Experiment 1 : BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Course Code : CHM 138

Name : Muhammad Hafizzudin Bin Norazahar

Matrix No : 2014837388

Name of Lab Partner : Ahmad Harith Bin Amiruddin (2014206332)

Date of experiment : 16 July 2014

Lecturess Name : Dr. Rohaiza Binti Saat






Title : Basic Laboratory Techniques
Objectives : 1) To learn the qualitative and quantative aspects of common
laboratory experiment.
2) To expose student to the factors that affects the accuracy of
experiment.
Procedure :
A. Calibration of Volumetric Flask

1). 25 mL of volumetric flask is cleaned and died then it is weighed using
analytical balance. The mass of empty volumetric flask is recorded.
2). Distilled water is added until calibration mark( A dropper is used to add
last few drops of distilled water and weigh again ( same balance is used).
The mass of distilled water and volumetric flask is recorded.
3). The temperature of the distilled water is recorded.
4). From the table 1, determine the actual volume of the volumetric flask.

B. Calibration of Pipette

1). A 50 mL of beaker is cleaned and dried then it is weighed accurately using
analytical balance. The mass of empty beaker is recorded.
2). A pipette (20 or 25 mL) is cleaned and it is rinsed with distilled water.
3). The pipette is filled with distilled water using the procedures that have
been discussed in the introduction part.
4). The distilled water is drained into the beaker and it weighed again. The
mass of distilled water and beaker was recorded.
5). Step 1-4 is repeated one more time and and the temperature of distilled
water is recorded.
6). From the table 1, the actual volume of the pipette is determined.
C. Calibration of Burette

1). A 50 mL of beaker is cleaned and it weighed accurately using analytical
balance. The mass of empty beaker is recorded.
2). The burette is cleaned and rinsed using distilled water and filled in the
burette with the distilled water until the zero mark. ( Make sure there are
no bubbles in the tip of the burette.
3). 5 mL of water from the burette into the beaker and it weighed as soon as
possible. The mass is recorded.
4). Step 3 is repeated by draining water from the burette until the following
burette reading become 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 Ml . ( Each time 5 mL
distilled water has been added from the burette). The mass ( distilled
water + beaker ) every time after adding 5 mL of water.
5). The temperature of the distilled water is recorded.
6). From the Table 1. The actual volume for every addition of 5 mL of
distilled water.

















Results:

Data:

a. Calibration of Volumetric Flask

Mass of empty volumetric flask (g) 20.9430
Mass of volumetric flask+ distilled water(g) 45.7233
Mass of distilled water (g) 24.7803
Temperature of distilled water (
0
C ) 30
Density of water ( from Table 1) ( g/ml) 1.0053


b. Calibration of Pipette ( ) ( )
Mass of empty beaker (g) 37.7119 37.7120
Mass of beaker + distilled water (g) 62.5609 62.5648
Mass of distilled water (g) 24.8490 24.8528
Temperature of distilled water (
0
C ) 30 30
Density of water (from Table 1) (g/ml) 1.0053 1.0053




c. Calibration of Burette

Mass of empty beaker (g) : 37.7122

Temperature of distilled water : 30
0
C

Density of water ( from Table 1) (g/mL) : 1.0053


After the addition of distilled water :


Reading of
burette (mL)
Mass of beaker +
Distilled water (g)
Mass of distilled
water (g)
Mass of distilled
water for each 5mL
burette reading (g)
5
42.5137 4.8015 4.8015
10
47.5293 9.8801 5.0786
15
52.6603 14.9481 5.0680
20
57.5502 19.8380 4.8899


Calculation :

a. Determine the actual volume of the volumetric flask based on calculation.

Actual volume of volumetric flask : 45.7233 = 45.4822 ml
1.0053





b. Determine the actual volume of the pipette based on calculation for
experiment ( I ) and ( II ).
Average Mass of beaker + distilled water = 62.5609+62.5648
2
= 62.5629 g

Actual volume of pipette = 62.5629 g
1.0053 g/ml
= 62.2330 ml

c. Determine the actual volume of distilled water ( in mL ) for each 5 mL
burette reading based on calculation.

Reading of burette (mL) Volume of water (mL )
0-5

4.8015 = 4.7762
1.0053
5-10

5.0786 = 5.0518
1.0053

10-15

5.0680 = 5.0413
1.0053
15-20

4.8899 = 4.8641
1.0053



DISCUSSION
From the experiment we know that the most accuracy apparatus to
calculate the density of water by using pipette. It is because pipette
showed the nearest reading to density of water which is 1.0 g/L. The scale
of pipette is the smallest compare to burette, beaker and measuring cylinder. We
also repeated three times of reading to make sure the precision is obtained. This
is important because if we only do for one trial it will affect our result and
maybe its do not show the real reading of this experiment. So, we need to
repeat and read it carefully to get a good result. Burette is less accuracy
than pipette because from this experiment showed that burettes reading is near
to water density but not nearest as pipettes reading. The scale of burette is
bigger than pipette and smaller than beaker and measuring cylinder.
To get a better result, we should r epeat t hi s exper i ment t hr ee
t i mes and make sur e no smal l mi st ake i s r epeat ed such as
t he position of eye when we want to get the reading of this experiment. We
should position our eyes correctly to avoid small mistake that will affect our
final result. I n t hi s exper i ment , t her e ar e some er r or t hat show t he
beaker i s mor e accur at e t han measuring cylinder. From the reading,
showed that beakers reading near to the value of water.


CONCLUSION


Fr om t he exper i ment , i t i s shown t hat bur et t e and pi pet t e i s
mor e accur at e l abor at or y appar at us i n measur i ng vol ume
compar e t o measur i ng cyl i nder or beaker and each of t hese
apparatus have their own accuracy and precision.








QUESTIONS:

1. How do you overcome and reduce the problem of random error and
systematic error while doing an experiment.
2. In what situation you use a volumetric flask, conical flask, pipette, and
graduated cylinder? Explain your answer from the accuracy aspects of
these apparatus.
3. Explain how to read a burette. What are the factors to be considered when
using a burette?

ANSWERS:
1. The best ways to overcome or reduce the problem of random error and
systematic error while doing experiment is repeat the experiment 2 or 3
times,increase the sample size or numbers, and using an accurate sample
framework.
2. We used volumetric flask to measure very precisely one specific volume
of liquid (100 mL, 250 mL, 500mL, etc., depending on which flask use).
The volumetric flasks are of various sizes, containing from 1 to 10 000
mL of liquid.This flask is used to accurately prepare a solution of known
concentration. Next, conical flask is used when we want to hold
chemicals and make a chemicals. The volumes stamped on the sides are
approximate and accurate to within about 5%. So, it is very useful when
we want to do a chemical experiment. Meanwhile, we used pipette to
measure volume of solution extremely accurately (accuracy of four
significant figures).Typical volumes of pipette are 10mL, 25mL, and
50mL.They generally deliver the specified volume 0.1%, an error of a
few hundredths of a milliliter.Then, the best condition we used graduated
cylinder is in measure the volumes (amounts) of liquids.Graduated
cylinders are also used to determine displacement, which is a
measurement of the change in a volume of water when additional
materials are added to it. This means that the volume of solid objects
and non-aqueous (lacking water) solutions can be determined using a
graduated cylinder.Graduated cylinders are useful for measuring liquid
volumes to within about 1%. They are for general purpose use, but not for
quantitative analysis.



3. First, find the scale increment, subtract the values of any two adjacent
labeled graduations and divide by the number of intervals between
them.Example: 25 mL - 24 mL = 1mL. Next, count that ten intervals are
between the labeled graduations. Therefore, the scale increment is 1
mL/10 graduations = 0.1 mL/graduation. Then, use the labeled
graduations and the scale increment to find the certain digits in the
measurement. Lastly, Estimate the uncertain digit and obtain a
reading. Estimate the distance that the meniscus lies between the two
graduations in fifths (i.e estimate to 0.02mL).









REFERENCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flask (15/7/2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette (15/7/2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burette (15/7/2014)
http://www.webassign.net/sample/ncsugenchem202labv1/equipment/
manual.html (15/7/2014)
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-graduated-
cylinder-definition-uses-function.html#lesson (15/7/2014)
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/flasks.html
(15/7/2014)