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Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM) (UTHM)
Engineering Mechanics : Engineering Mechanics :
MECHANICS OF MATERIAL MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
Lecture 11
MOHD NO RIHAN B IBRAHIM JKM FKMP
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Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Analyze the stress developed in thin-walled pressure vessels
Topics:
Hoop and Longitudinal
Stress
Deformation of Thin
Cylinder and Thin Sphere
due to Internal Pressure
THIN CYLINDER THIN CYLINDER
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8.0 Application
Shown is the barrel of a shortgunwhich was clogged with debris just
before firing. Gas pressure from the charge increased the
circumferential stress within the barrel enough to cause the rupture.
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HOOP & LONGITUDINAL STRESS
HOOP & LONGITUDINAL STRESS
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Cylindrical or spherical vessels are commonly used in industry to
serve as boilers or tanks
When under pressure, the material which they are made of, is
subjected to a loading from all directions
However, we can simplify the analysis provided it has a thin wall
Thin wall refers to a vessel having an inner-radius-thickness ratio of
10 or more (r/t 10)
When r/t =10, results of a thin-wall analysis will predict a stress
approximately 4% less than actual maximum stress in the vessel
Assumption taken before analysis is that the thickness of the pressure
vessel is uniform or constant
The pressure in the vessel is understood to be the gauge pressure,
since it measures the pressure above atmospheric pressure, which is
assumed to exist both inside and outside the vessels wall
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INTRODUCTION ( INTRODUCTION (Cont. Cont. d d) )
When a thin walled cylinder is subjected to
internal pressure, three mutually
perpendicular principal stresses will be set
up in the cylinder material, namely
circumferential or hoop stress,
the radial stress and the longitudinal
stress.
For the thin cylinder analysis, the radial
stress is so small in comparison with the
hoop and longitudinal stresses and it can
be neglected.
8.1 Hoop & Longitudinal Stress
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Stresses in Thin Stresses in Thin- -Walled Pressure Vessels Walled Pressure Vessels
8.1 Hoop & Longitudinal Stress
Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses:

1
=hoop / circumferential stress

2
=longitudinal stress

t
pr
x r p x t F
z

1
1
2 2 0

Hoop stress:
Longitudinal stress:
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Stresses in Thin Stresses in Thin- -Walled Pressure Vessels Walled Pressure Vessels
Points A and B correspond to hoop stress,
1
,
and longitudinal stress,
2
.
Maximum in-plane shearing stress:
t
pr
4 2
1
2 ) plane in max(

Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress
corresponds to a 45
o
rotation of the plane
stress element around a longitudinal axis
t
pr
2
2 max

8.1 Hoop & Longitudinal Stress
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Spherical pressure vessel:
t
pr
2
2 1

Mohrs circle for in-plane
transformations reduces to a point
0
constant
plane) - max(in
2 1

Maximum out-of-plane shearing
stress
t
pr
4
1
2
1
max

Stresses in Thin Stresses in Thin- -Walled Pressure Vessels Walled Pressure Vessels
8.1 Hoop & Longitudinal Stress
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Example
Example
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2m and
a thickness of 12mm. Determine the maximum internal pressure
it can sustain so that neither its circumferential nor its longitudinal
stress component exceeds 140MPa.
Under the same conditions,
what is the maximum internal
pressure that a similar-size spherical
vessel can sustain?
8.1 Hoop & Longitudinal Stress
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8.1 Hoop & Longitudinal Stress
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Tutorial
Tutorial
The tank of a cylindrical air compressor is subjected to an
internal pressure of 600 kPa. If the internal diameter of the
tank is 550 mm, and the wall thickness is 6 mm, determine the
stress components acting at a point. Draw a volume element of
the material at this point, and show the results on the element.
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DEFORMATION OF THIN
DEFORMATION OF THIN
CYLINDER AND THIN
CYLINDER AND THIN
SPHERE DUE TO
SPHERE DUE TO
INTERNAL PRESSURE
INTERNAL PRESSURE
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Changes in Dimension for Thin Cylinder Changes in Dimension for Thin Cylinder

L
tE
pd
L
E
H L

2 1
4
1


(a) Change in length
change in length =(longitudinal strain) X (original length)
(b) Change in diameter
change in diameter =(diametral strain) X (original diameter)





2
4
1
2
tE
pd
d
E
d
L H H
8.2 Deformation of Thin Cylinder
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Changes in Dimension for Thin Cylinder Changes in Dimension for Thin Cylinder
(c) Change in internal volume
change in internal volume =(volumetric strain) X (original
volume)
V
tE
pd
4 5
4

8.2 Deformation of Thin Cylinder
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Changes in Dimension for Thin Sphere
Changes in Dimension for Thin Sphere
(a) Change in internal volume
change in internal volume =volumetric strain X original volume
V
tE
pd
1
4
3
8.2 Deformation of Thin Cylinder
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Example
Example
A thin cylinder 75mm internal diameter, 250 mm long with walls
2.5 mm thick is subjected to an internal pressure of 7 MN/m
2
.
Determine :
(a) the change in internal diameter and the change in length
Given :
E =200GN/m
2
(Possionsratio) =0.3
8.2 Deformation of Thin Cylinder
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Tutorial
Tutorial
A cylindrical shell 3m long which is closed at the end has an
internal diameter of 1m and a wall thickness of 15mm.
Calculate the circumferential and longitudinal stresses
induced and also changes in the dimensions of the shell, if it
is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.5MPa.
E=200GPa and =0.3