178 Journal of the Institute of the Engineering

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater Treatment System

Rohini Prasad Devkota
Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, epal
Correspondin! e"mail# rohinidev$ota%yahoo&com
Abstract: 'esides its !reat potential in controllin! (ater pollution from different sources, (aste (ater
treatment system !enerates si!nificant amount of !reenhouse !ases& )ence, reducin! the emission of
!reenhouse !ases from the (aste(ater treatment plants is the ma*or concern& The correct understandin! and
estimation of the !reenhouse !ases emitted from different points of the plan is essential to tac$le this challen!e&
This research has attempted to evaluate and +uantify the !reenhouse !ases, mainly methane and nitrous o,ide,
emissions from the (aste(ater treatment system under varyin! conditions of temperature and o,y!en&
The slud!e samples (ere collected from the septic tan$, aeration tan$, denitrification tan$ and di!estion tan$ to
e,amine the emission of !reenhouse !ases from the samples (ith and (ithout nutrients and volatile fatty
acids-./01& To e,amine the effect of temperatures on the emission of !reenhouse !ases, e,periments (ere
desi!ned under different temperatures by $eepin! reactors at 23

C, 453

C, 463

C, 753

C, 773

C and 653

C&
Similarly, e,periments (ere carried out at 773

C under different amount of o,y!en supply -5, 5&1, 5&2, 1&5 and
4&5 m!891 to e,amine the role of o,y!en in !reenhouse !ases emission&
E,perimental results sho(ed that the rate of emission of C)2 !as from the slud!e sample (as enhanced (ith the
presence of !lucose, nutrients and ./0& :ate of C)2 production (as (ell correlated (ith slud!e temperature&
;t (as similar for all slud!e samples ta$en from different points of the treatment plant& :ate of production (as
found hi!hest for di!estion slud!e and least fir septic slud!e& C)2 production (as started earlier and found
fastest from the di!estion slud!e& 0n inverse relationship (as found bet(een the rate of C)2 emission and the
amounts of o,y!en present in the slud!e sample& )o(ever, 4< emission (as not detected at all&
Keywords: =ethane, 0naerobic, Temperature, utrients, >aste(ater, Slud!e
1. Introduction
>ater scarcity and (ater pollution are serious environmental problems in many the urban areas&
The rapidly increasin! population in the urban areas of developin! countries has added to the
scarcity of (ater& The inappropriate mana!ement of domestic se(a!e and industrial dischar!e
has e,acerbated the (ater pollution& This situation has necessitated (ater treatment system and
different techni+ues are in practice for the treatment of (aste (ater& These systems are, no(,
proven to be effective means not only in meetin! the demand of (ater for different purposes, but
also in restorin! the de!raded a+uatic ecosystem and environment&
>ide ran!es of (aste(ater treatment systems are available to maintain the chemical, physical,
and biolo!ical inte!rity of (ater& ?hysical, chemical, and biolo!ical units have been developed
and are applied for the treatment of (aste(ater& The (aste(ater treatment systems are not
totally environmentally friendly as they !enerate various !reenhouse !ases -@)@s1& @)@s
li$e C<
4
, C)
2
and
4
< are released from different components of the treatment system&
There has been !radual increase in the trend of these C)
2
and
4
< !ases emission from 1AA8 to
4552 -/i!ure11&
Bournal of the ;nstitute of En!ineerin!, .ol& 8, o& 1, pp& 178C187
D TUT08;<E8?CU
0ll ri!hts reserved& ?rinted in epal
/a,# A77"1"6646875

TUTA/IO/P!U
17A Journal of the Institute of the Engineering
Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions from waste and wastewater treatment systems.
Source: IPCC annual report !""#$
The study has focused on evaluatin! and +uantifyin! !reenhouse !ases emission from the
(aste(ater treatment slud!e& The aim of study is to evaluate and +uantify the @)@ emissions
from it& This study mainly focuses on the role of nutrients -<
7
"
, )
2
E
1, !lucose and ./0,
temperature and o,y!en on the @)@ emissions from (aste(ater treatment slud!e&
". #ethods and #ateria$s
Slud!e samples (ere collected from septic tan$, aeration tan$, denitrification tan$ and di!estion
tan$ of the (aste(ater treatment system (hich is sho(n schematically in /i! 4& F5 Slud!e
samples of 655 ml (ere ta$en from 2 and !lucose, )
2
E
, <
7
"
and volatile fatty acids -./01
(ere added to e,amine their effect in the emission of !reenhouse !ases& E,periments (ere
carried out under different sets of temperatures and o,y!en levels& The effects of temperature and
o,y!en in the emission of @)@s from the (aste(ater slud!e can be done only in those places
(here (e can control these parameters& The +uantity of methane and nitrous o,ide emitted from
these slud!e samples (ere measured by usin! @as Chromato!raph -@C1 (ith thermal
conductivity detector&
1,400
1,450
1,500
1,550
1,600
1,650
1,700
1,750
1,800
Years
C
H
4

(
G
g
/
y
e
a
r
)
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
N
2
O

(
G
g
/
y
e
a
r
)
CH4 N2O
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
Years
C
H
4

(
G
g
/
y
e
a
r
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
N
2 O

(
G
g
/
y
e
a
r
)
CH4 N2O
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from %astewater &reatment System 185
9e!ends# /lo( process
Sample collection points
Figure 2: 'loc( diagram of the system indicating the sampling points
%. Resu$ts and Discussion
%.1 &&ect o& Te'(erature on )*)s 'ission &ro' Denitri&ication +$ud,e
The measured rates of produced C)
2
methane from the denitrification tan$ (ith and (ithout ./0
are presented in Table 1& The ?" value obtained from hypothesis testin! at A6 G confidential level
and :
4
obtained from re!ression analysis are also !iven in Table 1& The emission rate of C)
2
from denitrification slud!e sample (as found hi!h in the slud!e temperature increase and the
effect of ./0 contain at 45
o
C& ;n this temperature the ratio of the rate of emission of C)
2
from
the slud!e sample that contained ./0 came to be almost 165G more than that from the slud!e
alone& ;n other temperatures, this ratio is almost e+ual to 1& ;t can be seen in /i!& 7 in (hich
methane emission rate (as plotted a!ainst temperature& The optimum temperature for C)
2
emission from denitrification slud!e (as above 77
o
C& 'oth rate of C)
2
emission and C)
2
production -from dry (ei!ht1 increases (ith increase in temperature of denitrification slud!e&
Tab$e 1: =ethane production rates and dry (ei!ht of denitrification slud!e (ith and (ithout
./0 at different temperatures
Temperature 0ctivities
C)2 Emission
-m!898d1
? " value
:
4
C)2 production
from dry (ei!ht
-m! C)28!d(
slud!e1
23C Slud!e 5 C C C
Slud!e E ./0 5 C C C
453C Slud!e F&5 5&55555514F 5&A8 F6
Septic tan$ in
household level
?rimary
clarifier
Denitrification
tan$
0eration
tan$
Secondary
clarifier
Di!estion
tan$
+a'($e !o$$ection
Points
Effluent
;nfluent
Screen
Thic$ener 'elt process Slud!e removal ;ncineration
181 Journal of the Institute of the Engineering
Slud!e E ./0 F&7 5&55577 5&A4 158
463C Slud!e A&2 5&572 5&8A 17F
Slud!e E ./0 A&7 5&4A5 5&A4 165
753C Slud!e 15&2 5&555127 5&A2 122
Slud!e E ./0 11&F 5&8A 5&AF 187
773C Slud!e 11&7 5&5147 5&87 87
Slud!e E ./0 14&4 5&7A 5&87 8F
653C Slud!e 14&4 5&142 5&8A 121
Slud!e E ./0 14&1 5&577156 5&76 177
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
4 20 25 30 37 50
Temperatre (!C)
C
H
4

(
m
g
/
"
/
#
)

$"#ge
$"#ge % &'(
Figure 3: )ethane production rate from the denitrification sludge at different temperatures
;n all the e,periments C)
2
emissions too$ place from slud!e samples ta$en from denitrification
tan$ (hile
4
< emission could not be traced at all& There is a positive relationship bet(een C)
2
emission and temperature& The emission of C)
2
!as from the slud!e is slo( at lo(er temperature
and becomes faster (ith the increase in temperature& ;t should be due to slo(er microbial
activities at lo(er temperatures & ;t is due to the fact that at hi!her temperature, biolo!ical
activities that affect C)
2
emission increase -Hhu et al&, 455F1& This findin! is in conformity (ith
that of -9inIs,45511 conclusion i&e& temperature affects chemical reaction and biolo!ical
activities& -@upta et al, 455F1 stated that there (as a si!nificant correlation of solid manure (ith
respect to ambient temperature and conse+uent C)
2
emission& ;n this study also similar results
(ere obtained re!ardin! the effect of temperature on @)@s emission&
;n similar, C)
2
(as found emitted but the
4
< emission could not be detected as in those
e,periments (ithout ./0& The results sho( that, the rate of C)
2
emission increases from the
combination of slud!e E./0 (ith temperature, althou!h there (as a sli!ht decrease in the
emission at 65
o
C than that of 77
o
C& The total amounts of C)
2
emitted at the end of the
e,periment for the setup at different temperature (ere e+ual& The rate of C)
2
emissions from
slud!e (as optimum from 753C and 653C& This findin! is in conformity (ith Hinder et al& -1A821
conclusion optimum temperature for mesophiles bacteria is 75 " 253C&
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from %astewater &reatment System 184
%." )reenhouse )as 'ission &ro' Di&&erent +$ud,e +a'($es at "-. !
T(o slud!e samples (ere ta$en from each of the 0eration tan$, Di!estion tan$, Denitrification
tan$ and Septic tan$ sample points at 453

C& The coefficient of re!ression is more than A5G in
every case e,cept Jslud!e E./0I combination in (hich it assumes a value sli!htly lo(er than
A5G& The tests carried out at A6G confidential level also sho(ed that there is a si!nificant
relationship bet(een C)
2
production and time in days& The rate of C)
2
production is hi!her
from the slud!e that contains nutrients than the slud!e (ithout nutrients -/i!ures 2, 6, F, and 71&&
y ) 11*08+ , 252*77
-
2
) 0*9891
y ) 7*3149+ , 153*64
-
2
)0*9744
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T.me (#)
C
H
4

(
m
g
/
"
)
(erat./0 (erat./0 %&'(
Figure 4: Effect of *F+ on C,- production from aeration sludge at !".C
The emission rate of C)
2
of the slud!e sample ta$en form aeration tan$ came to be 7&7 m!8 9 per
day -:
4
K 5&A8, ?" value K 5&5551A41 (hereas it came to be 11&5 m!8l per day (hen the slud!e
containin! ./0 -:
4
K 5&A6, ?" value K 5&55554A1& The C)
2
production (as found to be 7F m!
per ! d( for slud!e alone (hile this value came to be 118 m! per ! d( slud!e for the slud!e
containin! ./0& ot only the rate of production but also the amount of C)
2
production (as
found hi!h (hen there (as nutrient in the slud!e& ;n the same (ay, it (as found that production
of C)
2
started from slud!e as (ell as Jslud!e E ./0I samples ta$en from 0eration tan$ almost
at same days -after 45 days1 and continued till 28 days, after (hich production (as almost
stabiliLed&
y) 6*055+, 137*34
-
2
) 0*9877
y) 6*675+, 69*633
-
2
) 0*9564
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T.me (#)
C
H
4

(
m
g
/
")
1e0.tr.2.3at./0 s"#ge 1e0.tr.2.3at./0 s"#ge %&'(
Figure 5: Effect of *F+ on methane production from denitrification sludge at !".C
187 Journal of the Institute of the Engineering
Similarly the emission rate of C)
2
of the slud!e sample ta$en form denitrification tan$ came to
be F&7 m!8 9 per day and -:
4
K 5&A8, ?" value K 5&555514F1 (hereas it came to be F&F m!89 per
day (hen the slud!e contains ./0 -:
4
K 5&A6, ?" value K 5&555771& The methane production
from the samples ta$en from Denitrification tan$ (as found to be F6 m! per ! d( for slud!e
alone (hile this value came to be 158 m! per ! d( slud!e for the slud!e containin! ./0& ;n this
case the rate of production (as found some(hat comparable in both cases but the amount of C)
2
production (ere found hi!her (hen there (as nutrient in the slud!e& 9i$e(ise, C)
2
production
started from denitrification slud!e and the combination of Jdenitrification slud!e E ./0I samples
in different days i&e& C)
2
(as emitted from the slud!e sample after 45 days (hile emission too$
place after 12 days from the start of the e,periment (hen there (as ./0 in the slud!e& The
emission of C)
2
continued up to 28 days and F7 days for Mslud!e sampleN and Mslud!e E ./0
sampleN respectively&
y )11*382+ %85*626
-
2
)0*8477
y )10*751+ , 9*6922
-
2
)0*9558
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50
T.me (#)
C
H
4

(
m
g
/
"
)
1.gest./0 s"#ge 1.gest./0 s"#ge%&'(
Figure 6: Effect of *F+ on methane production from digestion sludge at !".C
The emission rate of C)
2
of the slud!e sample ta$en form di!estion tan$ came to be 15&7 m!8 9
per day and -:
4
K 5&A6, ?" value K 5&52141 (hereas it came to be 11&7 m!89 per day, (hen the
slud!e contains ./0 -:
4
K 5&82, ?" value K 5&5511& The C)
2
production from the samples (as
found to be 17 m! per ! d( for slud!e alone (hile this value came to be 17 m! per ! d( slud!e
for the slud!e containin! ./0& ;n this case the amount of C)
2
production (as found lo( in both
cases& ;n the same (ay, C)
2
production occurred from both the slud!e and Mslud!e E ./0N
samples of di!estion tan$ after 7 days and continued up to 2F days& 0fter 2F days the production
became almost nil -Lero1&
y )4*6868+ , 20*131
-
2
)0*9356
y )9*3358+ , 14*089
-
2
)0*9537
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T.me(#)
C
H
4

(
m
g
/
"
)
$ept.3 $ept.3 %&'(
Figure 7: Effect of *F+ on methane production from septic sludge at !".C
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from %astewater &reatment System 182
9i$e(ise, the emission rate of C)
2
of the slud!e sample ta$en form septic tan$ came to be 2&7
m!8 9 per day -:
4
K 5&A7, ?" value K 5&F251& This value came to be A&7 m!89 per day (hen the
slud!e contains ./0 -:
4
K 5&A6, ?" value K 5&7F51& The C)
2
production (as found to be 2 m! per
! d( for slud!e alone (hile this value came to be F m! per ! d( slud!e for the slud!e containin!
./0& The rate of methane production (as found hi!her (hen there (as nutrient in the slud!e&
Similarly, C)
2
production had started from the slud!e of the Septic tan$ (ith and (ithout ./0
almost at the same days -after 45 days1 and continued up to 2F days& Emission of !ases ceased
after 2F days& Start of methane production (as found fastest from the di!estion slud!e& :ate of
production after the start of emission (as found hi!hest for di!estion slud!e and least for septic
slud!e& The rates of emission of C)
2
from different slud!e and dry (ei!ht slud!e at ./0
combination are !iven in Table 4&
Tab$e ": @)@s emission and dry (ei!ht of different slud!e sample points&
0ctivities C)2 Emission
-m!898d1
?" value :
4
C)2 production from
dry (ei!ht
-m!C)28!d( slud!e1
0eration slud!e 7&7 5&5551A4 5&A7 7F
0eration slud!e E ./0 11&5 5&55554A 5&A8 118
Denitrification slud!e F&5 5&555514F 5&A8 F6
Denitrification slud!e E ./0 F&F 5&55577 5&A6 158
Di!estion slud!e 15&7 5&F25 5&AF 14
Di!estion slud!e E ./0 11&7 5&551 5&8A 17
Septic slud!e 2&F 5&5214 5&A7 2
Septic slud!e E ./0 A&7 5&7F5 5&A6 F
The optimum temperature, presence of acetic acid " hydro!en, and anaerobic conditions favour
methano!enic process for methane production -Chen, et al, 455F1& 0eration and denitrification
slud!e are e,posed to atmospheric air durin! the (aste(ater treatment process& The
concentrations of or!anic matter in the slud!e are lo(er compared to di!estion and septic slud!e&
0lso, di!estion and septic slud!e have anaerobic condition favourin! for more methane
production& )o(ever, septic slud!e sample (as used (ith lon!er stora!e time& This may be the
reason for less si!nificant methane production rate&
itrification and denitrification are p) sensitive and their rates decline si!nificantly at p) values
belo( F&8 and optimal in the ran!e of 7&6"8&5 -=etcalf and Eddy et al&, 45541& )o(ever, the
!eneral trend is that as the p) decrease, the rate of nitrification -Shammas, 1A8F1& ;t sho(s that
p) does not affect the nitrification and denitrification processes in this research& ;t can, therefore,
be concluded that there is no effect of p) on
4
< production inside the reactors&
%.% &&ect o& o/y,en on )*)s e'ission &ro' s$ud,e
To e,amine the effect of o,y!en on !reenhouse !as emissions from the di!estion slud!e of the
(aste(ater treatment plants, e,periments (ere carried out under different levels of o,y!en&
:eactors (ere setup at 77 3C (ith 655 ml of di!estion slud!e&
The rate of C)
2
emission, ?"value and :
4
form the di!estion slud!e thus obtained are !iven in
Table 7& The amount of o,y!en supplied to the slud!e reactors, rate of C)
2
emission, ?"value :
4
,
186 Journal of the Institute of the Engineering
and dry (ei!ht are sho(n in Table 7& ;t sho(s that C)
2
production from dry (ei!ht di!estion
slud!e (as almost e+ual at different level of <
4
concentration&
Tab$e %: Emission rate of methane and dry (ei!ht of slud!e under different levels of o,y!en on
the slud!e at 773C
0ctivities 0mount of
o,y!en
-m!891
C)2
Emission
-m!898d1
? "value :4 C)2 production from dry
(ei!ht
-m! C)28!d( slud!e1
Di!estion slud!e 5 45&8 5&55822 5&8A 74
Di!estion slud!e 5&1 18&8 5&51A78 5&AF 48
Di!estion slud!e 5&2 18&4 5&51872 5&81 4A
Di!estion slud!e 1&5 18&5 5&11AA2 5&81 4F
Di!estion slud!e 4&5 17&8 5&56711 5&87 46
/i!& 8 sho(s the methane emission rate under different amounts -5, 5&1, 5&2, 1&5, and 4&5 m!891
of o,y!en supplied to the sample& ;t can be clearly seen from the fi!ure that rate of methane
emission decreases (ith increased amount of o,y!en present in the slud!e&
17
18
19
20
21
0 0*5 1 1*5 2 2*5
O
2
(mg/")
C
H
4

(
m
g
/
"
/
#
)
Figure /: )ethane production rate from different le0el of 1! at 23.C
Durin! the e,periments, C)
2
emitted from the reactor could be measured& )o(ever,
4
<
emission could not be detected& The measured C)
2
from each e,periment (as plotted to e,amine
the trend of emission and rate of emission in each level of o,y!en supplied -/i!& 81& ;t (as found
that the production of C)
2
started after 4 days and continued up to 46 days& These rates (ere
45&8, 18&8, 18&4, 18&5, and 17&8 m!89 per day respectively for the slud!e samples (ith o,y!en
supply of 5, 5&1, 5&2, 1&5 and 4&5 m!89& ;t sho(s that hi!her the presence of o,y!en in the slud!e,
lo(er the methane production from the slud!e& This hypothesis is also supported from the total
amount of C)
2
produced from slud!e samples& The total amounts of C)
2
produced (ere
respectively 685, 671, 676, 2A6, and 656 m! 89 from for 5, 5&1, 5&2, 1&5, and 4&5 m!89 of <
4
supplied& =oller et al& -45521 also found that the total amount of methane production (as less for
the case (here o,y!en supplied (as more& ;n terms of dry (ei!ht, methane production (as 74,
48, 4A, 4F, and 46 m! C)
2
per !ram of d( of slud!e&
This research and that if the o,y!en level is lo( in the slud!e, the production of C)
2
is hi!h and
vice versa& ;t is because of the fact that by lac$in! sufficient o,y!en to consume the carbon
content of the or!anic compound of the (aste, anaerobes !et rid of the e,cess carbon by
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from %astewater &reatment System 18F
combinin! (ith hydro!en thus resultin! into more C)
2
& >eLerna$ et al& -1AF71 also pointed out
that !eneration of methane ta$es place in the absence of o,y!en, i&e&, anaerobic decomposition of
or!anic matter in the (aste(ater emits methane& De!radation of or!anic compounds to C<
4
by
aerobic decomposition and to C)
2
and C<
4
throu!h anaerobic de!radation (ill lead to emissions
of C)
2
and C<
4
=oller et al&, -45521 also support the e,perimental results of this study&
Therefore, it concludes that rate of methane production is si!nificantly affected (ith o,y!en level
and the relation is inverse&
0. !onc$usion
=ethane production (as enhanced (hen there (as !lucose or nutrients or ./0 in the slud!e& ;f
the slud!e contains both nutrients -<
7
"
and )
2
E
1 and ./0 the rate of emission is further
enhanced& :ate of methane production (as more (hen the slud!e temperature is hi!h& ;t is due to
fact that at hi!her temperature, microbial activities that affect methane emission increase& ;t is
applicable for all slud!e samples ta$en from different points of the treatment plant& The optimum
temperature for methane production is hi!her than 773C& 0n inverse relationship (as found
bet(een the rate of emission of methane and the concentration of o,y!en in the slud!e& /urther,
the presence of o,y!en decelerated the rate of methane production& :ate of production (as found
hi!hest for di!estion slud!e&
Acknowledgements
The author (ould li$e to e,press his profound !ratitude to his supervisor 4r. ,en( 5u66erding
for the help, and valuable su!!estions& The author has earned valuable $no(led!e in term of
technical and practical aspect from him durin! his study period in UESC<";)E, ;nstitute for
>ater Education& The author ta$es this opportunity to e,press his heartfelt !ratitude to his Prof.
4r. Piet 5ens for his encoura!ement and valuable su!!estions durin! the research (or$& The
author than$s and appreciates to laboratory staffs for their sincere help and ma$in! the laboratory
(or$s interestin!& Deepest sense of !ratitude !oes to his brother 4r. 5a7mi Prasad 4e0(ota for
his encoura!ement and love, and for pushin! the author up in this sta!e of education&
R1R2!+
O1P Cai =, 9iu B and >ei Q& 4552& Enhance biohydro!en production from se(a!e slud!e (ith al$aline
pretreatment, En0ironmental Science and &echnology. %3: 71A6"7454
O4P Chen Q, Bian! S, Quan ), 0hou R and @u @& 455F& )ydrolysis and acidification of (aste activated
slud!e at different p), Journal of Power Sources& 14-# 8A7"A54
O7P @upta ?K, Bha 0K, Koul S, Sharma ?, ?radan ., @upta ., Sharma C, Sin!h & 455F& =ethane and
itrous o,ide emission from the bovine manure mana!ement practices in ;ndia& En0ironmental
Pollution& 114# 41A "442&
O2P ;?CC 4556& 0nnual :eport -0vailable# http#88yosemite&epa&!ov8oar 8!lobal(armin!&nsf1
O6P 9ay BB, 9i QQ and oi$e T& 1AA7& influences of p) and moisture contain on the methane production
in hi!h solid slud!e di!estion, %ater 8esources %1# 1618"1642
OFP 9in S& 4551& >ater and >aste(ater Calculation =anual, =c@ra(" )ill, e( Qor$, US0
187 Journal of the Institute of the Engineering
O7P =etcalf and Eddy& 4554& >aste(ater En!ineerin!# Collection and ?umpin! of (aste(ater,
=c@ra(")ill, e( Qor$ US0
O8P =oller )', Sommer S@ and 0hirn! 'K 4552& 'iolo!ical de!radation and !reenhouse !as emission
durin! per stora!e of li+uid animal manure, Journal En0ironmental 9uality& %%# 47"7F
OAP itrification, +pplied )icro6iology& 15# 1411"1416
O15P Shammas K)& 1A8F& ;nteractions of temperature p) and biomass on the nitrification process,
Journal %ater Pollution Control Federation& 54# 157F"1521
O11P >eLerna$ CT and @annon BB& 1AF7& <,y!en"itro!en :elationships in 0utotrophic
O14P Hhu , Krishan$umar ', Hhao 9, Sun 9, =iLuochi =, ;namori Q& 455F& Effect of plant harvest on
methane emission fro the t(o constructed (etlands desi!ned for the treatment of (aste(ater,
Journal of En0ironmental )anagement, in press -online available Dec& 455F,
(((&sciencedirect&com1
O17P Hinder S), 0n!uish T, Cardell SC& 1A82& Effects of Temperature on =etho!enesis in a
Thermophilic -683C1 0naerobic Di!ester, +pplied and En0ironmental )icro6iology& 06# 8585"817