Power factor improvement is a need in heavy loads of power system network. The power factor improvement can helps to reduce the current consumption of the devices and hence saving electrical energy. The automatic power factor improvement device developed in this project can detect the drops of power factor and automatic trigger the capacitors added into the circuit so that a new power factor is obtained.
Power factor improvement is a need in heavy loads of power system network. The power factor improvement can helps to reduce the current consumption of the devices and hence saving electrical energy. The automatic power factor improvement device developed in this project can detect the drops of power factor and automatic trigger the capacitors added into the circuit so that a new power factor is obtained.
Power factor improvement is a need in heavy loads of power system network. The power factor improvement can helps to reduce the current consumption of the devices and hence saving electrical energy. The automatic power factor improvement device developed in this project can detect the drops of power factor and automatic trigger the capacitors added into the circuit so that a new power factor is obtained.
Electrical Engineering Department, National Defense University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Faizalmustafar91@gmail.com.my
Abstract Power factor improvement is a need in heavy loads of power system network. The power factor improvement can helps to reduce the current consumption of the devices and hence saving electrical energy. The aim of this project is to develop an automatic power factor improvement system using embedded technology. The automatic power factor improvement device developed in this project can detect the drops of power factor and automatic trigger the capacitors added into the circuit so that a new power factor is obtained. There will be one LCD display to show the power factor reading before and after compensate. The current sensor is used to sense the current from the load and hence its output multiplied with a constant voltage to get the power reading. By taking the ratio of the load power to the one multiplied with current, the power factor result is obtained. Compare the programmed power factor in the embedded system, the system is able to make decision whether it needs to trigger the capacitor add in or maintain the origin of the circuit. !or ease of demonstration, three capacitors and three loads are used in the prototype. The system will be programmed to auto correct the power factor if the detected power factor is less than ".#$. I. INTRODUCTION
A. Power Factor The actie !ower is a main concerned in the electrical en"ineerin" and !ower flows control. The actie !ower can #e transformed into arious ener"ies such as li"ht$ heat$ sound$ mechanical or een the d%namic ener"%. &ince the actie !ower can #e transformed into other form of ener"ies$ so it is sometimes called useful !ower. 'hen the actie or useful !ower is transformed into other form of ener"ies$ there is alwa%s a concern on the current consum!tion. In theor%$ the lar"er the current$ the hi"her the !ower consumed. The relationshi! #etween !ower and current can #e !roed usin" the !ower e(uation as shown #elow)
P * +I cos ,-.-.
Note that e(uation -.- is a sin"le !hase /C !ower e(uation. The cos is defined as !ower factor. The cos #asicall% measure how much current or olta"e la" or lead to each other. In !ractice and for ideal case$ there should #e no la" or lead of olta"e and current on each other. Both com!onents must in !hase on each other to ensure ma0imum !ower transfer. Thus$ the !ower consum!tion is de!ends on cos B. apacitance The ca!acitance can #e used to im!roe the !ower factor #ecause it draws a leadin" current to cancel out the la""in" current. In !ractice$ the la""in" current alwa%s ha!!en due to the inductie loads. Because current waeform is la" the olta"e waeform in the ector$ so the !ower factor is low. 'hen !ower factor is low$ the !ower is a#sor# #% the load also low and this causes the ma"nitude of the current #ecomes hi"h.
Fi"ure -.-) +ector dia"ram of olta"e and current
Fi"ure -.1) The new current IR which is a resultant current after I add with Ic ectorl%
From the dia"ram$ it is seen that the current sensor !la%s a ma3or roles to detect the /C current. The current sensor has a ca!a#ilit% to conert the /C current into the ariation of DC olta"e. Thus$ each olta"e !roduced re!resents certain am!ere. The resolution of am!ere !er olt can #e o#tained from the datasheet of the current sensor. 'hen the microcontroller detects the olta"e from the out!ut of the current sensor$ it com!utes the !ower factor #% ta4in" a fi0ed load !ower and fi0ed load olta"e. The result of !ower factor com!uted #% the microcontroller is then com!ared with !ro"rammed !ower factor$ 5.67. If the calculated !ower factor is less than 5.67$ the microcontroller tri""ers the rela% so that the ca!acitor will add into the circuit to im!roe the !ower factor. On the other hand$ if the calculated !ower factor is "reater than 5.67$ the microcontroller will not tri""er the rela% and thus the ca!acitor will not add into the circuit. The 8CD shown in the dia"ram is used to dis!la% the !ower factor alue #efore and after im!roement. Notice also that there is a feed#ac4 arrow from the ca!acitor !ointin" to the current sensor. This feed#ac4 arrow is to "ie a new current alue to the microcontroller when ca!acitor is added into the circuit.
D. "#$ectives -. To desi"n an automatic !ower factor im!roement circuit usin" microcontroller technolo"% and ca!acitors. 1. To show the ca!acitance does im!roe the !ower factor when added into the circuit. 2. To show that different ca!acitance alues will result with different current alues.
II. M9T:ODO8O;< A. Automatic power factor correction system
The result shows the initial and after correction alue of current and !ower factor with three aries of load.
A. "ne loa% connecte%
Fi"ure 2.-) One #ul#
Fi"ure 2.1) Before correction
Fi"ure 2.2)/fter correction
B. &wo loa% connecte%
Fi"ure 2.=) Two #ul#
Fi"ure 2.7) Before correction
Fi"ure 2.>) /fter correction
. &'ree loa% connecte%
Fi"ure 2.?) Three #ul#
Fi"ure 2.6) Before correction
Fi"ure 2.@) /fter correction
I+. CONC8U&ION
From the !ro3ect wor4s carried out$ it can #e seen that the !ower factor correct s%stem can #e done usin" the microcontroller. The microcontroller is carefull% !ro"rammed so that the alues of current reads in will #e multi!lied with the fi0ed /C 1=5 olta"e to "et true !ower. 'hen the the true !ower diided #% the a!!arent !ower$ the result is !ower factor. B% usin" decision ma4in" function li4e AifA in the !ro"rammin"$ the correction of the !ower factor will #e"in throu"h the com!arison. :ere$ if the !ower factor is #elow 5.67$ the !ro"ram will force the microcontroller tri""er the rela% so that the ca!acitor will added into the circuit to !erform the !ower factor correction
/CBNO'89D;9M9NT
I would li4e to cone% m% outmost a!!reciation to m% su!erisor$ Dr Mohd Taufi( Bin Isha4$ for his "uidance and encoura"ements throu"hout the final %ear !ro3ect -. M% a!!reciation also to m% !arents for their loe and su!!ort durin" the course of stud%. I would li4e also than4s to m% friends and other lecturer that willin" to "uide and "ie ideas to com!lete the F<P-. 8astl%$ /lhamdulillah$ than4s to /llah for "iin" me stren"th and health%. :o!efull%$ ma% :im #lessed this !ro3ect until accom!lish. /min.
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C-D ;.:.Chiew and F.;eor"e$ APro!osed New Power /nal%sisA$ !EEE &ransaction on Power$ +ol.22. No. -$ !!. -1 E -=$ 15-5. C1D D.Tiew and B.Fohn$ 9lectrical Power$ Mc;rawE:ill$ New <or4$ 15--. C2D /.&andra and I.<.;o$ Power &%stem and /nal%sis$ PrenticeE:all$ New <or4$ 15-1. C=D F.Bwon" and C.Chen$ ANew 9ra of Powe FactorA$ !EEE &ransaction on Power$ +ol. 1$ No. -1$ !!. -E=$ 15-1. C7D 8ee.G and Giao.:$ APower Factor Im!roement Usin" &%nchronous MotorA$ !nternational Fournal on 9n"ineerin" and &cience$ +ol.=$ No. 2$ !!. 15 E1-$ 15--. C>D T.R.&hen" and '.&imon$ ANumerical /nal%sis on Power Factor Im!roement Usin" Ca!acitor$ International Fournal on 9n"ineerin" and Power Control$ +ol. 7$ No. -5$ !!. 2= E 2>$ 155@. C?D T.<.Chon"$ 9lectrical Power 9n"ineerin"$ O0ford Press$ New <or4$ 15-2. C6D T.Thomas and C.Chin$ Introduction to Microcontroller$ PrenticeE:all$ New <or4$ 15-1. C@D U.:ans and :ammin".D$ /danced Microcontroller$ 999$ India$ 155@. C-5D &.G.Tan and F.:.Tiu$ Power Factor Correction Deices$ Mc;raw:ill$ New <or4$ 15-5. C--D &u4ri./$ Power Factor Correction Usin" Fuzz% 8o"ic$ Final <ear Thesis$ 8e"enda Colle"e$ 155@. C-1D G.;.8ee$ Power Factor Correction Usin" D&P Method$ Final <ear Thesis$ INTI International Uniersit%$ 15-5. C-2D :atem.M$ Power Factor Correction usin" /rduino$ Final <ear Thesis$ UNIT9N$ 15-5. C-=D Fatima.B.M$ Power Factor Correction usin" PIC microcontroller Final <ear Thesis$ UiTM$ 15--.