Volume 98A, number 5,6 PHYSICS LETTERS 24 October 1983

EXPLANATION OF SPECIFIC SINE-GORDON SOLITON DYNAMICS

IN THE PRESENCE OF EXTERNAL PERTURBATIONS
A.M. KOSEVICH and Yu.S. KIVSHAR
Institute for LowTemperaturePhysics and Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kharkov, USSR
Received 5 July 1983
Aperturbed sine-Gordon soliton is obtained by perturbation theory for nonlinear waves based on the inverse scattering
method. Our result explains the non-newtonian dynamical behaviour of the sine-Gordon solitonpredicted by numerical
experiments of Fernandez et al.
The evolution of the soliton of the sine-Gordon u(x, t)=u
5 (z) + cu()(z, t)+ ... . (2)
(SG) equation in the presence of external perturba-
tions has been studied in several papers [15 ]. How- Here
ever, recent numerical experiments [6,7] qualitatively ~ =4~l ez z = ~11 (3
differ from theoretical results. For example, the initial S~~ g ~ I ~
motion of the SG soliton perturbed by a constant ex- is the adiabatic part of the solution. It has the form of
ternal force isnot uniformly accelerated (this is the the SG soliton (kink), but its parameters ~and v be-
so-called non-newtonian dynamical behaviour of the come time-dependent. For the first-order correction
SG soliton, see discussion in refs. [8,9]). uW(x, t)we take the initial condition of a pure SG
In this letter we obtain the Cauchy problem solu- soliton: u()(x, 0) =0.
tion for the perturbed SGequation using first-order By using the spectral problem associated with the
perturbation theory based on the inverse scattering SGequation [11] and the perturbed evolution equa-
method (ISM) [10] . This solution describes the soliton tions for scattering data [12], we find the so-called
evolution in the presence of small perturbations. We adiabatic equations for the parameters:
showby the example of even perturbations that the = ( 2)3/2 )
initial acceleration of the SG soliton is not described
by adiabatic equations. Our result explains the non- d~/dt=v ev(l v
2)1
1(v) , (5)
newtonian dynamics of the SGsoliton predicted by
the numericalexperiments of Fernandez et al. For 1 e
I (v) = i dzR[u ]z~sechz, n =0,1 . (6)
large time values the distorted soliton is formed (the 1 2 4 j
distorted soliton differs from the perturbed one in ref.
[5]) and its motion is described by the adiabatic equa- Eqs. (4) and (5) were first obtained in refs. [2,3], and
tions. eq. (5) differs fromthe similar one in ref. [5 ].
Let us consider the perturbed SG equation By using the ISM for the SGequation [11] and the
perturbed evolution equations for scattering data [12],
u~.~u +sinueR[u], (1)
XX we obtain the first-order correction
where R is the external perturbation and e is a small
parameter (e ~ I). The solution of eq. (1) describing = ~ r d A(p)(p
2 1 + 2ip thz) eiaz
the soliton evolution in the presence of small pertur- / 2ir J ~ (p2 +
bationsmay be written as follows
X (1 e~bt) (7)
0.031-9163/83/00000000/s 03.00 1983 North-Holland 237
Volume 98A, number 5,6 PHYSICS LETTERS 24 October I 9V3
A(p) f dzR[u~I(p
2 I -~ 2ipthz)e-~ ~8) l~1=V~ ~)l v~)1 / RIujd:
where
We see that the acceleration of the SG soliton i~
a =~(yp l/yp) (1 02) I/2~ newtonian for this class of perturbations, but the fl1 o~
b = + l/p)(l - v2)h12 y =(1 + v)h/2( 2 tion of the SG sohiton is not described by adiabatic
equations (4) and (5 ) at small times.
Expressions (7) and (8) differ from the similar ones i n For eR [uj = =consi the soliton velocity (12)
ref. [5 ]. After integration by parts in (7) and (8) and may be presented as
some transformation we obtain
~oi =Vt (y13/3x) (I ~ 141
uW(z, t) =u
1(z) + w(z. t). (~))
It is important to note that CX~~CSSiOfl (14) dc-
1 / Z R ~ U)I scribes the non-newtonian dynamical behaviour of the
o1(z) =~~~-_ f dv p I(z, y) SGsoliton in the presence of a constant force. Such a
~ lime dependence of velocity was predicted in numeri-
R[u5 (y)] cal experiments of rels. [o,7J. Ec1. (14) was first oh
+f dy ch~ F(, z)). (10) lamed in ref. ~9] for =o.
For tt, ~ r ~ i1, ci I the term w(z, t)is neglec
where ed because it vanishes at large t, and the solution (2)
may be written in first order i n as follows
zchz + eYchv z
1-v + v2(z v)~ I
(II) u(x, 1) ~ + u
1~( 15)
The last term in (9) describes radiation waves. We do We call the solution (15) the distorted s o l i t o n . This
not write down this term. Thus, eqs. (2)(6) and eqs. distorted soliton differs from the perturbed one of ref
(9)(l 1) give the general solution of the Cauchy prob- [5] and its motion is described by adiabatic equations
1cm for the perturbed SG equation in the first order in (4) and (5 ).
e with the initial conditions taken as a pure SG soliton Therefore, the adiabatic approximation is broken
(kink), for small times (t ~ to) and the initial velocity of the
Now let us consider the soliton (kink) with the mi- SG soliton in the presence of any even perturbation is
tial velocity 00 in the presence of time-independent described by eq. (13). But the only even perturbation
even perturbations, that is R [u5 (z)] =R [u5 (--z)], t~r as a constant force x causes the non-newtonian nio-
example, eR[uI =x Fur, h sin~u.Such perturha- tion of the SG soliton. In the latter case the velocity
tions appear in the theory of Josephsonjunctions and of the SG soliton is proportional to Xt
3 [see eq. (14)].
in the description of spin waves in weak ferromagnets However, for I ~ the motion of the distorled soliton
and liquid 3He. is newtonian in presence of any even perturbation.
Following the authors of refs. [6,91, we define the By using our solution il is easy to prove that in the
velocity of the SG soliton V
5o1 as a velocity of the presence of odd perturbations the initial motion of
centre of mass of the excitation. Therefore, using (2) the sohiton is not described by the adiabatic equations
and (3) one may write the soliton velocity in the form (4) and (5) either. The SG soliton is accelerated by
odd perturbations at small tinies and its velocity is pro-
=~_+ ~ ~_ f xo~(x.t) dx . (12) portional to t
4. Therefore, the initial acceleration of
the soliton is non-newtonian tor such a class of perlur-
, ., bations. But for t ~ i~the distorted soliton is formed
For small time values, that is t ~ t
0 (1 vol ~. under the influence of time-independent odd perturba-
we obtain V~0ifrom eq. (12) for any even pesturha- tions. It is an exact soliton solution of eq. (1) with
tion except R [u] =x =const ~ : constant velocity V501 =d~/dtin the first order in c.
Details of such a problem will be considered in a forth-
We assume that the integral in (13) exists. conling publication.
238
Volume 98A, number 5,6 PHYSICS LETTERS 2 4 October 1 983
We wish to thank A.E. Borovik, B.A. Ivanov and [7] G. Reinisch and J.C. Fernandez, Phys. Rev. B2 4 (1 981 )
V.A. Marchenkofor valuable discussions. 835.
[8j O.H. Olsen and M.R. Samuelsen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48
(1 982 ) 1 569;
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(1 982 ) 1570.
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Krumhanst, Phys. Rev. B1 5 (1 977) 1 578. 7352 .
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41 3. [1 1 ] V.E. Zakharov, S.V. Manakov, S.P. Novikov and L.P.
[3] D.W. McLaughlin and A.C. Scott, Phys. Rev. A1 8 (1 978) Pitaevskn, Theory ofsolitons: the inverse scattering
1 652 . method (Nauka, Moscow, 1 980) (in Russian).
[4] K.H. Spatschek, Z. Phys. 32 B (1 979) 42 5. [1 2 ] A.M. Kosevich and Yu.S. Kivshar, Fiz. Niz. Temp. 8
[5] VI. Karpman and V.V. Solovev, Phys. Lett. 84A (1 981 ) (1 982 ) 1 2 70.
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239