart law)
[35]
I
B= 0
4

d ' R
R3
(T)
(4-20)
' I R (x, y,z) p

p
p ( x, y, z ) = (b + r cos p , 0, r sin p )
(4-21)
d ' = a 'b d ' = b d ' ( sin ' ax + cos ' a y )
(4-22)
R = ( x x' )ax + ( y y ' )a y + ( z z ' )az
(4-23)
0 I d 'R
Bp =
4 R 3
r sin p sin '
Ib r sin p cos '
'
d
a
d ' +
= 0 [ax
y
4
R3
R3
2
b sin ' (b + r cos p b cos ')
az
d ']
R3
(4-24)
R = (b + r cos p b cos ')2 + (b sin ')2 + (r sin p )2
(4-25)
e p
p

B(Hall_p) = B p e p
(4-26)
(4-26)
(4-1)
Ier(nonstraight) =
Baverage Bstraight
Bstraight
100%
(4-27)
- 31 -

5.1
(1)
(2)
GIS
5.2
5.2.1 d
d
5-1
(a)
(b)d
iR (t ) I m cos(t ) ,
iS (t ) I m cos(t 120) , and iT (t ) I m cos(t 120) 5-1
5-1(a) d
5-2
5-1(b)
- 32 -
(a) 5-1(a)
(b) 5-1(b)
5-1
- 33 -
5-1 d = 2r()
6.67%
d = 4r()
0.39% 5-2
d = 2r 3.3%
d = 4r()
0.22%
5-1(a) 5-2(b) d 4r
0.5% 30
min IEC 60044-8
accuracy class 0.5 d 4.8r accuracy class 0.2
d 6.4r accuracy class 0.1
5-1 5-1(a) d
(r, )
2
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4
4.4
4.8
5.2
6.4
7.6
8.8
10
5-1(a)
R
S
T
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
3.67
1.68
0.89
0.51
0.32
0.21
0.14
0.1
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
180.3
85.49
45.8
26.75
16.67
10.93
7.45
5.26
3.82
1.66
0.83
0.46
0.28
-6.67
-3.11
-1.65
-0.96
-0.6
-0.39
-0.27
-0.19
-0.14
-0.06
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
- 34 -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.67
1.68
0.89
0.51
0.32
0.21
0.14
0.1
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
-180.3
-85.49
-45.8
-26.75
-16.67
-10.93
-7.45
-5.26
-3.82
-1.66
-0.83
-0.46
-0.28
5-2 5-1(b) d
(r, )
2
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
4
4.4
4.8
5.2
6.4
7.6
8.8
10
5-1(b)
R
S
T
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
3.3
1.55
0.83
0.48
0.3
0.22
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
1.55
0.83
0.48
0.3
0.22
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.3
1.55
0.83
0.48
0.3
0.22
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.2.2
(primary distribution substations) 161 kV

11.95 kV 23.9 kV 30 MVAx2
0.6 kA11.95 kV 23.9 kV
11 kA
R
11 kAR 1/4
5-3 5-2 0.05 s
- 35 -
0.1 s 5-3 5-4
5-3 5-4
(0.0167 s)
1%
9.61%
R 51.9
d 5-4
d 6r
2.02% d = 9r 0.4%
d = 6r 1.45%
d = 9r 0.29%
d
R
D = 5r
18.33
5% IEC 60044-8
accuracy class 5P18
5-3 -
(kA)
Peak value in transient
RMS value at steady state
R-Phase
11
0.6
S-Phase
0.212
0.15
T-Phase
0.212
0.15
- 36 -
Current (A)
Current (A)
Current (A)
x 10
1
0
-1
0
R-Phase Assumed Current
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time (s)
0.1
500
0.12
0.14
0.16
S-Phase Assumed Current
0
-500
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time (s)
0.1
500
0.12
0.14
0.16
T-Phase Assumed Current
0
-500
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time (s)
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
5-2
Ratios of Currents Calculated by Newly Designed HCTs to Assumed Currents
1.1
R ratio
S ratio
T ratio
Ratio
1.05
0.95
0.9
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Time (s)
5-3 5-1(a)(d = 4r)

1.1
R ratio
S ratio
T ratio
Ratio
1.05
0.95
0.9
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time (s)
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
5-4 5-1(b)(d = 4r)
- 37 -
5-4 d
d
(r, )
4
5
6
7
8
9
5-1(a) 5-1(b)

(%)
(%)
9.61
7.26
4.12
3.00
2.02
1.45
1.10
0.78
0.64
0.46
0.40
0.29
5.2.3
(90)
0 4-6 5-1
5-5 5-6


1.005
R ratio
S ratio
T ratio
1.004
1.003
Ratio
1.002
1.001
1
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Position Angle ()
140
160
180
5-5 5-1(a)(d = 4r)
- 38 -

1.005
R ratio
S ratio
T ratio
1.004
1.003
Ratio
1.002
1.001
1
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Position Angle ()
140
160
180
5-6 5-1(b)(d = 4r)
5-5 5-6
= N45
(N=)
90

0.4%
5.3
5.3.1
4-8
L (1 m) L = 2D (D
) 5-7 L = 2D
- 39 -
5-7
Hall_180 Hall_0
5-8 L = 2D4D 6D
0.05%
950
950
Assumed Current
Hall CT
900
900
850
Current (A)
Current (A)
850
800
750
700
800
750
700
650
600
0.014
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
650
0.015
0.016 0.017
Time(s)
0.018
0.019
600
0.014
0.015
0.016 0.017
Time(s)
0.018
0.019
5-7
- 40 -
Displacement L = 2 Diameters
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
-0.06
0
20
40
60
80
100 120
Position Angle ()
140
160
180
5-8 L = 2D4D 6D
5.3.2
5-9
Hall_180 270 Hall_0

90 5-9 4-8
L = 2DS

5-10 S
S = 1/102/10
0.2%
S = 3/10 1%
- 41 -
5-9 4-8 A L
= 2D
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1
0
5-10
Displacement S = 0.1 Radii

20
40
60
80
100
120
Displacement Angle ()
140
160
180
- 42 -
5.3.3
(90)
5.3.1 S
5.3.2
= 0

5-11 S = 0.1r L = 2D
030 60 90
0

30
0.06% IEC accuracy class
0.1
-0.02
Position Angle = 0
Position Angle = 30
Position Angle = 60
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
-0.04
-0.045
-0.05
-0.055
-0.06
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Displacement Angle ()
140
160
180
5-11
L = 2D
S = 0.1r
- 43 -
5.4
5.4.1
SF6
(Gas Insulated Switchgears, GIS) GIS
GIS
GIS 5-12 23 kV GIS
5-12 23 kV GIS
- 44 -
161 kV/23kV 30MWx2

23kV GIS GIS
GIS
GIS
5.4.2
1:0.96:0.89 GIS 100

mm XPLE 500 MCM( 10.35mm) 5-5
5-5
T
Task 1
0.89
0.96
Task 2
0.89
0.96
Task 3
0.89
0.96
5-5 Task
4-6 = 15
= 75 = 30 = 60 = 015
30 45 5-6 Task 1 d = 10 cm
accuracy class 0.1
5-7 ~ 5-9 5-7 Task 1

= 0R T accuracy class 0.1
4.8r S accuracy class 0.1
- 45 -
5.7r 5-7 accuracy class 0.1

d 5.7r 5-8 Task 1
= 15=75R T accuracy class 0.1
4r S accuracy class 0.1 4.8r
5-8 accuracy class 0.1 d
4.8r 5-9 Task 1 = 30
= 60R accuracy class 0.1 4.1r
T accuracy class 0.1 4r S
accuracy class 0.1 4.8r 5-9
accuracy class 0.1 d 4.8r 5-10
Task 1 = 45R T
accuracy class 0.1 4.8r S accuracy
class 0.1 5.7r 5-10
accuracy class 0.1 d 5.7r 5-7 ~ 5-10
Task 1
5.7r accuracy class 0.1 =
0 45 5.2.3 =
N45(N=)
5-11 ~ 5-15 Task 2
Task 2
5.6r
accuracy class 0.1 5-16 ~ 5-20 Task 3

Task 3
5.5r accuracy class 0.1
Tasks
5.7r
accuracy class 0.1 GIS
- 46 -
5-6 Task 1 d = 10 cm

d = 10cm = 9.66r
= 0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
= 15 =
75
= 30 =
60
= 45
5-7 Task 1 = 0
d (r, )
2r
2.2r
2r
2.1r
2.5r
2.1r
1.0
2.7r
3.3r
2.7r
0.5
3.2r
3.9r
3.2r
0.2
4r
4.8r
4.1r
0.1
4.8r
5.7r
4.8r
- 47 -
5-8 Task 1 = 15 = 75
d (r, )
2r
2r
2r
2r
2.1r
2r
1.0
2.2r
2.8r
2.3r
0.5
2.7r
3.3r
2.7r
0.2
3.4r
4.1r
3.4r
0.1
4r
4.8r
4r
5-9 Task 1 = 30 = 60
d (r, )
2r
2r
2r
2r
2.1r
2r
1.0
2.3r
2.8r
2.3r
0.5
2.7r
3.3r
2.7r
0.2
3.4r
4.1r
3.4r
0.1
4r
4.8r
4.1r
- 48 -
5-10
Task 1 = 45
d (r, )
2r
2r
2r
2r
2.5r
2r
1.0
2.7r
3.3r
2.7r
0.5
3.2r
3.9r
3.2r
0.2
4r
4.9r
4.1r
0.1
4.8r
5.7r
4.8r
5-11 Task 2 d = 10 cm

d = 10cm = 9.66r
= 0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
= 15
= 75
= 30
= 60
= 45
- 49 -
5-12
Task 2 = 0
d (r, )
5-13
2r
2.2r
2r
2.2r
2.5r
2.1r
1.0
2.8r
3.2r
2.7r
0.5
3.3r
3.8r
3.2r
0.2
4.2r
4.7r
4.1r
0.1
5r
5.6r
4.9r
Task 2 = 15 = 75
d (r, )
2r
2r
2r
2r
2r
2r
1.0
2.3r
2.7r
2.3r
0.5
2.8r
3.2r
2.7r
0.2
3.5r
4r
3.4r
0.1
4.2r
4.7r
4.1r
- 50 -
5-14
Task 2 = 30 = 60
d (r, )
5-15
2r
2r
2r
2r
2.1r
2r
1.0
2.4r
2.7r
2.3r
0.5
2.8r
3.2r
2.7r
0.2
3.6r
4r
3.5r
0.1
4.2r
4.7r
4.1r
Task 2 = 45
d (r, )
2r
2.1r
2r
2.1r
2.4r
2r
1.0
2.8r
3.2r
2.7r
0.5
3.3r
3.8r
3.2r
0.2
4.2r
4.7r
4.1r
0.1
5r
5.6r
4.9r
- 51 -
5-16
Task 3 d = 10 cm

d = 10cm = 9.66r
= 0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
= 15
= 75
= 30
= 60
= 45
5-17
Task 3 = 0
d (r, )
2r
2.2r
2r
2.2r
2.4r
2.2r
1.0
2.8r
3.2r
2.8r
0.5
3.4r
3.7r
3.3r
0.2
4.3r
4.7r
4.2r
0.1
5.1r
5.5r
5r
- 52 -
5-18
Task 3 = 15 = 75
d (r, )
5-19
2r
2r
2r
2r
2r
2r
1.0
2.4r
2.6r
2.3r
0.5
2.8r
3.1r
2.8r
0.2
3.6r
3.9r
3.5r
0.1
4.3r
4.6r
4.2r
Task 3 = 30 = 60
d (r, )
2r
2r
2r
2r
2.1r
2r
1.0
2.4r
2.7r
2.3r
0.5
2.8r
3.2r
2.8r
0.2
3.6r
3.9r
3.5r
0.1
4.3r
4.6r
4.2r
- 53 -
5-20
Task 3 = 45
d (r, )
2r
2.1r
2r
2.1r
2.4r
2.1r
1.0
2.8r
3.1r
2.7r
0.5
3.3r
3.7r
3.3r
0.2
4.3r
4.7r
4.2r
0.1
5.1r
5.5r
5r
5.4.3
ETAP
5-21 500A
ETAP
5.2.3 = N45(N=)
=0
5-22
10 : 10 : 0.5 S T
accuracy class 10Px 2r R
accuracy class 10Px 3.7r
accuracy class 10Px d 3.7r
600 A
accuracy class 10P23 10 : 10 : 0.5
- 54 -
accuracy class 5P23 4.3r
accuracy class 10P23

3.8r accuracy class 5P23 4.5r
3-10 IEC 5P
1% 10P
3%
1% 3.3r 4.5r
5P23 3% 2.5r
3.8r 10P23
5-21
(kA)
(161/11.4 or 22.8kV,
30MVAx2)
8.4 120
8.4-120
8.40
8.42 32.7
8.42 -152.2
0.5 0
8.42 32.2
0.5 -120
8.42 -87.3
7.27 2.4
7.27 -177.6
0.5 0
7.2762.4
0.57.27 -120
7.27 -117.6
0.5 120
0.5 -120
8.44 -87.6
0.5 120
8.44 152.4
0.5 0
10 120
10-120
100
10 32.7
10 -152.2
0.5 0
10 32.2
0.5 -120
10-87.3
10 2.4
10 -177.6
0.5 0
1062.4
0.5 -120
10 -117.6
0.5 120
0.5 -120
10 -87.6
0.5 120
10 152.4
0.5 0
- 55 -
5-22
Task 3 = 0
d (r, )
10P23
2r
2r
2r
5P23
2r
2r
2r
(10 : 10 : 0.5)
10P23
2r
2r
3.7r
5P23
2r
2r
4.3r
(10 : 0.5 : 10)
10P23
2r
2.7r
2r
5P23
2r
3r
2r
10P23
2r
2r
3.8r
(10 : 10 : 0.5)
5P23
2.2r
2.2r
4.5r
10P23
2r
2r
2r
(10 : 0.5 : 10)
5P23
2r
2r
2r
10P23
2.1r
3.6r
2r
(0.5 : 0.5 : 10)
5P23
2.4r
4.3r
2r
10P23
3.6r
2r
3.7r
(0.5 : 10 : 0.5)
5P23
4.3r
2r
4.4r
- 56 -

6.1
LabVIEW
LabVIEW
6.2
6.2.1
1 AWG 6-1
(
6-1(a)) 15 cm
- 57 -
=0( 6-1(b))RS
24 cmST 26.5 cmTR 30 cm
=0 LabVIEW
6-1
(HCT)
LabVIEW
NI
6-1
LabVIEW
6.2.2
accuracy class
5P18
6-2
11 kA 6-3
500 MCM XLPE
- 58 -
( 6-1(a))
24 cm 15 cm
=0 LabVIEW
6-3
11.4-22.8 kV
/190~470 V
-Y
6000 A/60 mV
VR
VS
VT
6-2
- 59 -
(HCT)
LabVIEW
6-3
LabVIEW
6.2.3
(SF6)
(gas insulated switchgear, GIS)
6-4
1 AWG
6-5
1 AWG
- 60 -

LabVIEW 6-5
220 V/0.63 V
:
1 AWG
NI
LabVIEW
6-4
(HCT)
NI
6-5
LabVIEW
- 61 -

(reference instrument)
6-1
6-1
LFR 1/15
(Powertek)
Type 7000
(Rocoil)
LFR 1/15
(Powertek)
0.3%
1%
0.3%
1%
600/5
1%
600/5
1%
600/5
1 A ~ 3
kA(peak)
CG-PVA
1 A ~ 1
MA
CG-PVA
1 A ~ 3
kA(peak)
CG-PVA
6.3
NI (National Instruments)
NI LabVIEW7.1
[36]LabVIEW
- 62 -

7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7-1 ~ 7-6
R T S 6 S
S
7-1
accuracy class 1.0 S T accuracy
class 0.5
- 63 -
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
600
Current (A)
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
19.594 19.596 19.598
7-1
19.6
19.602 19.604 19.606 19.608 19.61 19.612 19.614

Time (s)
(d=15cm) 0
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
600
Current (A)
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
19.594 19.596 19.598
7-2
19.6
19.602 19.604 19.606 19.608 19.61 19.612 19.614

Time (s)
(d=15cm) 0
R
- 64 -
200
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
150
Current (A)
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
19.594 19.596 19.598
7-3
19.6
19.602 19.604 19.606 19.608 19.61 19.612 19.614

Time (s)
(d=15cm) 0
200
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
150
Current (A)
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
19.594 19.596 19.598
7-4
19.6
19.602 19.604 19.606 19.608 19.61 19.612 19.614

Time (s)
(d=15cm) 0
S
- 65 -
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
600
Current (A)
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
19.594 19.596 19.598
7-5
19.6
19.602 19.604 19.606 19.608 19.61 19.612 19.614

Time (s)
(d=15cm) 0
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
600
Current (A)
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
19.594 19.596 19.598
7-6
19.6
19.602 19.604 19.606 19.608 19.61 19.612 19.614

Time (s)
(d=15cm) 0
T
- 66 -
7-1
Phase R
Phase S
Phase T

(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
0.88
-19.8
-0.27
-30
0.2
-18
Accuracy class 1.0
Accuracy class 0.5
Accuracy class 0.5
7.2.2
7-7
7-8
7-2 7-3
accuracy class 1.0
R-phase
S-phase
T-phase
1500
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
1000
Current (A)
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
Time (s)
7-7
(d=15cm) 0
- 67 -
T-phase
S-phase
1500
R-phase
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
1000
Current (A)
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
0
7-8
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
Time (s)
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
7-2
Phase R
Phase S
Phase T

(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
0.95
-11.4
-0.1
-11.1
-1.01
-0.6
Accuracy class 1.0
Accuracy class 0.5
Accuracy class 1.0
7-3
Phase R
Phase S
Phase T

(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
-0.8
12
-1.01
1.8
-0.97
10.2
Accuracy class 1.0
Accuracy class 1.0
Accuracy class 1.0
- 68 -
7.2.3
7-9 ~ 7-11
11 kA
R S
7-4
accuracy class 5P18
1.5
x 10
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
Current (A)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
8.23
7-9
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
Time (s)
8.3
8.31
8.32
8.33
- 69 -
1.5
x 10
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
Current (A)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
8.23
7-10
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
Time (s)
8.3
8.31
8.32
8.33
1.5
x 10
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
Current (A)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
8.23
7-11
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
Time (s)
8.3
8.31
8.32
8.33
- 70 -
7-4
18.64
Phase R
Phase S
Phase T
(%)
(%)
r (%)
-0.6
-1
-1.65
Accuracy class 5P18
Accuracy class 5P18
Accuracy class 5P18
7.3
7.3.1
7-12 ~ 7-17 0 RG B
Hall Sensor_0 Hall Sensor_180
7-18 ~ 7-23 7-24 ~ 7-29 30 60
7-5 RG B
accuracy class 0.5
- 71 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
18.056 18.058
7-12
18.06
18.062 18.064 18.066 18.068

Time (s)
18.07
18.072 18.074 18.076
0 ( R )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
18.056 18.058
7-13
18.06
18.062 18.064 18.066 18.068

Time (s)
18.07
18.072 18.074 18.076
0 ( R )
- 72 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
18.056 18.058
7-14
18.06
18.062 18.064 18.066 18.068

Time (s)
18.07
18.072 18.074 18.076
0 ( G )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
18.056 18.058
7-15
18.06
18.062 18.064 18.066 18.068

Time (s)
18.07
18.072 18.074 18.076
0 ( G )
- 73 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
18.056 18.058
7-16
18.06
18.062 18.064 18.066 18.068

Time (s)
18.07
18.072 18.074 18.076
0 ( B )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
18.056 18.058
7-17
18.06
18.062 18.064 18.066 18.068

Time (s)
18.07
18.072 18.074 18.076
0 ( B )
- 74 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
19.63
7-18
19.632 19.634 19.636 19.638
19.64 19.642 19.644 19.646 19.648

Time (s)
19.65
30 ( R )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
19.63
7-19
19.632 19.634 19.636 19.638
19.64 19.642 19.644 19.646 19.648

Time (s)
19.65
30 ( R )
- 75 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
7-20
19.632 19.634 19.636 19.638
19.64 19.642 19.644 19.646 19.648

Time (s)
19.65
30 ( G )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
19.63
7-21
19.632 19.634 19.636 19.638
19.64 19.642 19.644 19.646 19.648

Time (s)
19.65
30 ( G )
- 76 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
19.63
7-22
19.632 19.634 19.636 19.638
19.64 19.642 19.644 19.646 19.648

Time (s)
19.65
30 ( B )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
7-23
19.632 19.634 19.636 19.638
19.64 19.642 19.644 19.646 19.648

Time (s)
19.65
30 ( B )
- 77 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
28.61
7-24
28.612 28.614 28.616 28.618
28.62 28.622 28.624 28.626 28.628

Time (s)
28.63
60 ( R )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
28.61
7-25
28.612 28.614 28.616 28.618
28.62 28.622 28.624 28.626 28.628

Time (s)
28.63
60 ( R )
- 78 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
28.61
7-26
28.612 28.614 28.616 28.618
28.62 28.622 28.624 28.626 28.628

Time (s)
28.63
60 ( G )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
28.61
7-27
28.612 28.614 28.616 28.618
28.62 28.622 28.624 28.626 28.628

Time (s)
28.63
60 ( G )
- 79 -
400
HCT
Traditional CT
Linear CT
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
28.61
7-28
28.612 28.614 28.616 28.618
28.62 28.622 28.624 28.626 28.628

Time (s)
28.63
60 ( B )
400
Hall 0
Hall 90
Hall 180
Hall 270
300
Current (A)
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
28.61
7-29
28.612 28.614 28.616 28.618
28.62 28.622 28.624 28.626 28.628

Time (s)
28.63
60 ( B )
- 80 -
7-5
RG B
()
0
30
60
6-5
R
G
B
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
(%)
(min)
-0.32
18
0.16
1.92
0.01
1.2
-0.46
4.2
-0.05
0.6
0.17
14.4
-0.12
3
0.51
7.8
0.35
5.1
Accuracy class 0.5
Accuracy class 0.5
Accuracy class 0.5
- 81 -

8.1
LabVIEW
A1301
MATLAB/simulink
(1)
(2)
8-1
A1301
Class 1.0 5P18 8-2
- 82 -
8-1
5V
11kA
Class 1.0
( 600A)
5P18
( 600A)
0V
()
20 kHz
8-2
()
(/)
()
(/)
8.2
- 83 -
1.
2.
(1)(2)
5% 20% 100% 120%(3)
accuracy class 0.05
3. LabVIEW
- 84 -

[1]
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Power
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[4]
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L. Cristaldi, A. Ferrero, M. Lazzaroni, and R. Ottoboni, A

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for
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Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 1149-1153, Oct. 2001.
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[10] P. Poulichet, F. Costa, and . Labour, A New High-current

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[12] X. Ai, H. Bao, and Y.H. Song, Novel Method of Error Current
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Hall-effect-based
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[14] 59~87
[15] 164~194
[16] 217~223
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[18]
[19] 799
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[33] Instrument Transformers Part 8: Electronic Current Transformers,

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(2004.09~2006.06)
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2010.
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Lee, Using Coreless Hall Effect Sensor for Accurate Current
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:D9507103

Development of a Novel Coreless Hall Effect Current

IEC standard 60044-8

A1301 A1302 [23]10

IEC (Classes 0.1 1.0)

IEC (Classes 3 5)........17

IEC (Classes 0.1 1.0)

IEC (Classes 3 5)....19

(current transformer, CT)

[1][2]( Rogowski coil )[3,4]

2-1 (300 K) [19]

2-3 A1301 A1302 [23]

Insturment Transformers Part 1:

IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument

IEEE Guide for the Application of Current

(accuracy class) 3-2

IEC (Classes 0.1 1.0)

0.2S 0.75 0.35 0.2

0.9 0.45 0.3

2.7 1.35 0.9

Instrument Transformers Part 8: Electronic

IEEE Recommended Practice for Testing

IEEE Standard for Analog Inputs to Protective

Instrument Transformers Part 8: Electronic

IEC 60044-8 IEC 60044-1

IEC (Classes 0.1 1.0)

0.2S 0.75 0.35 0.2

0.9 0.45 0.3

2.7 1.35 0.9

BR ( Hall ) = BRR + BSR + BTR

d 2 = L SRa + r 2 2L SRa rcos RSa

accuracy class 0.5(4-1)

Percentage Current Error (%)

Percentage Current Error (%)

(BR (Hall_0) + BR (Hall_90) + BR (Hall_180) + BR (Hall_270))

(quiescent output voltage) 5V

' I R (x, y,z) p

d ' = a 'b d ' = b d ' ( sin ' ax + cos ' a y )

R = ( x x' )ax + ( y y ' )a y + ( z z ' )az

R = (b + r cos p b cos ')2 + (b sin ')2 + (r sin p )2

(primary distribution substations) 161 kV

0.1 s 5-3 5-4

RMS value at steady state

R-Phase Assumed Current

S-Phase Assumed Current

T-Phase Assumed Current

5-3 5-1(a)(d = 4r)

Ratios of Currents Calculated by Newly Designed HCTs to Assumed Currents

5-4 5-1(b)(d = 4r)

Ratios of Currents Calculated by Newly Designed HCTs to Assumed Currents

5-5 5-1(a)(d = 4r)

Ratios of Currents Calculated by Newly Designed HCTs to Assumed Currents

5-6 5-1(b)(d = 4r)

Percentage Current Error (%)

Hall_180 270 Hall_0

Percentage Current Error (%)

Displacement S = 0.1 Radii

Percentage Current Error (%)

161 kV/23kV 30MWx2

1:0.96:0.89 GIS 100

5-7 ~ 5-9 5-7 Task 1

5.7r 5-7 accuracy class 0.1

accuracy class 5P23 4.3r