Properties of pure elements Al Mg Ti Fe Cu Ni

YS (MPa) (annealed) 10 69 171 50 41 60

UTS (MPa) (annealed) 45 185 240 450 215 310
Density (g cm
3
) 2.7 1.74 4.54 7.86 8.96 8.9
E (GPa) (annealed) 70 45 111 198 116 207
%Elongation (annealed) 50 4 24 54 40
Unit cell fcc hcp hcp, bcc bcc, fcc fcc fcc
MP (C) 660 650 1670 1538 1081 1455
Aluminium and its Alloys
In properly treated condition alloys of light metal posses favourable
Specific strength = Strength/weight (UTS/density)
Specific modulus = Stiffness/weight (E/density)
Alloy UTS/density E/density
HSS 170 27
Duralumin 200 26
Mg alloy 190 25
Ti alloy 280 27
Valence: +3
Density:
Melting Point:
Thermal Conductivity:
Elastic Modulus:
Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion:
Cost:
Electrical Resistivity:
Crystal Structure: FCC
0 250 500
0 250 500
0 20 40
0
0.1 10
1
1 10
2
10
3
10
4
50 100
0 1000 2000 3000
0 10 20 25
2.70 g/cm
3
660C
237 W/m

K
69 GPa
23.6 m/m

C
2.63

cm
1.30 $/kg
Aluminium (Al)
Al
Al
Al
Al
W Fe Al
Al
Cu Co Au
Fe Ti
Fe W
Fe Ag
Fe W
Fe
W
Physical properties of Al.
Specific values of elastic modulus (GPa)
Aluminium and its alloysfeatures and uses
Low strength in pure form
Alloying, heat-treatment, and cold-working can improve strength tremendously
Some alloys can be made even stronger than steel
Light-weight
Aerospace alloys, automotive industry
Corrosion resistant in air and chemical media (pH 4.58.5)
Pure Al readily forms a dense, impervious, passive and continuous surface film of
Al
2
O
3
of thickness 2030 on exposure to oxidizing environment
Molar volume of Al
2
O
3
is about 1.3 times that of Al
Surface layer is therefore under compressive stress and readily heals on damage
Can be anodized to improve corrosion resistanceformation of thicker film of
Al
2
O
3

Construction, buildings, and household utensils
Power transmission lines, cooking utensils, heat sinks
Thermal conductivity is about 60 % that of copper
Equal volume basis: conductivity of Al 60 % that of Cu
Equal weight basis: conductivity of Al 200 % that of Cu
Highly formable
fcc: no ductile-to-brittle transition
Complex-sectioned hollow extrusions
Low melting point
Castings: engines and transmissions of automobiles
Good reflectivity of heat and light
Mirrors, heat reflectors
Impermeable
Aluminium foils (thickness < 1 mm) for packaging
Non-toxic
Beverage cans, food packaging, cooking utensils
Good thermal and electrical conductivity
Easy to recycle
Energy (only 5 % compared to production of Al) and resource saving
Non-magnetic
Antennas
Ease of casting
Variety of surface finishes
Decorative

Aluminium products
Cast alloys (23 %)
Wrought products

Standard and special extruded shapes (23 %)
Forgings, impacts (combined extrusion and forging)
Rod, bar, wire, tube (6 %)
Sheet, plate, foil (40 %)

Limits of use
Temperature range of -240 C to +200 C for normal alloys
Up to 350 C for special alloys
Up to 480 C for short periods for dispersion strengthened alloys
Low modulus of elasticity, requires stiffening
Inferior wear, creep, & fatigue properties compared to steel
High energy requirement for its extraction from ore
Oxides can make joining rather difficult
Welding is done in inert gas atmosphere
Corrosion problems
Pitting corrosion
Stress-corrosion cracking in precipitation-hardened alloys
Anodic with respect to many elementssacrificial attack of aluminium alloys when
they are in contact with most other metals in corrosive environment
Alloying elements in aluminium alloys
Strength can be improved by alloying followed by some hardening process
Only nine elements have maximum solid solubility in Al (fcc solid solution) greater
than 1 wt. %
These are: Ag, Cu, Ga, Ge, Li, Mg, Mn, Si, Zn
Ag, Ga, Ge: expensive
Li : processing difficulties, only in special alloys
Heat-treatable alloys contain elements that dissolve substantially at high temperature
and precipitates on cooling (Cu, Mg, Zn)
Casting alloys contain Si which increases fluidity, not sensitive to hot-cracking, and
able to fill mould completely
Si produces a modest increase in strength by forming fibres and particles during
solidification
Non-heat trea table
wrought alloys
Heat treatable
wrought alloys
Non-heat trea table
cas ting alloys
Heat treatable
cas ting alloys
Mg,
MgMn
MgSi, ZnMg,
CuMg, ZnCuMg
Si,
SiMg, SiCu
SiMg,
CuTiMg
Al
(Work-hardening)
Work hardening alloys produce a fine dispersion of intermetallic phase (Al-Mn) or
remain in solid solution (Al-Mg) imparting strength
Casting alloys Wrought alloys
Work-
hardenable
alloys
Age-
hardenable
alloys
Si
Mg
Zn
Cu
Al
Al Si
Al Mg
Al Si Cu
Al Si Mg
Al Mg Si
Al Cu
Al Zn Mg
Al Fe Si
Al Mg
Al Si
Al Mn
Al Mg Mn
Al Zn
Al Mg Si
Al Cu (Si, Mn)
Al Cu Mg
Al Zn Mg
Al Zn Mg Cu
Al Cu (Mg) Li
Fe
Si
Mn
Mg
Zn
Cu
Li
Al
Alloy type Four-digit designation
Wrought alloys
1XXX
Copper 2XXX
Manganese 3XXX
Silicon 4XXX
Magnesium 5XXX
Magnesium and silicon 6XXX
Zinc 7XXX
8XXX
1XXnX
Copper 2XXnX
Silicon with added copper
and\or magnesium 3XXnX
Silicon 4XX.X
Magnesium 5XXnX
Zinc 7XX.X
Tin 8XX.X
Others 9XXnX
99 wt.% (min) aluminium
99 wt.% (min) aluminium
Others (Li etc.)
Aluminium Alloy Designations
Note: 6XX.X is unused in casting alloys
Cast alloys
Aluminium alloys are classified according to their main alloying elements
Four-digit classification system of Aluminium Association, USA
Separate designation systems exist for wrought and cast alloys
Additionally, a temper designation system is used to define different thermal and
mechanical treatments

Wrought Alloys:
XXX is a code for specific composition
First X denotes modifications of the original alloy
Last XX denote distinct compositions (except 1XXX: here XXX denotes purity
level)
Prefix X is used to denote an experimental alloy
The first digit (18) indicates the alloy group
X is a digit 08

Cast Alloys:
The first digit (19) indicates the alloy group
First two XX before the decimal point is a code for composition
Last X denotes if the alloy is an ingot (X0) or not (X=0)
Often a letter prefix (excluding I, O, Q, X) is used to denote either an impurity
level or the presence of a secondary-alloying element

Suffix (-Syy) is added to denote thermal/mechanical treatment given (except for
S=H strain-hardened (wrought products only). Strengthening by strain-hardening,
with or without supplementary thermal treatments to produce some reduction in
strength. H is always followed by one or more digits

S=O annealed. Wrought products which are annealed to obtain the lowest strength
temper, and to cast products which are annealed to improve ductility and
dimensional stability (Dead soft alloys)
S=F as fabricated. No special control over thermal conditions or strain-hardening is
employed
ingots)-Temper designations
S=T thermally treated. Applies to products which are thermally treated, with or
without supplementary strain-hardening, to produce stable tempers (age-
hardened). T is always followed by one or more digits
S=W solution heat-treated. An unstable temper applicable only to alloys which
spontaneously age at room temperature after solution heat treatment. This
designation is specific only when the period of natural aging is indicated: for
example, W hr
Examples:
1060-H18: 99.6Al, 0.35Fe, 0.25Si: Architectural, Cookware
1100-H18: 99.0Al, 1.0(Fe+Si),
1199-O: 99.99Al (super purity Al)
2024-T6: 4.4Cu, 1.5Mg, 0.6Mn, 0.5Fe, 0.05Si: Aircraft, Hardware
3003-H18: 1.2Mn, 0.15Cu, 0.7Fe, 0.6Si: Food, Chemical processing
A443.0: 5.25Si, <0.8Fe, <0.30Cu, <0.05Mg, <0.5Zn 5052-H38: 2.5Mg, 0.25Cr,
0.4Fe, 0.25Si
6063-T6: 0.7Mg, 0.4Si, 0.35Fe: Extrusion, Architectural, irrigation
7075-T7: 5.6Zn, 2.5Mg, 1.6Cu, 0.5Fe, 0.4Si: Aircraft
1xxx 99%+ Al
2xxx Cu
3xxx Mn
4xxx Si
5xxx Mg
6xxx Mg+Si
7xxx Zn
8xxx Li (etc.)
1: Cold-worked only
2: Cold-worked & partially annealed
3: Cold-worked & fully annealed
1: Partial solution & natural ageing
2: Annealed cast products
3: Solution & cold-work
4: Solution & natural ageing
5: Artificial ageing only
6: Solution & artificial ageing
7: Solution & stabilising
8: Solution & cold-work & artificial ageing
9: Solution & artificial ageing & cold-work
2: hard
4: hard
6: hard
8: Hard
9: Extra hard
F
as fabricated
O
annealed
(wrought only)
H
cold-worked
T
heat-treated
xxx is code for
specific composition
main alloying addition
Changes denote minor variants
Changes denote
distinct alloys
[except 1xxx: xxx denotes purity level]
Aluminum-alloy temper designation
Letter Description
F As manufactured or fabricated
O Annealed
H Strain hardened (wrought products only) :
H1x: Strain hardened only
H2x: Strain hardened only and partially annealed to achieved required temper
H3x: Strain hardened only and stabilized by low-temperature heat treatment to achieve required
temper
H12, H22, H32: Quarter hard, equivalent to about 2025% cold reduction
H14, H24, H34: Half hard, equivalent to about 35% cold reduction
H16, H26, H36: Three quarter hard, equivalent to about 5055% cold reduction
H18, H28, H38: Fully hard, equivalent to about 75% cold reduction
W Solution heat treated
T Thermally treated to produce stable tempers other than F, H, and O. Usually solution heat treated,
quenched, and precipitation hardened.
T1: Cooled from elevated-temperature shaping process and aged naturally to a substantially
stable condition
T2: Cooled from elevated-temperature shaping process, cold worked, and aged naturally to
a substantially stable condition
T3: Solution heat treated, cold worked, and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition
T4: Solution heat treated and aged naturally to a substantially stable condition
T5: Cooled from elevated-temperature shaping process, and then aged artificially
T6: Solution heat treated, then aged artificially
T7: Solution heat treated, then stabilized (overaged)
T8: Solution heat treated, cold worked, then aged artificially
T9: Solution heat treated, aged artificially, then cold worked
T10: Cooled from an elevated- temperature shaping process, artificially aged, then cold worked
Note: A large number of numeric additions have been introduced to indicate specific variations.
Non-heat-treatable alloys can be cold-worked to increase strength
Most can not be precipitation strengthened
The 1XXX, 3XXX, 5XXX, and most of the 4XXX wrought alloys are not age-
hardenable

The heat-treatable aluminum alloys of the 2XXX, 6XXX, and 7XXX groups are age-
hardenable
Thus their use is not for moderate (~200C) or high temperature applications.
Role of important alloying elements in aluminium alloys

Copper (2XXX)
Causes age-hardening in several alloys (wrought and cast)
Also imparts solid solution strengthening
Up to 4% in wrought alloys and up to 8% in castings; generally along with other
alloying elements
Generally decreases corrosion resistance
Copper containing alloys are prone to intergranular corrosion; mainly due its
presence in micro-constituents (Cr is added to counter it)
In small amounts (0.050.2 %) beneficial for corrosion resistance
Decreases shrinkage and hot shortness in cast alloys
Often used in combination with Mg in heat-treatable alloys

Magnesium (5XXX, 6XXX)
110%
Decreases density
Used mainly in non-heat treatable grades (3XXX, 5XXX) and heat-treatable
grades containing Cu, Si, and Zn (2XXX, 4XXX, 6XXX, 7XXX)
In several 2XXX grades (e.g. 2024) to accelerate age-hardening, thus response
to heat-treatment is much more pronounced
Causes strength to increase without unduly decreasing the ductility
Improves machineability, weldability, ductility
Improved corrosion resistance when present in small amounts (esp. in alkaline and
marine environment)
In 3XXX series--to improve work hardening characterstics
Improves casting qualities: increases fluidity (of Al-Si eutectic), low shrinkage,
decreases hot shortness, enhances corrosion resistance, lowers thermal expansion
coefficient, increases thermal conductivity, lowers melting point
In Mg alloys it is added as a secondary alloying element for forming Mg
2
Si
precipitates beneficial for age hardening (6XXX)
Also present in some non-heat treatable 3XXX alloys along with Mn, mainly for
strength

Manganese (3XXX)
Added up to ~1.5% in non-heat treatable wrought alloys
Solid solution strengthening + strengthening due to presence of precipitates
Further increase in strength when Mg is present (e.g. 3004: 1.2Mn, 1Mg, 0.2Cu)
Added in small amounts to increase the strength
Example: Added to Al-Cu-Mg alloys to form the fine dispersion of Al
20
Cu
2
Mn
3

Decreases ductility (formation of coarse intermetallic phases such as Al
6
Mn)

Silicon (4XXX, 6XXX)
Present as an impurity in many grades (along with Fe) or added intentionally
114% (as a primary or secondary alloying element)
Improves intergranular and stress corrosion resistanceAl
6
Mn has approximately
same standard electrode potential as Al and dissolves Fe and Si
In CP aluminium Mn can be a minor impurity, usually between 5 and 50 ppm
decreases conductivity

Zinc (7XXX)
Up to 10 %, main alloying element in some of the strongest heat treatable Al-
alloys (7075, 7050, and 7049)
Added along with other elements to improve mechanical properties through
formation of hard intermediate phases such as MgZn
2

Used along with Mg and Cu

Lithium (8XXX)
Most important recent addition
Used in high strength and low density alloys, and also in some cryogenic alloys
Low ductility
Textured and therefore anisotropic
Added along with Cu and Mg

Chromium
Up to 0.35%, mainly in 5XXX, 6XXX, and 7XXX
Added to control recrystallization and grain growth
Cr has slow diffusion rate in Al
Can form finely dispersed intermetallic phases in wrought products that
prevents nucleation and grain growth
In 5XXX series, added to prevent grain growth
In 6XXX and 7XXX, added to delay recrystallization during heat treatment
and hot working
Good finish after anodizing (golden colour)being replaced by Ce
Improves corrosion resistance of Cu and Mg containing alloys
In CP aluminium Cr can be a minor impurity, usually between 5 and 50 ppm
decreases conductivity


Nickel
Improves strength and hardness at elevated temperatures (2XXX, 4XXX)
Decreases corrosion resistance

Iron
Dominant impurity in virtually all commercial alloys, high solubility in molten Al
but solubility is very low in solid state
Present as coarse intermetallic precipitatesreduces fracture toughness and
fatigue-crack-initiation and fatigue-crack-propagation resistance
Usually kept below 1%

Reduces coefficient of thermal expansion
Lead, Tin, Bismuth, Cadmium
Used in free-machining grades of Al alloys (improved machinability by forming soft
low-melting phases)
Example: Al-5.5Cu-0.4Bi-0.4Pb (2011)

Na, Sr: modifiers (alters eutectic microstructureshape, size, and distribution of
precipitates) in cast alloys
Sodium causes hot cracking in 5XXX

B, Nb, Sc, Ti: added for grain refinement
Example: 7020 (Al-4.5Zn-1.2Mg) grain refined with Sc

Zr: forms fine intermetallic phase that inhibits recovery and recrystallization and
thus grain structure (used extensively in 7XXX alloys containing Mg)

Strain Hardening


Strain hardening curves for alloys
1100 (99Al), 3003(Al-1.2Mn),
5050(Al-1.4Mg) and 5052 (Al-2.5Mg)

Note initial rapid rise of YS and decrease in ductility
Aluminium and its Alloys: Strengthening Mechanisms
Particularly useful for non-heat treatble grades
Alloying increases rate of dislocation production, reduces recovery rate, increases
effectiveness of dislocations as barriers for metal flow
Cu is very effective, but usually kept < 0.3 % in non-heat treatable wrought
alloys to avoid formation of insoluble intermetallic phases
Mg is less effective than Cu, but has high solid solubility in (Al)
Zn has only negligible effect on strain hardening
Strain hardening behaviour can be influenced by alloying:
A
l-4
.5
%
M
g
A
l-2
.0
%
M
g
A
l-0
.5
%
M
g
H
ig
h
-
p
u
r
ity
A
l
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5
500
300
200
100
50
Y
i
e
l
d

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
True Strain
Strain-hardening response from cold-rolling high-purity Al and Al containing varying amounts
of Mg (wt%). True strain = 1.15 ln (initial thickness/nal thickness).
Strain hardening characteristic changes with
temperature
Strain hardening ability decreases as the
temperature increases due to dynamic
recovery and recrystallization
m
) (T should be < 0.3 T
Example: Cryorolling of 1100-O
As much as 40% improvement in
work hardening, but ductility is
significantly reduced
cross-slip difficult at low T
recovery and recrystallization can occur
effectiveness of strain hardening disappears
at temperatures where dynamic

low temperatures - strain hardening rate

higher than at room temperarture
For significant s-s-s misfit and RT solubility must be highsolid solubility of Mg
and Zn in (Al) is about 2 wt.%, where as most other elements solubility is less than
The atomic radius comparison between Al and common alloying elements can be
Mg additions (r = 0.018 nm) have a greater strengthening effect than additions of
Si (r = 0.024 nm), Cu (r = 0.016 nm), Ti (r = 0.004 nm) and Zn (r = 0.005
nm).


5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mg
Cu
Si
Zn
wt. %
used as a guide to potency of s-s-s

Solid Solution Strengthening (s-s-s) in Aluminium Alloys

Particularly useful for non-heat treatable grades
Grain refinement improves not only strength, but also the toughness of many
alloys.
Ductility is not significantly reduced by grain refinement
In Al alloys grain refinement is achieved by
fast cooling (lots of nucleation due to high T)
adding grain refining elements (e.g. B, Ti, etc.)
cold working (e.g. cryorolling), recovery, recrystallization
electromagnetic stirring or ultrasonic vibrations during solidification
Grain Boundary Strengthening


Max. age hardening: critical dispersion of GP zones or intermediate precipitates or both

Peak strength is associated with critical particle size and distributionsufficient
precipitation, but not too large in size

Age Hardening
Higher the ageing temperature faster the ageing processdue to faster diffusion
Peak strength is reached fast, thereafter strength decreases due to overageing
Caution: High ageing temperature degree of super saturation reduced, amount of
precipitation reduced, and strength lowered

120
100
80
60
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 10
3
Aging Time (days)
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

(
V
H
N
)
130C
190C
GP2
GP2
GP1

Hardness versus aging time in a binary Al 4 wt% Cu alloy solutionized, quenched, and aged
Maximum hardness occurs on both curves when a mixed GP2+

microstructure is present.
The strongest aluminium alloys (2XXX, 6XXX and 7XXX) are produced by age
hardening

Related phenomena during age hardening
Overaging at grain boundaries
Nucleation of precipitates can happen either homogenously or by heterogeneously
Preferred sites for heterogeneous nucleation are grain boundaries and dislocations
At these sites overaging occurs (by Ostwald ripening) much before the matrix
has fully aged
Recrystallization of the matrix during aging treatment
Widmansttten structure formation
A structure characterised by a geometric pattern resulting from the formation of
a new phase (plate or needle-shaped) on certain crystallographic planes in the
parent phase
The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related to the orientation of the
lattice in the parent phase


g
r
a
i
n

b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
PFZ in an Al-Ge alloy
Regions adjacent to the grain boundaries which
are denuded of precipitates or zones
All alloys involving refined dispersions of a second
phase tend to produce PFZs
Formation of precipitation-free zones (PFZ)
1. depletion of excess vacancy concentration
in these regions next to the boundaries
precipitation)
Vacancy concentrations are influenced by
the presence of a grain boundary because
the boundary acts as a sink for vacancies
Far from the boundary, the vacancy
concentration will be the equilibrium
value for the solutionizing temperature
and near the boundary, the concentration
will be that for the aging temperature
When the vacancy concentration drops in
the vicinity of the boundary, it reduces
below the critical concentration for GPZ
formation

Two contributing factors for formation of PFZs
Critical vacancy
concentration for GP
zone formation
Solute concentration
Actual vacancy concentration
PFZ
(recall that vacancies are essential for
The solute concentration usually
decreases by an amount which is
considerably less than that corresponding
to the vacancy concentration
The rate of quenching also affects the
PFZ width because during a slow quench,
there is more time for the vacancies to
diffuse to boundaries and be annihilated
2. depletion of solute near to the boundary because of diffusion of solute to the
boundary where large particles are formed
Usually the solute profile at a boundary is not as pronounced as the vacancy
concentration
This is not the case when particles precipitate at boundaries because of
heterogeneous nucleation, depleting solute from the surrounding matrix, and grow
by Ostwald ripening because of fast diffusion down the boundaries
Critical concentrations for
GP zone formation:
solute
vacancies
Profile of solute
concentration
Vacancy
concentration
Precipitate particle
PFZ
PFZ in Al-4Zn-3Mg aged at 150 C for 24 h
PFZ in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy
Wide PFZs are undesirable because they adversely affect the mechanical an
corrosion properties of the alloy
PFZ may be reduced by:
alloying with trace elements
lower ageing temperature
faster quench rates
Reduced pfz size when 0.3%Ag is added to Al-4Zn-3Mg alloy
(aged at 150C for 24 hrs) - compare with previous micrograph
Here Ag raises the GP zone solvus temperature
The pfz size is drastically reduced by the raising of the GP solvus
2024: Al-4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn
Superseded 2017 (Duralumin: Al-4.4Cu-0.8Si-0.5Mg-0.8Mn)
Uses: High strength fabricated or machined items in aircraft industries, general
engineering, machinery, military equipment, truck wheels. Screw machine products.
Structural applications. Rivets (e.g. in aircraft structural).
Characteristic Properties: Heat treatable alloy. Very good machining
characteristics. High strength alloy. High fatigue strength. Poor weldability
electron beam welding preferred. Corrosion resistance only with cladding or other
protection. Natural ageing.
After solutionizing rivet is kept under refrigeration (to prevent aging and loss of
ductility)
Riveting (cold work) causes strain-induced aging
The strength-aging time plot of these alloys must be known very accurately in
order to service the part (replacement of rivet) before loss of strength occurs
through over-aging
The flight schedule of the airplane is part of the maintenance program as the aging
rate is reduced during flight in low temperature air
Available in O(YS 75 MPa), T3(YS 340 MPa), T4(YS 330 MPa), and T8(YS 450
MPa) tempers
T3 and T4 tempers are usually stable after natural ageing of ~1 week
3004: Al-1.3Mn-1.1Mg
Extra Mg in 3004 makes it stronger (YS 75 MPa for 3004-O, 295 MPa for 3004-
Forming characteristics most suitable for beverage can body
Aluminium beverage cans are fabricated from two parts:
the can body, generally made from 3004 (or 3104) sheet, and
3104 is sold in the H19 hard rolled temper
After manufacture, the can body and can end are transported to a filling plant
the can end, typically made using 5182 due to its higher strength
using a folded seam and a small amount of a sealing compound
where the beverage is put into the can and the two components are attached
H19) than 3003
4032: Al-12.2Si-1Mg-0.9Cu-0.9Ni
Heat treatable
Excellent elevated temperature properties due to Ni
4032-T6: YS 317 MPa, UTS 380 MPa (at 25C)
UTS 270 MPa (at 270C)
Corrosion resistance is not good (due to presence of Cu and Ni)
Products: Forged pistons in IC engines
5182: Al-4.5Mg-0.3Mn (Packaging: container ends, can stock. Motor vehicles:
automotive body panels and reinforcement members, brackets and parts.)
5182 alloy was designed for manufacturing of beverage can easy-opening ends
which require maximum strength to ensure minimum thickness and lowest cost. It
is also used for formed parts in automotive bodies but stretcher-strain marks which
can occur on forming mean that it is restricted to inner panels, brackets and
supports which are not visible in the final structure
5182-O (YS 135 MPa), 5182-H18 (YS 310 MPa)

6082: Al-0.9Mg-1Si-0.7Mn (Heavy duty structures in rail coaches, truck frames, ship
building, offshore, bridges, military bridges, bicycles, boilermaking. Machinery:
platforms, flanges, hydraulic systems, mining equipment, pylons and towers,
motorboats. Nuclear technology. Masts and beams for ship building. Tubes for
scaffolding, framework for tents and halls, piping, tubing Screw machine products.
Rivets.)
Not suitable for complex shapes
6082-O (YS 60 MPa), 6082-T6 (YS 310 MPa)
7075: Al-5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu-0.23Cr-0.3Mn (Aircraft and military highly stressed
structural components. Rolling stock for machine parts and tools (for rubber and
plastics). Ski poles, tennis rackets, screws and bolts, nuts. Rivets. Nuclear
applications.)
Heat treatable very high strength alloy with a strength slightly lower than 7010.
Very high fatigue strength. Joining preferably by rivets, adhesives or screws.
Corrosion protection is recommended also in outdoor atmosphere.
Care to be taken when selecting temper (and other thermal treatment) for balance
of properties. May be clad with 7072 for better protection against stress corrosion
cracking.
7075-O (YS 105 MPa), 7075-T651 (YS 503MPa), 7075-T73 (YS 420 MPa)
7475: Al-5.7Zn-2.2Mg-1.6Cu-0.22Cr-0.06Mn
Lower impurity specification than 7075, better resistance to stress corrosion
cracking
7475-T651 (YS 510MPa)