TYPES OF FOOTING

1. Wall footing An enlargement of a bottom of a wall that will sufficiently distribute

the load to the foundation soil.

2. Isolated footing Used to support the load of a single column. These are the most
commonly used footings, particularly where the loads are relatively
light and columns are not closely spaced.

3. Combined footing Used to support 2 or more column loads.

4. Raft/mat or
floating foundation
A continuous reinforced concrete slab over a large area used to
support many columns and walls. This kind of foundation is used
where the soil strength is low or where column loads are large but
where piles or caissons are not used. For such cases, isolated
footings would be so large that it is more economical to use a
continuous raft or mat under the entire area.

If individual footings are designed for each column and if their
combines are is greater than half of the area of the building, it is
usually more economical to used raft or mat foundations. This type
of foundation is particularly useful in reducing differential
settlements between columns.

Excavations for raft or mat foundations are often rather deep. The
goal is to remove an amount of earth approximately equal to the
building weight. If this is done, the net soil pressure after the
building is constructed will be equal to what it was before the
excavation was made.

5. Pile cap A pile cap is a slab of reinforced concrete poured on the top of a
group of piles. The pile cap serves to distribute the column loads
over the piles.




PILES

Plies carry loads to the strata below the ground surface either by end bearing (bearing piles) or
by skin friction (friction piles) along their sides. The soft material through which the pile is
driven provides lateral stability, but for over the water structures the piles must be designed as
columns.

Pile capacity is generally established by test load or driving resistance. Where test loads are
used to establish pile capacity, driving resistance is used to ensure that all piles are driven as
hard as the test piles. One driving formula is the Engineering News formula: it translates blows
per inch to safe pile capacity in tons.


Mandrel

A mandrel is a temporary internal support for a light gauge metal shell during a pile driving
operation. It takes the impact of the pile hammer during driving and is then withdrawn before
concrete is placed in the shell; it is also called a pile core.

TYPE OF PILES
1. Timber Used where pile will not be below the permanent water level. Wood
must be treated with wood preservative.

2. Steel
a. Open-
ended
Excavated, often by air jet, as it is advanced, Then filled with
concrete after refusal has been reached. In lieu of refusal, driving
may stop while a concrete plug is placed, and then redriving will
seat it. The advantage is fewer disturbances to adjacent structures.
The advantage of this system is fewer disturbances to adjacent
structures.

b. Closed-end
pipe
After driving, the pipe is filled with concrete. Often used inside
buildings with low head rooms as short lengths are simply spliced
with steel collars.


c. H- pile Cheapest of the higher capacity piles.

3. Concrete
a. Shell with
mandrel
Available is straight and tapered sections. Light gauge steel shell,
driven on a mandrel which is then withdrawn. Shell is inspected
and filled with concrete.

b. Shell with
no mandrel
Thicker shell, tapered and fluted, driven without a mandrel, then
filled with concrete.

c. Drilled-in
caisson.
A round pipe is driven into the ground and cleaned out.
Reinforcement is placed in and filled with concrete. Good for very
heavy loads
d. Precast
concrete
God for marine and water environments but requires heavy handling
equipment.

4. Composite May be concrete shell/timber, concrete shell/steel, concrete/H-pile,
wood/concrete

5. Franki
displacement pile
A steel pipe with a wet concrete pipe is driven into the ground. The
plug is drawn out and as more concrete is rammed through the
pipe, producing a large ball. The pipe is then withdrawn as more
concrete is rammed through the pipe to form a pedestal.



PRECASTING
Precasting refers to the casting of a reinforced concrete member in a mold that is not located at
its final position in a structure. The principle of precasting began in the 1950s with the
establishment of specialized precasting plants. Molds used for precasting can be metal, wood,
or plastic. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic molds are used to cast complex shapes. Forms are
stripped after the required time and then re-used.

Precast members have hooks cast into them for use in hoisting and also for fastening to
buildings. Field connections can also be by welding, bolting, or cast concrete connections.
Typical precast sections include: double tee, single tee, hollow core slab, I girder, wall panel.
Columns and beams can also be made by precasting.