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Uni versiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Uni versiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM) (UTHM)
Engineering Mechanics : Engineering Mechanics :
MECHANICS OF MATERIAL MECHANICS OF MATERIAL
Lecture 08
MOHD NO RIHAN B IBRAHIM JKM FKMP
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Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Define the moments of inertia (MoI) for an area.
2. Determine the MoI for an area by integration.
3. Apply the parallel-axis theorem.
4. Determine the moment of inertia (MoI) for a composite area.
Topics:
MoI: Concept and Definition
Parallel-Axis Theorem
MoI by Integration
Method for Composite Areas
MOMENTS OF INERTIA MOMENTS OF INERTIA
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Reading Quiz
Reading Quiz
1. The definition of the Moment of Inertia for an areainvolves an
integral of the form
A) x dA. B) x
2
dA.
C) x
2
dm. D) m dA.
2. Select the SI unitsfor the Moment of Inertia for an area.
A) m
3
B) m
4
C) kgm
2
D) kgm
3
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10.0 Application
Many structural members like
beams and columns have cross
sectional shapes like I, H, C, etc..
Why do they usually not have
solid rectangular, square, or
circular cross sectional areas?
What primary property of these
members influences design
decisions?
How can we calculate this
property?
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Many structural members are made
of tubes rather than solid squares or
rounds.
Why?
What parameters of the cross sectional
area influence the designers
selection?
How can we determine the value of
these parameters for a given area?
10.0 Application
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Cross-sectional areas of structural
members are usually made of
simple shapes or combination of
simple shapes.
Is there a simpler method for
determining the MoI of such
cross-sectional areas as compared
to the integration method?
If yes, can you describe the
method?
10.0 Application
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This is another example of a structural member with a composite
cross-area.
Design calculations typically require use of the MoI for these
cross-sectional areas.
Can you describe a simple method to calculate MoI?
10.0 Application
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Moments of Inertia for Areas
Moments of Inertia for Areas
The moment of inertia of an area originates
whenever one relates the normal stress (sigma),
or force per unit area, acting on the transverse
cross section of an elastic beam, to applied
external moment M, which causes bending of the
beam.
Stress within the beam varies linearly with
its distance from an axis passing through the
centroidC of the beams cross-sectional
area.
=kz
The magnitude of force acting on the area
element dA, is therefore,
dF =dA =kzdA
The moment of dF about y axis is,
dM= dFz = =kz
2
dA
The resulting moment of the entire stress
distribution is equal to the applied
moment M, hence
M =kz
2
dA
Here the integral represents the moment
of inertia of the area about the y axis.
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10.1 Definition of MOI
Consider a plate submerged in a liquid.
The pressure of a liquid at a distance z
below the surface is given by p = z,
where is the specific weight of the
liquid.
The force on the area dA at that point is dF = p dA.
The moment about the x-axis due to this force is z (dF).
The total moment is
A
z dF =
A
z
2
dA =
A
( z
2
dA).
This sort of integral term also appears in solid mechanics when
determining stresses and deflection.
This integral term is referred to as the moment of inertiaof the
area of the plate about an axis.
Moments of Inertia for Areas ( Moments of Inertia for Areas (Cont. Cont. d d) )
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For the differential area dA, shown in the
figure:
d I
x
= y
2
dA ,
d I
y
= x
2
dA , and,
d J
O
= r
2
dA , where J
O
is the polar
moment of inertia about the pole O or z axis.
The moments of inertia for the entire area are obtained by
integration.
I
x
=
A
y
2
dA ; I
y
=
A
x
2
dA
J
O
=
A
r
2
dA =
A
( x
2
+y
2
)dA = I
x
+ I
y
The MoI is also referred to as the second moment of an areaand
has units of length to the fourth power (m
4
or in
4
).
Moments of Inertia for Areas ( Moments of Inertia for Areas (Cont. Cont. d d) )
10.1 Definition of MOI
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10.2 Radius of Gyration
Radius of Gyration of an Area
Radius of Gyration of an Area
For a given area A and its MoI, I
x
,
imagine that the entire area is located at
distance k
x
from the x axis.
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Then, I
x
= k
x
A or k
x
= ( I
x
/ A). This
k
x
is called the radius of gyration of the
area about the x axis. Similarly;
k
Y
= ( I
y
/ A ) and k
O
= ( J
O
/ A )
The radius of gyration has units of length and gives an indication
of the spread of the area from the axes. This characteristic is
important when designing columns.
A
k
x
x
y
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Parallel Parallel- -Axis Theorem for an Area Axis Theorem for an Area
This theorem relates the moment of
inertia (MoI) of an area about an axis
passing through the areas centroidto
the MoI of the area about a
corresponding parallel axis. This
theorem has many practical
applications, especially when working
with composite areas.
Consider an area with centroid C. The x' and y' axes pass through
C. The MoI about the x-axis, which is parallel to, and distance d
y
from the x ' axis, is found by using the parallel-axis theorem.
10.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem
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Parallel Parallel- -Axis Theorem for an Area ( Axis Theorem for an Area (Cont. Cont. d d) )
Using the definition of the centroid:
y' = (
A
y' dA) / (
A
dA) . Now
since C is at the origin of the x' y' axes,
y' = 0 , and hence
A
y' dA = 0 .
Thus I
X
= I
X
' + A d
y
2
I
X
=
A
y
2
dA =
A
(y' +d
y
)
2
dA
=
A
y'
2
dA +2 d
y

A
y' dA +d
y
2

A
dA
y =y' +d
y
Similarly, I
Y
= I
Y
' + A d
X
2
and
J
O
= J
C
+ A d
2
10.4 Parallel-Axis Theorem
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10.3 Calculation Integration Method
For simplicity, the area element used has a
differential size in only one direction
(dx or dy). This results in a single integration
and is usually simpler than doing a double
integration with two differentials, dxdy.
The step-by-step procedure is:
1. Choose the element dA: There are two choices: a vertical strip or a
horizontal strip. Some considerations about this choice are:
a) The element parallel to the axis about which the MoI is to be
determined usually results in an easier solution. For example,
we typically choose a horizontal strip for determining I
x
and a
vertical strip for determining I
y
.
Moments of Inertia for an Area by Integration Moments of Inertia for an Area by Integration
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b) If y is easily expressed in terms of x (e.g.,
y =x
2
+1), then choosing a vertical strip
with a differential element dx wide may
be advantageous.
2. Integrate to find the MoI. For example, given the element shown in
the figure above:
I
y
= x
2
dA = x
2
y dx and
I
x
= d I
x
= (1 / 3) y
3
dx (using the information for a
rectangle about its base from the inside back cover of the textbook).
Since in this case the differential element is dx, y needs to be
expressed in terms of x and the integral limit must also be in terms of
x. As you can see, choosing the element and integrating can be
challenging. It may require a trial and error approach plus experience.
Moments of Inertia for an Area by Integration ( Moments of Inertia for an Area by Integration (Cont. Cont. d d) )
10.3 Calculation Integration Method
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Moment of Inertia for a Composite Area Moment of Inertia for a Composite Area
A composite area is made by adding or
subtracting a series of simple shaped
areas like rectangles, triangles, and
circles.
For example, the area on the left can be
made from a rectangle minus a triangle
and circle.
The MoI of these simpler shaped areas about their centroidal
axes are found in most engineering handbooks as well as the
inside back cover of the textbook.
Using these data and the parallel-axis theorem, the MoI for a
composite area can easily be calculated.
10.5 Calculation Composite Method
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Step for Analysis
Step for Analysis
1. Divide the given areainto its
simpler shaped parts.
2. Locate the centroid of each part
and indicate the perpendicular
distancefrom each centroid to
the desired reference axis.
4. The MoI of the entire area about the reference axis is
determined by performing an algebraic summationof the
individual MoIsobtained in Step 3. (Please note that MoI
of a hole is subtracted).
3. Determine the MoI of each simpler shaped part about the
desired reference axis using the parallel-axis theorem
( I
X
= I
X
+ A ( d
y
)
2
) .
10.5 Calculation Composite Method
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Given: The beams cross-sectional area.
Find: The moment of inertia of the area
about the x-axis
Plan: Follow the steps for analysis.
Example Example
10.5 Calculation Composite Method
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Tutorial
Tutorial
Given: The shaded area as shown in the
figure.
Find: The moment of inertia for the area
about the x-axis
Plan: Follow the steps for analysis.
Solution
1. The given area can be obtained by subtracting both the circle (b) and
triangle (c) from the rectangle (a).
2. Information about the centroidsof the simple shapes can be
obtained from the inside back cover of the book. The perpendicular
distances of the centroidsfrom the x-axis are: d
a
= 5 in , d
b
=
4 in, and d
c
= 8 in.
(a) (b) (c)
10.5 Calculation Composite Method
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Solution (
Solution (
Cont.
Cont.

d
d
)
)
3. I
Xa
= (1/12) 6 (10)
3
+ 6 (10)(5)
2
= 2000 in
4
I
Xb
= (1/4) (2)
4
+ (2)
2
(4)
2
= 213.6 in
4
I
Xc
= (1 /36) (3) (6)
3
+
() (3) (6) (8)
2
= 594 in
4
I
X
= I
Xa
I
Xb
I
Xc
= 1190 in
4
k
X
= ( I
X
/ A )
A = 10 ( 6 ) (2)
2
() (3) (6) = 38.43 in
2
k
X
= (1192 / 38.43) = 5.57 in.
(a) (b) (c)
10.5 Calculation Composite Method