Abstract-- The new regulatory frameworks have converted the

reliability issue and its increase, in a critical issue. This document

presents the evaluation of reliability indexes and the development
of restoration strategies for ten transmission substations of the
Colombian transmission company (ISA). An example is also
presented emphasizing the reduction of ENS (Energy non
Supplied). Case Based Reasoning is proposed as the methodology
to be used for Fault diagnosis and action proposing.

Index Terms-- Alarm systems, Failure analysis, Fault
diagnosis, Power system availability, Power system control,
Power system protection, Power system reliability, Power
transmission reliability, Reliability, Substations.
I. INTRODUCTION
he deregulation of electric power markets has put, at first,
the companies to compete by price, and now to compete
by quality. In transmission systems, the utilities have to
improve the reliability indexes and specifically the Energy
non Supplied (ENS), and to be worry for maintaining high
standards of quality. Subsequently, it has driven them to carry
out actions to satisfy the law regulatory requirements.
In Colombia, the Electric and Gas Regulatory Commission
(CREG) has established a quality transmission framework, in
resolution 61/2000. Here, the availability indexes are taken to
set remunerations and penalties [1].
The Colombian Electrical Interconnection Company (ISA)
and its eastern transmission center (CTE Oriente) in
association with the Electrical Engineering School of the
Industrial University of Santander (UIS) have performed a
research project to speed up the enterprise reaction to fault
conditions. This corresponds to the restoration plans for
under-fault procedures and contingency plans. The under-fault
procedures are developed for non-destructive faults of
protective, control and switching systems, while the
contingency plans are designed to attend destructive faults in

.
This work was supported in part by Electrical Interconnection ISA and
the Electrical Engineering School of Industrial University of Santander, both
in Colombia and the University of Girona in Spain.
J. Mora is currently research assistant in the department of Electronics,
Automatics and Informatics at University of Girona, Spain, working towards
his PhD. Girona. Avinguda Llius Santal s/n. Building P4.
G. Carrillo is with Industrial University of Santander-Colombia.
Bucaramanga. Carrera27, Calle9 Ciudad Universitaria
J. Jaimes is with ISA, CTE Oriente-Colombia. Bucaramanga. Av Circum
Km 9.
J. Melndez and J. Colomer are from the University of Girona (EPS-P4,
Campus Montilivi, E-17071)

breakers and transformers.
This paper contains, first, the situation of the problem. In
section II, a brief overview of some related power systems
restoration studies and the artificial intelligence techniques are
presented. The methodology followed in the quantitative
reliability evaluation of transmission substations to obtain the
critical equipment of the system under study is presented in
III. The critical elements require action strategies to re-
establish normal conditions, in the event of fault. These
strategies are presented in IV. The application of the
developed strategies is presented in V; a numerical example is
presented to show the improvement of substation reliability
through the ENS reduction. In VI, Case Based Reasoning
(CBR) cycle is described as methodological approach for
reusing knowledge related to previous restoration experiences.
Finally conclusions and future work are presented in sections
VII and VIII.
II. OVERVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Some research studies have been carried, on purpose of
speeding up the response capacity of the companies in the
event of shortcomings. Artificial intelligence techniques as
expert systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic and Petri nets
have been used.
Expert systems have been proposed for alarm processing
taking advantage of the experience accumulated by the
operators, maintenance technicians, and engineers, to develop
a knowledge base. Some related experiences are referenced in
[2], [3], [4], [5] and [6].
Petri net methodology makes possible to model
considerable amount of empiric rules used in each particular
system restoration process [7][8]. The aim is to codify
experience in substations handling with resources assignment.
Neural nets have been used in diverse power systems
applications [9]. Also architecture design, requirements of
training data, selection of input characteristics and learning
algorithms are consider in [10], [11] and [12]. They show
power reliability evaluation applications of artificial neural
techniques.
Some fuzzy logic techniques applied to power systems are
described in [13]. It also presents a comparison and
integration with other intelligent techniques as: Expert
systems, artificial neural nets, fuzzy systems and evolutionary
computation.
Strategies for the Electric Supply Restoration in
Colombian Transmission Substations
J. Mora, G. Carrillo
.
J. Jaimes J. Melendez, J. Colomer
jjmora@silver.udg.es, gilberto@uis.edu.co jajaimes@isa.com.co quimmel@eia.udg.es, colomer@eia.udg.es
Industrial University of Santander UIS Electrical Interconnection ISA Institut dInformtica I Aplicacions
Bucaramanga Colombia Bucaramanga Colombia Universitat de Girona (Spain)
T
0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE
Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

III. QUANTITATIVE RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF POWER
TRANSMISSION SUBSTATIONS
The complex switching arrangement differences power
system reliability evaluation from the substation reliability
evaluation. Consequently, it is necessary to develop models,
which consider breaker operation in electrical substations.
Previous works considers evaluation of reliability by using
decision trees [14].
In this paper we use the minimum cut set approach [15]
[16]. This treatment allows the substation evaluation, outlining
the fault mode identification and its best configuration.
Elements identified as critical require action strategies to re-
establish normal conditions, in the even of fault. These
strategies are presented in IV. The first group treats non-
destructive faults, while the second one considers power
transformer and breaker destructive faults (contingency
plans).
A. Minimal cut sets
To determine critical power substation equipment by
means of the reliability techniques proposed in [15][16], it is
necessary to present the definition of system minimal cut sets
here used.
In terms of reliability, a minimal cut set corresponds to an
arrangement of elements that causes rupture of the system
under study.
The following algorithm helps to obtain the minimal cut
sets [15]:
i. Determine all trajectories or paths between the
sources and load.
ii. Make an incidence matrix, which identifies the
elements in the trajectories (columns) and the
minimum paths (rows). For the construction of this
matrix the element a
ij
is set to zero (0) if the element
j is not in the minimum path i; or it is set to one (1) if
the element j belongs to the path i.
iii. Verify if exist a column with all its elements different
from zero value. The elements associated to this
column conform a first order cut set.
iv. Obtain a new matrix with the union of columns two
by two. If there is a column with all its elements
different from zero value, the elements associated to
these columns conform a second order cut set.
Eliminate the first order cut set contained in this
arrange, to obtain the second order minimum cut sets.
v. Repeat the previous procedure with the union of
three columns. Remove first and second order cuts
contained in this arrange, to obtain the third order
cuts.
vi. Continue the procedure until the maximum cut order
is reached.

The application of this method allows obtaining the cut sets
of the system in Fig. 1. They are presented in Fig. 2. On
the system of Fig. 1, it is assumed that transformers T1 and
T2 are 100% reliable and constitute the path of the
substation energy supply.
T1
G1 G2 G3
S2 S1
G4 G5 G6
S4 S3
G8 G9 G7
S6 S5
T2
A
B

Fig. 1. Transmission substation - Breaker and a half configuration.


A
G2
G3
G8
G2
G3
G7
G8
B
G2
G7
G8
A
B
G2
G8
S2
S5
S/E
Supply

Fig. 2. Minimal cut sets for the substation of Breaker and a half configuration
presented in Fig. 1.

B. Reliability data
To carry out a quantitative reliability evaluation,
interruption data is needed. The fault rate () and the
restoration rate (r) are commonly used for calculating the
unavailability index (U), the Energy Non Supplied (ENS)
index or other reliability indexes. [15][16].
Series systems can be evaluated by computing element
fault rate and duration as presented in (1), (2) and (3).

year
faults
i T


(1)

=

year
hours
i i T
r U

(2)
[ ] hours
i
i i
T
r
r

(3)
Parallel systems of two elements, a and b, are evaluated by
equations (4), (5), and (6):
1
760 8
) (
<<

+
=
i i
b a b a
pp
r for
r r
year
faults

(4)
[ ] hours
b a
b a
pp
r r
r r
r
+
=

(5)

=
year
hours
pp pp pp
r U

(6)
Energy Non Supplied (ENS) is calculated using the

average supplied load (L), and the total unavailability time per
year (U), as presented in (7)

=
year
MWh
Total Average
U L E

(7)

In current reliability evaluation, the effects of overlapping
outages, maintenance outages, active failures and active
failures overlapped with stuck breakers are aggregated. More
detailed study may be done by considering those cases in a
separate way and adding all the effects.
C. Substation reliability evaluation methodology
The reliability evaluation methodology proposed in this
paper is presented in Fig. 3.
First, the substation configuration should be determined. It
requires definition of load and supply circuits.
Second, the type of evaluation must be determined (Power
load service or substation supply continuity). In the first case,
the probability of the load to lose it supply is considered,
while the second one, the cut sets of the whole substation are
considered. In this paper, the first approach has been applied
to the CTE Oriente transmission substation area. This
procedure allows estimating the ENS and the financial and
economical costs of power outages.
Third, the historical data related with component failures
must be available [17][18]. This is fundamental because this
data stands for the elements behaviour and it allows to
determine the truly critical power substation elements for the
service continuity.
Fourth, the required cut sets must be obtained.
Fifth, the quantification of fault effects is performed by
reliability evaluation (Total outages, total outages overlapped
with maintenance, active faults and stuck breaker condition).
The selected contingency types have severe influence in
reliability substation indexes.

1. S/E configuration determination
2. Evaluation type selection
3. Selection of statistical indices
for equipment faults
4. Cut set obtention
5. Fault effect quantification
Determination of
critical equipment by
qualitative way
Presentation of quantitative
indexes for S/E reliability

Fig. 3. Proposed methodology for reliability evaluation.

The average load (L) and the unavailability index (U) are
used to calculate the Energy Non Supplied ENS. The ENS
might be used to estimate economical and financial costs of
power circuit unavailability [19][20].
D. Critical Equipment
In table 1, the critical equipment determined by the
previous methodology is presented for the substation called
San Mateo, of the CTE Oriente.

Substation Load Circuit Critical Equipment
1

ATR
ATR, B1, L170, L171, L190, L191, A220,
A221, L230, L231, L250, L251, L270, L270
Ocaa
B1, L171, L171, L190, L191, A220, A221,
L230, L231, L250, L251, L270, L271
Tasajero
B1, L172, L171, L190, L191, A220, A221,
L230, L231, L250, L251, L270, L272
San Mateo
Toledo
B1, L173, L171, L190, L191, A220, A221,
L230, L231, L250, L251, L270, L273
Table 1. Critical Equipment for substation San Mateo of the CTE-Oriente
IV. RESTORATION STRATEGIES
The restoration strategies have been developed for the
critical equipment selected in III: These strategies are
classified in two types: a) Under-fault procedures, as plans to
restore the electrical service in case of non destructive faults
of switching, control and protective substation systems, and b)
Contingency Plans as procedural guides to substitute failed
power transformers and breakers [20].
A. Methodology
The strategy used for the transmission substation
restoration contains five basic phases, as it is presented in fig.
4. It intends a systematic analysis of the problem nature,
including summary and analysis of information, elaboration of
restoration procedures, simulation, experimentation and/or
discussion and finally, the training on restoration procedures
determined as research results.


Search and analysis of basic information
Not

Ok ?
Elaboration of Restoration Procedure
Restoration Procedure Validation Restoration Procedure Adjustment
Restoration Procedure Determination
Restoration Procedure Training
Yes

Fig. 4. Methodology for the development of substation restoration strategies.
B. Procedures for non destructive fault
Fault procedures contain the description of actions to carry

1
In this column the internal ISAs code assigned to power substation
elements are shown.

out in the event of a power substation non-destructive fault.
The fault is evidenced by the activation of an alarm, a breaker
trip or an erroneous operation of the switching and control
equipment (Fail to close/open breakers/sectionalizers), and/or
protective system. Under-fault procedures contain a
relationship of fault situations, possible causes and solutions
in table format, and a simplified basic control circuit [20].
Under-fault procedures were developed with a general
structure, which include such aspects as: Object, scope,
resources, activities priority and executers qualification.
Four types of clearly differentiated under fault procedures
were defined. Those to attend contingencies arising in
operative activities, those associated to alarms, those of
ancillary services and those for control and protective
equipment. Addressing by the under-fault procedures, the
substation operators play an active role under emergency
conditions
The first fault procedures are designed to assist non-
destructive faults evidenced by non equipment response to
opening/closing orders, during the execution of an operative
switching procedure. These fault procedures are organized as
presented in figure 5.
The second, under fault procedures associated to alarm
signals are designed to attend contingency events that have
audio or visual indication in the substation control room.
These procedures are ordered to allow recognizing causes and
solutions to problem solve. These main procedure parts are:
alarm identification, alarm verification, and revision of alarm
circuit drawings.

Revision of initial conditions
Not
The problem has
been solved?
Change of operative level
Yes
Not
Yes
Change of operative procedure
Not
Yes
Equipment consignation and control
circuits inspection
Final revision and fault report
elaboration
Final report to CTE Oriente
availability office.
Continue with operative procedure
The problem has
been solved?
The problem has
been solved?

Fig. 5. Basic structure of the under fault procedures associated to operative
switching procedures of power sectionalizes and breakers.

The third type of under fault procedures is designed for
ancillary services. The procedure structure proposes alarm
identification, verification of the adequate backup equipment
operation and finally, description of possible causes and
proposed solutions for this contingency.
Finally, the fault procedures for control and protection
equipment are designed to offer a methodology, which helps
the equipment condition determination. These procedures help
the operator to identify erroneous equipment and report it.
Generally, is not recommended a corrective action due the
complexity of the faulted equipment as numeric protective
relays, programmable logical controllers and other digital
control devices.
C. Contingency Plans for destructive faults
These procedural guides contain the description of actions
to carry out, in the event of destructive fault in power
transformers and breakers [20]. The basic activities for the
structuring and developing of Contingency plans are
determined in three main phases.
The first phase, corresponds to ISAs corporate actions. It
is detailed presented in fig 6.

Determination of
Spare parts required
Previous studies
revision
Pervious procedures
documentation
Project and policies
application study
State power
transformers study
Unavailability cost
analysis
Actual load of power
transformers study
Fig.6. First phase of the destructive faults contingency plan - detailed
description.

The second phase, called logistics and management,
develop the contingency plan in each CTE and frames the
actions to obtain the resources for the contingency plan as fast
as possible. It is detailed presented in fig 7. This activity
should be carried out in each CTE before the occurrence of
destructive faults, addressing the equipment replacement,
guaranteeing people and equipments safety.


Determination of
required technicians
Transport licences
management

Motorways analysis Transport selection
Space availability in
S/E
Equipment and tools
necessary
Fig.7. Second phase of the destructive faults contingency plan - detailed
description.

The third phase corresponds to the statement of activities to
be performed under contingency circumstances on each CTE.
It contains the general procedure to allow contingency
attendance by the maintenance groups. The details of the plan
include factors as the type of failed equipment, equipment
stock, geographical location, space availability in the
substation, and vial infrastructure. Detailed activities are
presented in fig. 8.

Attention of equipment faulted under the proposed
contingency circumstances, requires of the utilization of
documental guides. These have to specify the activities to be
developed; the responsibilities and all technical and
management support documents.



Yes

Yes

Final equipment tests
Lower the RE from the
transport truck to ground
Raise the RE from ground to
the specified transport truck

yes

not

Not
Does it exist the
adequate RE?
Purchase order

Actual state of the RE

RE revision

Not Does it have the
adequate
equipment to raise
the RE?
Identification of adequate
replacement equipment (RE)
RE transport to faulted
S/E
Is the RE ready
for transport
procedure?
Faulted Equipment
revision
Alternative procedures
to raise the RE
Fig.8. Third phase of the destructive faults contingency plan - detailed
description.
V. APPLICATION OF RESTORATION STRATEGIES
The effect of non-destructive fault procedures of switching,
control and protective substations equipment, and the
contingency plans for destructive faults of power transformers
and breakers are presented in this numeral. In this way, the
direct effects of the restoration strategies and their application
in power transmission substations are verified. The indirect,
economic, financial and technological benefits can be
obtained determining the effect of continuity improvement
[20].
The impact of restoration plans on power load reliability
indexes is derived from the decrease in the repair time of the
components under fault. Since the operator takes a more
active role in substation operation, it is possible to evidence
and solve the problem quickly. Otherwise, the company has
valuable information for maintenance groups to identify the
fault circumstance and the damaged element. S/E operators
can help in this intention, reducing the localization damage
time.
As an example, the summary tables of the fault effects
(Tables 2 and 3) are shown in case of fault of the circuit ATR
of substation called San Mateo presented in fig. 9.
By the power line presented, the following results before
(table 2) and after (table 3) applying the restoration strategies.
Considering a circuit load average of 70 MW, the ENS is
542.08 MWh per year before applying the restoration strategy
(table 2). In case of table 3, the ENS is of 259 MWh per year
after applying restoration strategy. A reduction of 283.08
MWh per year (52.22 %) is appreciated. Here it was
considered that the S/E operator informs correctly to the
maintenance groups, about the damages of faulted equipment.

L199
L191
L196
L197
L190
Corozo 2 (L)
Bus 3
L239
L231
L236
L237
L230
Ocaa (L)
L279
L271
L276
L277
L270
Tasagero (G)
L299
L291
L296
L297
L290
Beln (G)
Bus 1
B201 B203
L229
L221
L226
L227
L220
CENS
ATR

Fig. 9. San Mateo Substation

Considered effect

year
faults

[ ] hours r

year
hours
U

Total overlapped outages 2.700E-02 282.94 7.640E+00
Total maintenance overlapped outages 7.103E-05 10.09 7.166E-04
Active faults 1.000E-01 1.00 1.000E-01
Active faults overlapped with stalled
breakers
3.000E-03 1.00 3.000E-03
Total results 1.301E-01 59.53 7.744E+00
Table 2. Results of the quantitative reliability evaluation for the line to ATR
of San Mateo substation, before applying the restoration strategies


Considered effect

year
faults

[ ] hours r

year
hours
U

Total overlapped outages 2.700E-02 133.18 3.596E+00
Total maintenance overlapped outages 7.103E-05 8.77 6.231E-04
Active faults
1.000E-01 1.00 1.000E-01
Active faults overlapped with stalled
breakers
3.000E-03 1.00 3.000E-03
Total results 1.301E-01 28.44 3.700E+00
Table 3. Final results of the quantitative reliability evaluation for the line to
ATR of San Mateo substation, after applying the restoration strategies

Larger loss reductions can be observed, if it is considered
that the operator can solve some inconveniences related with
non-destructive faults, in control or protective subsystems.
VI. IMPLEMENTATION BASED ON CASE BASED REASONING
The procedures previously defined must be generic enough
to cover all possible situations and sufficiently detailed to be
useful. Thus, difficulties in the implementation of restoration
strategies are due to the multiplicity of possible situations. We
propose to use an incremental method with learning

capabilities in order to reuse previous experiences and
documents stored in the utility data bases.
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is an exemplar problem
solving strategy, reusing previous experiences based on the
idea that similar problems have similar solutions[21]. A
four-step cycle (Retrieve, Reuse, Revise and Retain, as
presented in fig.10) is defined in order to Retain experiences
as cases for a further Reuse (submitted to an adaptation and
Revision procedure). Cases are registers containing a
description of a problem, Substation fault symptoms, and its
solution, Substation fault diagnostic and restoration. The
aim is to implement these mechanisms to solve new
restoration problems by reusing (adapting when needed)
previous experiences. The adaptation of CBR for industrial
process diagnosis has been proposed and exemplified in [22]
and [23]. Special interest must be put in defining cases as
suitable information structures. CBR is based on the use of
indexation mechanisms in order to define similarities among
cases and to guide the retrieval procedure. These indexes can
also be useful to adapt the recovered solutions according to
the new situation.
Solution
Fault Diagnostic
New problem
(Fault symptoms)
CASE-BASE
Diagnosed
faults
Revise
Proposed solution Confirmed
solution
?
Retrieve
Retain
R
e
u
s
e

Case Memory
Problem Space
(symptoms)
Solution Space
(diagnostic)

Fig 10: Cases and CBR cycle: Retrieve, Reuse, Retain and Revise.
Significant attributes to characterise each substation fault
are proposed and are related to the equipment under fault
conditions, type of fault, possible location of fault, and the
corresponding restoration procedure (documented). These are
general attributes useful for managing both destructive and
non destructive faults. The operator from the substation must
make sure that the conditions specified of each restoration
procedure are fulfilled during its application. Case Base
Reasoning is proposed by providing plans that have already
been used and in which the solutions have already been
worked out [24].
The number of goals competing for achievement at any
time can be high in restoration problems. If an operator has to
star a specific restoration strategy, first of all the related
documentation will be available. Also if the operator notices
the possibility of achieving several goals simultaneously or in
conjunction with each other, then the total planning execution
time can be cut significantly. Case base reasoning provides a
method for doing this.
An efficient restoration strategy will be easily accessible
and efficient representation of procedures. There are two
things that have been considered: First how to represent what
is common to several similar restoration strategies, and index
anomalous situations from that common core according to the
recognizable characterizations of situation that call for using
the specialized plan. Second, each restoration strategy should
be divided into parts according to the sub goals that are
pursued, and this so called sub strategies should be
individually accessible and must be linked sequentially to
another component parts of the restoration strategy so that the
full strategy can be easily reconstructed.
Due of the complexity of the system, it is highly
recommended to define the vocabulary to be used on the
indexed attributes in order to guarantee an efficient retrieval.
The case base representation proposed here takes into account
the fact that each restoration strategy that was successfully
used before was been indexed, and register in the case base as
a frame, and the slots of the frame represent description of
goal state, constrains on the goal, features of the initial
situation, and relationships between its parts and solution
explanation.
As an example, a case frame is presented in fig.11
Case # 124
Goal:
Restore the power transformer (ATR) from San Mateo Substation
Constrains:
Not available transformer on San Mateo Substation.
Situation:
S.I-Destructive fault, S.II-Available Replacement equipment located on
Ocaa substation, S.III-Motorway from Ocaa to San Mateo in bad
conditions by rain, S.IV-Available restoration tools on CTE Oriente.
Indexed procedure and case:
Step one: Start the transport procedure of the replacement power transformer.
Step two: Start the removing process of the faulted transformer.
Step three: Revision of the availability of other transformer parts and
necessary tools.


Fig 10: Case frame example for transformer restoration.
For an efficient retrieval, indexed attributes must be
categorized according to their importance. This allows a
priority based search that start for relevant attributes. Cases
with degree of similarity are ranked for adaptation and
justification.
In order to adapt a new situation, previous solutions must
be adapted. Depending upon a situation adaptation process
might be as simple as substituting one solution for another or
as a complex as partial structure of a solution. After
adaptation, the sequenced steps of restoration strategy for
solving corresponding situation will be displayed on the MMI
used and confirmed by the user.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Under-fault procedures are good to assist the non-
destructive faults of the switching, control and protective
systems of transmission substations. The methodology was
applied to 10 substations of Electric Interconnection ISA,
which conform a database of approximately 2246 different
fault procedures.
The contingency plans help to assist on destructive faults of
the 66 power breakers and nine power transformers located in

the 10 substations under CTE Oriente responsibility. The
described methodology is the base for the development of the
contingency plans for all countrywide ISAs facilities.
The under-fault procedures and the contingency plans
obtained as result of this research conform a valuable base of
information. By means of an appropriate knowledge
representation, inference rules can be developed to conform
an intelligent system to support the S/E operators during
transmission substation faults.
The proposed methodology is applicable to different
industrial processes, which have alarm systems to evidence
the presence of faults.
By means of the reliability evaluation, the critical
equipment can be determined. Starting from fault, repair and
maintenance indexes is possible to determine, in a quantitative
way, the unavailability rate for year. It allows estimating the
economic and financial consequences of outages.
VIII. FUTURE WORK
Future work is centred in developing the complete case based
reasoning system here proposed to include the 2246 under
fault procedures an the contingency plans for 9 power
transformers and 66 power breakers, given in this project, and
for the control and protection module, set detailed in the next
project.
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X. BIOGRAPHIES
Juan Jos Mora-Flrez. Received his BSC in Electrical
Engineer from Industrial University of Santander (UIS),
Colombia in 1996, Master in Electrical Power from UIS in
2001. He is currently research assistant in the department
of Electronics, Automatics and Informatics at University
of Girona, Girona, Spain, working towards his PhD.
Member of GISEL research group on Energy Systems and
eXit group of Control and Artificial Intelligence. Interest
Areas: Power Quality, Protective Relaying and Artificial
Intelligence.
Gilberto Carrillo-Caicedo. Received his BSC in
Electrical Engineer from Industrial University of
Santander (UIS), Colombia in 1978; Master of
Engineering form Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA
in 1981; Research Specialist from Technological
Investigation Institute of the Universidad Pontificia
Comillas (UPCO), Spain in 1994; PhD from UPCO, Spain
in 1995. Laureate Titular Professor UIS
Interest Areas: Electric Energy markets, Ancillary Services and Power
Quality.


Jorge Antonio Jaimes-Bez. Received his BSC in
Electrical Engineer from Industrial University of
Santander (UIS), Colombia in 1995, Master in Electrical
Power from UIS in 2000. Operation Engineer of
Interconexin Elctrica ISA S.A. Colombia. Member of
GISEL research group on Energy Systems. Interest Areas:
Power Systems, Protective Relaying and Ancillary
Services

Joaquim Melndez. Obtained his BSC in
Telecommunication Engineering at the Universitat
Politcnica de Catalunya (UPC, Spain) in 1991 and the
Ph.D. degree in Engineering by the Universitat de Girona
(UdG) in 1998. Titular professor UdG. Interest Areas:
Knowledge-based techniques for fault detection, diagnosis
and supervision of industrial processes and its application
to real process.


Joan Colomer. Obtained his BSC in Sciences at the
Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain) in 1990 and
the Ph.D. degree in Engineering by the University of
Girona (UdG) in 1998. Titular professor UdG. Interest
Areas: Knowledge based techniques for fault detection,
diagnosis and supervision of industrial processes