Chap4 Closed System

1
OBJECTIVES
DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003
CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
BOUNDARY WORK
1
2
One form of mechanical work frequentl y encountered in
practice is associated with the expansion or compression
of a gas in a piston-cylinder device.
Example : Automotive engines and air compressors
The real piston moves at very high speeds, therefore, the
boundary work in real engines or compressor/engines is
determined by direct measurements
For our anal ysis, the process is assumed as a quasi-static
process, the piston moves at low velocities.
V
1
p
V
V
2
p
1
p
2
1
2
p
dV
dA=pdV
P is the initial pressure of the gas
V is the total cylinder volume
A is the cross-sectional areaof piston
The differential work done during the process
W
b
= Fds = pAds = pdV
Thus, the total boundary work done,
kJ pdV W W
2
1
12 b
= =
The total work done during the process is equal to
the area under the process curve on a p-V diagram
ds
2
MY EXAMPLE 4-1
A gas in a closed tank undergone an expansion process according to pV
1.3
= constant. Derive the boundary work for the process.
Substituting p = c/V
1.3
into
=
2
1
1.3 12
V
CdV
W
0.3
V p V p

1 1.3
V V p V V p
2 2 1 1
1 1.3
1
1.3
1 1
1 1.3
2
1.3
2 2
=
+

=
+ +
2
2
1 3 . 1
1 3 . 1
V
C

+
=
+
=
2
1
12
pdV W
Solution
MY EXAMPLE 4-2
A working fluid undergone a process according to the function of p = 2V
2
V. The
initial and the final volume are 0.5 m
3
and 0.05 m
3
respectively. Determine the work
done during the process.
=
2
1
12
pdV W
2
1
2 3
2
V
3
V 2
=
2
V
3
V 2
2
V
3
V 2
2
1
3
1
2
2
3
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
kJ -1.13
2
5 . 0
3
5 . 0 2
2
05 . 0
3
05 . 0 2
W
2 3 2 3
12
=
=
Substituting V
1
= 0.5 m
3
and V
2
= 0.05 m
3
, thus
( )dV V 2V W
2
1
2
12
=
Solution
Substituting p = 2V2 V into
3
BOUNDARY WORK FOR A
CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS
Normall y this process occurs when a working
fluid is contained in a rigid tank which has a
fixed boundary.
Since the volume is constant, dV = 0,
therefore, there in no boundary work done
during this process (the area under the
process curve is zero)
p
2
p
1
1
=
2
1
2
Area = W
12
= 0
=
2
1
v
v
12
pdV W
0
= 0
p
EXAMPLE 4-1
4
BOUNDARY WORK FOR
A CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS
2
2 1
p
1
= p
2
1
W
12
= Area = p
1
(V
2
V
1
)
=
2
1
v
v
12
pdV W
=
2
1
v
v
dV p ( )
1 2
V V p =
p
Substituting an ideal gas equation of state,
pV = mRT, then for ideal gas,
( )
1 2 12
T T mR W =
The volume of the system increases during
constant pressure expansion (+ve W) and
decreases during constant volume
compression (-ve W). Using boundary work
definition,

MY EXAMPLE 4-3
15 kg of water in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 10 bar and 350
o
C. The water is now
cooled at constant pressure to a saturated vapor. Sketch the process on a p- and T- and
determine the work done during the process.
At 10 bar (1000 kPa) T
s
=179.91
o
C,
T>TS shs
T
1
= 350
o
C
10
T
S
= 179.9
o
C
1 2
p = 10 bar
179.9
1
2
350
W
12
= mp(
2
-
1
)
The water at state 2 is saturated vapor, thus
2
=
g
pada 10 bar = 0.19436 m
3
/kg.
= (15)(10 x 10
2
)(0.1936 0.2825)
= -1321.5 kJ
From Table A-5 at 10 bar (1 MPa) and

350
o
C,
1
= 0.2825 m3/kg
Solution
5
A piston-cylinder system contains an air initially at 200 kPa and 30
o
C. At this condition, the piston
is resting on a set of stops with a cylinder volume of 400 litre. A pressure of 400 kPa is needed to
move the piston. The air is then heated until the volume inside the cylinder doubles. By using ideal
gas model, determine the final temperature and the total work done during the processes. For the
air take c
v
= 0.718 kJ/kgK and R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
MY EXAMPLE 4-4
(m
3
/kg)
p
(bar)

400
200
V
1
= V
2
V
3
1
2 3
=c
p =c
T
1
= 30
o
C
T
2
T
3
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
T
V p
T
V p
T
V p
= =
1 1
1 3 3
3
V p
T V p
T =
W
total
= W
12
+ W
23
kJ 160
1000
400
1000
400 x 2
x 400 =
=
Using
= p(V
3
- V
2
)
( )( )( )
( )( )
K 1212
V 200
273 30 2V 400
1
1
=
+
=
V
3
=2V
2
and (V
1
= V
2
)
0
Solution
Ai r
200 kPa
30
o
C
Piston
Cyli nder
Stops
BOUNDARY WORK FOR A CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE PROCESS (ISOTHERMAL)
To maintain the temperature of a system, heat has to be supplied continuousl y
during isothermal expansion and heat has to be rejected during isothermal
compression.
From ideal gas equation, pV = mRT : the value of mR is constant and for isothermal
process, T is constant, thus pV = constant = C
p
1
V
1
= p
2
V
2
= p
3
V
3
= .............= p
n
V
n
=
2
1
v
v
12
pdV W
=
1
2
V
V
ln pV
p
2
2
1
p
1
2
1
p = C
pV = C p = C/V
=
2
1
v
v
12
V
dV
C W
=
2
1
p
p
ln pV
=
1
2
12
V
V
ln RT m W
Substituting pV = mRT
2
1
v
v
V ] ln [ C =
Area

6
EXAMPLE 4-3
0.5 kg of gas (R = 0.1890 kJ/kgK) initially at 1.5 bar and 20
o
C is contained in a closed tank. Gas is
now compressed isothermally to a pressure of 15 bar. By assuming the gas is an ideal gas,
determine the work done during the process.
MY EXAMPLE 4-5
=
2
1
12
p
p
ln mRT W
( )( )( ) kJ 63.76 -
15
1.5
ln 273 20 0.1890 5 0. =
+ =
( )( ) kJ 76 . 63
1846 . 0
01846 . 0
ln 01846 . 0 10 x 15
V
V
ln V p W
2
1
2
2 2 12
=
=
3
2
1
1
m 1846 . 0
10 x 5 . 1
) 273 20 )( 1890 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
p
mRT
V =
+
= =
3
2
2
2
m 01846 . 0
10 x 15
) 273 20 )( 1890 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
p
mRT
V =
+
= =
m = 0.5 kg
p
1
= 1.5 bar
T
1
= 20
o
C
p
2
= 15 bar
T
2
= T
1
= 20
o
C
Compression
pV = C (T = C)
or

=
1
2
2 2 12
V
V
ln V p W
Solution
7
BOUNDARY WORK FOR
A POLYTROPIC PROCESS
A polytropic process is process which the pressure and volume of the system are
related by pV
n
= Constant where n is pol ytropic index.
=
2
1
V
V
n
12
V
dV
C W
2
1
V
V
1 + n -
1 + n -
V
C

=
1 - n
V - V
pV
1 + n -
2
1 + n -
1 n
kJ
1 - n
V p - V p

2 2 1 1
=
( )
kJ
1 - n
T - T mR
W
2 1
12
=
p
2
2
1
p
1
2
1
p
n
= Constant
n
V
C
p =
Substituting pV = mRT, for an ideal gas
A
re
a
Or per unit mass,
kJ/kg
1 - n
p - p
w
2 2 1 1
12

=
Or per unit mass,
( )
kJ/kg
1 - n
T - T R
w
2 1
12
=
p
p-v-T RELATIONS FOR POLYTROPIC PROCESS
p
n
= C
n
2
1
1
2
p
p
=
p = p
n
2 2
n
1 1

RT
= p
C
RT
n
=
C RT
1 n
=

1 n
2
1
1
2
T
T

=
p
RT
=
C
p
RT
p
n
=
C
p
RT
1 n
n
=
n
1 n
1
2
1
2
p
p
T
T

=
1 n
2 2
1 n
1 1
T T

= 1 n
2
n
2
1 n
1
n
1
p
T
p
T

=
8
EXAMPLE 4-4
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 m
3
of a gas initiall y at 200 kPa. At this
state, a linear spring that has a spring constant of 150 kN/m is touching the
piston but exerting no force on it. Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the
piston to rise and to compress the spring until the volume inside the cylinder
doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m
2
, determine
a) the final pressure inside the cylinder
b) the total work done by the gas
c) The fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it
Solution
EXAMPLE 4-4
cont..
9
kg / x
5
20
2 . 1
1
3
1
1.2
1
2
1
2
m 0.3540 0.1115 x
p
p
=
=
1.5 kg of a pure substance initially at 20 bar and 250
o
C undergoes a polytropic expansion process
until the pressure is 5 bar. The polytropic index is 1.2. Determine the work done if the pure
substance is (a) water and (b) air (R = 0.287 kJ/kgK)
MY EXAMPLE 4-6
m = 1.5 kg
p
1
= 20 bar
T
1
= 250
o
C
p
2
= 5 bar
Expansion
pV
1.2
= C
W
12
= ?
( )
1 - n
p - p m
1 - n
V p - V p
W
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
12

= =
[ ]
kJ 345.0
1 1.2
)(0.3540) 10 x (5 )(0.1115) 10 x (20 (1.5)
2 2
=

=
At 20 bar, T
s
= 212.38
o
C, T
1
>T
s
shs
1
= 0.1115 m
3
/kg
20 bar
250
o
C
a)
b)
/kg m 0.0751
10 x 20
273) 0 (0.287)(25
p
RT
3
2
1
1
=
+
= =
1
kg /
3
1.2
1
1
1.2
1
2
1
2
m 0.2384 0.0751 x
5
20
x
p
p
=
=
( ) [ ]
kJ 232.5
1 1.2
)(0.2384) 10 x (5 )(0.0751) 10 x (20 (1.5)
1 - n
p - p m
W
2 2
2 2 1 1
12
=

= =

n
2
1
1
2
p
p
=
n
2
1
1
2
p
p
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC HEAT

The specific heat of a substance can be defined as the energy required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of a substance by one degree
The values of u and h are depend on temperature of the system (
function of T), thus
dT
du
c
v
=
dT
dh
c
p
=
and
du = c
v
dT and dh = c
p
dT
integrating
Specific heat terms
Specific Heat at
Constant Volume
T
u
c
v
=
Specific Heat at
Constant Pressure
T
h
c
p
=
u
2
u
1
= c
v
(T
2
T
1
) h
2
h
1
= c
p
(T
2
T
1
)
10
c
p
- c
v
= R c
p
= c
v
+ R
INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPI AND SPECIFIC HEAT
From definition of enthalpy and the ideal gas equation of state, h = u + p and p = RT, we can
write h = u + RT or in differential forms
R
dT
du
dT
dh
+ =
or
Let introduce another ideal gas property called the SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO, k, defined as
c
p
c
v
v
p
c
c
k ratio, heat Specific =
v v
v
v
p
c
R
c
c
c
c
=
p p
v
p
p
c
R
c
c
c
c
=
v
c
R
1 k =
p
c
R
k
1
1 =
1 k
R
c
v
=
1 k
kR
c
p
=
k
1/k
c
p
- c
v
= R
c
p
- c
v
= R
Deviding by c
v
Deviding by c
p
dh = du +pdv and dh = du + RdT or
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM
Change in total
properties is zero
From the first law of thermodynamics, energy balance for closed system can be expressed as
Q
W
System
dE
E = U+KE+PE
Q - W = dE dU + dKE + dPE = Q - W
dU = Q - W
U
2
- U
1
= Q
12
- W
12
m(u
2
u
1
) = Q
12
W
12
u
2
- u
1
= q
12
- w
12

W = Q
For cyclic
Process
Total energy
entering the system
E
in
Total energy
Leaving the system
E
out
Change in the total
Energy of the system
E
system
- =
dU = 0
In the rate form, kW dt dE E E
system out in
=
& &
11
MY EXAMPLE 4-7
A closed system undergoes a cyclic process through paths 1-2-1. During the process 1-2
through path A, the system produces 50kJ of work and at the same time rejects 20 kJ of heat.
While during the process 2-1 through path B the system is supplied with 30 kJ of work. If the
energy of the system at state 1, E
1
is 35 kJ, determine the heat transfer during the process 2-1,
Q
21
.
For process A, E
2
- E
1
= Q
12
- W
12
E
2
= Q
12
- W
12
+ E
1
= -20 - (50) + 35
= -35 kJ
Q
21
= E
1
- E
2
+ W
21
= 35 - (-35) + (-30)
= 40 kJ
For process B E
1
- E
2
= Q
21
- W
21
Q
21
= W
12
+ W
21
- Q
12
= 50 + (-30) - (-20)
= 40 kJ
Q
12
+ Q
21
= W
12
+ W
21
Or by considering a cyclic process
1
A
B
W
12
= 50 kJ
Q
12
= -20 kJ
W
21
= -30 kJ
Q
21
= ?
E
1
= 35 kJ
2
Prop I
P
R
O
P
II

MY EXAMPLE 4-8
An electric heater with a rating of 240 V and 10 A is used to heat a fluid in a rigid tank for 15
second. The fluid is stirred by a paddle wheel with a work amount to 20 kJ. During this process
the internal energy of the fluid increases in the amount of 30 kJ. Determine the amount of heat
transfer during the process.
Since no change in volume (regid tank), the
boundary work is zero. Thus, the work invol ve
during the process are the work by the heater
and the paddle wheel.
U = Q (W
b
+ W
e
+ W
paddle
)
Electric heater work,
W
e
= VI x t = = 36 kJ
Electric
Motor
Electric heater
Paddle
wheel
Q = U + (W
e
+ W
paddle
)= 30 + (-36 20)
= -26 kJ
0
Solution
12
A completely insulated closed system with an elastic wall contains an air at a temperature of
30
o
C. The air is heated by a 1 kW electric heater for 30 second causing the change in system
volume and the temperature increases to 60
o
C. Determine the boundary work during the
process. (c
v
for air = 0.718 kJ/kgK)
Air
0.5 kg
30
o
C
MY EXAMPLE 4-9
Generall y, U
2
- U
1
= Q
12
- (W
b
+ W
e
)
With,
W
e
= x t = 1 kW x 30 s = 30 kJ
W
b
= -mc
v
(T
2
T
1
) W
e
= -0.5 x 0.718 x (60 30) (-30)
= 19.23 kJ
For an ideal gas, U
2
- U
1
= mc
v
(T
2
- T
1
)
Solution
EXAMPLE 4-5
A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is maintained at a constant
pressure of 300 kPa. A resistance heater within the cylinder is turned on and passes a current of
0.2 A for 5 min from a 120V source. At the same time, a heat loss of 3.7 kJ occurs. (a) Show that
for a closed system the boundary work, W
b
and the change in internal energy, U in the first law
relation can be combined into one term H, for a constant pressure process. (b) Determine the
final temperature of the steam
13
EXAMPLE 4-5
cont
HEAT TRANSFER DURING
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES
Q
12
= U
2
- U
1
= m(u
2
u
1
)
Gas unggul
Q
12
= mc
v
(T
2
- T
1
)
Q
12
= U
2
- U
1
+ W
12
= U
2
- U
1
+ p ( V
2
- V
1
)
= (U
2
+ pV
2
) - (U
1
+ pV
1
)
Q
12
= H
2
- H
1
= m(h
2
h
1
)
Gas unggul h
2
h
1
= c
p
(T
2
T
1
)
Q
12
= mc
p
(T
2
- T
1
)
dT = 0 dU = 0
(dU = mc
v
dT)
Q = W
dU = Q - W
Q
12
= U
2
- U
1
+ W
12
Proses Politropik
Next Slide
Proses Seisipadu
W
12
= 0
Proses
Setekanan
Proses
Sesuhu
H
2
H
1
14
HEAT TRANSFER DURING
THERMODYANAMICS PROCESSES
( )
( )
1 - n
T - T mR
+ T - T mc Q
2 1
1 2 v 12
=
1
R
c
v
( ) ( )

1 -
T - T mR
-
1 - n
T - T mR
Q
2 1 2 1
12
=
( )

1 - n
T - T mR

1 -
n
2 1
12
Q
Proses Politropik
1 n
V p V p
W
2 2 1 1
12
=
Q
12
= (U
2
- U
1
) + W
12
m(u
2
u
1
) = mc
v
(T
2
T
1
)
1 n
) T T ( mR
W
2 1
12

=
pV = mRT
12 12
W *
1
n
Q

=
W
12
EXAMPLE 4-9
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m
3
of nitrogen gas at 400 kPa and 27
o
C. An electric
heater within the device is turned on and is allowed to pass a current of 2 A for 5 min from a 120 V
source. Nitrogen expands at constant pressure and a heat loss of 2800 J occurs during the
process. Determine the final temperature of nitrogen.
Assumptions : Nitrogen is an ideal gas, KE and PE is zero,
specific heat is constant
Solution
Q
out
W
b
15
EXAMPLE 4-9
Cont
W
e
Q
out
= U + W
b
= mc
v
(T
2
T
1
) + mR(T
2
T
1
)
( )
C 56.6 K 329.64 300
0.2968) 3 2.245(0.74
2.8 72
T
R c m
Q W
T
o
1
v
out e
2
= = +
+
= +
+
=
W
b
= p(V
2
V
1
) = mR(T
2
T
1
)
EXAMPLE 4-10
A piston cylinder device innitially contains air at 150 kPa and 27
o
C. At this state, the piston is
resting on a pair of stops and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The mass of the piston is such that a
350 kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now heated until its volume has doubled.
Determine (a) the final temperature (b) the work done by the air and (c) the total heat transferred to
the air.
Ai r
150 kPa
27
o
C
piston
cylinder
stops
( )( )( )
( )( )
K 1400
V 150
273 27 2V 350
V p
T V p
T
1
1
1 1
1 3 3
3
=
+
= =
kJ 140
1000
400
1000
400
x 2 x 350 =
=
Q
total
= Q
12
+ Q
23
= m[(u
2
- u
1
) + (u
3
- u
2
)] + W
23
W
total
= W
12
+ W
23
1
2 3
350
2
1
150
= m(u
3
- u
1
) + W
23
= mc
v
(T
3
- T
1
) + W
23
= 0.6969(0.718)(1400 - 300) + 140
= 690.49 kJ
p
kPa
0
= p(V
3
- V
2
)
3
3 3
1
1 1
T
V p
T
V p
=
Solution
kg 0.6969
0.287x300
150x0.4
RT
V p
m
1
1 1
= = =
W
total
= mR(T
3
T
2
) = 0.6969 x 0.287(1400 700) = 140 kJ
( ) K 700
150
350
273 27
p
p
T T
1
2
1 2
=
+ =
=
2
2
1
1
T
p
T
p
=
2
2 2
1
1 1
T
V p
T
V p
=
16
MY EXAMPLE 4-10
Q
12
= m(u
2
u
1
) = 0.5(1636.9 2583.6 )
= -473.35 kJ
0.5 kg of saturated water vapor is contained in a closed system at 10 bar. The vapor is then cooled at
constant volume until the pressure is reduced to 5 bar. Determine the heat transfer during the
process and sketch the process on T- dan p- diagrams.
From Table A5 at 10 bar, (sat vapor),
1
=
g
= 0.1944 m
3
/kg =
2
u
1
= u
g
= 2583.6 kJ/kg
The work done during constant volume process is zero
(W
12
= 0)
neglected) is ( 0.519
0.3749
0.1944
x
f
g
2
2

= = =
u
2
= u
f
+ x
2
u
fg
= 639.68 + 0.519(2561.2 639.68)
= 1636.9 kJ/kg
T
S2
= 151.8
o
C
10
5
T
S1
= 179.9
o
C
1
2
p
(bar)
(m
3
/kg)
p
1
= 10 bar
179.9
151.8
1
2
p
2
= 5 bar
T
(
o
C)
(m
3
/kg)
g
at 5 bar is 0.3749 m
3
/kg
f
<
2
<
g
mixture
Q
12
= m(u
2
u
1
) + W
12
0
Solution
MY EXAMPLE 4-11
A closed system contains 1.5 kg of water, initially at 7 bar and quality of 0.7. The water undergoes
an isothermal expansion process until the pressure reduces to 1.5 bar. During the process 1000 kJ
heat is supplied to the system. Determine the final temperature of the water and the work done
during the process in kJ. Sketch the process on p- and T- diagram.
T
2
= T
1
= T
s
at 7 bar = 164.97
o
C
At state 1 the water is mixture, thus
u
1
= u
f
+ xu
fg
= 696.44 + 0.7(2572.5 696.44)
= 2009.7 kJ/kg
At 1.5 bar, T
s
= 111.4
o
C. T
2
> T
s
, shs
W
12
= Q
12
m(u
2
u
1
)
= 1000 1.5(2602.8 2009.9) = 110.65 kJ
Interpolation at 1.5 bar (shs)
( )
kJ/kg 2602.8
2579.9 2579.9 2656.3
150 200
150 165
u
2
=
+
=
p
1
= 7 bar
165
111.4
1 2
p
2
= 1.5 bar
Ts
2
= 111.4
o
C
7
1.5
T
S1
= 165
o
C
1
2
p
(bar)
(m
3
/kg)
p
(bar)
(m
3
/kg)

Solution
17
MY EXAMPLE 4-12
5 kg of R134a at 10 bar and 0.06 m
3
undergoes a polytropic expansion process according to the
law of p
1.3
= constant until the pressure drops to 5 bar. Determine the heat transfer during the
process and sketch the process on p- and T- .
kg / m 0120 . 0
5
06 . 0
m
V
3 1
1
= = =
0.594
0.0202
0.0120
x
g
1
1
= =
=

g
at 10 bar = 0.0202 m
3
/kg
mixture
u
1
= u
f
+ x
1
u
fg
= 104.42 + 0.594(247.77 104.42)
= 189.57 kJ/kg
kg / m 0205 . 0
5
10
0120 . 0
p
p
3
3 . 1
1
3 . 1
1
2
1
1 2
=
=
At 5 bar
g
= 0.0409 m
3
/kg
2
<
g
, mixture
u
2
= u
f
+ x
2
u
fg
= 70.93 + 0.501(235.64 70.93) = 153.45 kJ/kg
0.501
0.0409
0.0205
x
g
2
2
= =

+ =
1 n
p p
) u u ( m Q
2 2 1 1
1 2 12
( )
kJ 303.42
1 3 . 1
) 0205 . 0 ( 10 x 5 ) 0120 . 0 ( 10 x 10
45 . 153 30 . 208 5
2 2
=

+ =
10
5
1
2
p
1.3
= C
p
1
= 10 bar
39.39
15.74
1
2
p
2
= 5 bar
p
1.3
= C
p
(bar)
(m
3
/kg)
T
(
o
C)
(m
3
/kg)
T
s
=39.39
o
C
T
s
=15.74
o
C
n
2
1
1
2
p
p
=
THE ENDDD

Chap4 Closed System

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Chap4 Closed System

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1

From Table A-5 at 10 bar (1 MPa) and

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC HEAT

CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

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