Phonetics

Phonetics :
It studies in general without any reference to any specifc
language and the human's ability produced sounds. It is a
general science .
There are two main components of Phonetics :
A) Segmental :
It is diided into consonants and owel. It considers
language as a system which is made up two sounds!
consonants and owels. They feature the language and
deal with sounds. It studies how sounds can diide into
rules .
") #on$segmental :
It is linguistic element that has no written much
manifestation such as stress! tone! pause! rhythm. It has
functional e%ect. It does not attract enough time because
it has no written system .
Phonology :
It is branch of study which occupied itself information and
regulations which goern language use .
Semantics:
It deals with de&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&ion of words
and sentence meaning. There is meanings science in order
to ma'e larger units .
Speech canal:
It e(tends between the lips and lungs! so the speech is
modifed breathing that is made up three systems .
Sound:
It is an air$stream mechanism. Sounds are produced by
organs speech. A sound is a minimal unit in language
which has no meaning in it. It is a moement mad by
speech organs and made audible .
Production of sound :
)ost speech is produced by an air stream that originates
in the lungs and is pushed upwards through the trachea
*the windpipe) and the oral and nasal caities .
The production of a speech sound may be diided into four
separate but interrelated processes :
The initiation process :
The operation of the lungs is familiar through their primary
function in the breathing process: contraction of the
intercostals muscles and lowering of the diaphragm
causes the chest olume to increase and air is suc'ed into
the lungs through the trachea. +hen the process is
reersed! air will escape , again through the trachea. A
part from recurring at regular interals as breath! this air
stream proides the source of energy of speech .
The phonation process :
At the upper end of the trachea! the air stream passes
through the laryn(. The laryn( contains two hori-ontal
folds of tissue! which protrude into the passage of air from
the sides: the ocal folds. The gap between the ocal
folds! through which the air stream passes upwards into
the pharyn( into the mouth! is called the glottis. This is
where the process of phonation ta'es place .
The oro$nasal process :
.aing passes through the laryn( and the bac' of the
throat! the air stream can go either into the nasal caity or
into the oral caity. In normal breathing! it will usually pass
through the nasal caity and emerge at the nostrils .
The articulation process :
)ost of the di%erentiation of the arious speech sounds of
a language ta'es a place in the mouth! in a process called
articulation. /ue to the mobility of the lips and the tongue!
the si-e and shape of the oral caity as well as the e(it
passage of the air stream can be greatly modifed. The
oral caity acts as a resonator in speech production0 any
modifcation of its shape will produce di%erent acoustic
properties on the part of the speech sounds produced .
The syllable :
It is the smallest unit beyond single consonants and
owels. It ery often has an initial consonant! a owel at
the pea'! and a fnal consonant! as is the case with 1cat 1
Types of syllable :
2pen: it ends with a owel such as 1tea .1
3losed: it ends with consonants .
Strong: the syllable which is pronounced with a full owel
sound .
+ea': the syllable which is pronounced by the unstressed
and said with a reduced owel sound .
Stressed syllable :
It is uttered loudly and strongly. In words made up of two
or more syllables there is always one syllable which is said
more loudly and strongly than the other syllable. The
spea'er e(erts greater respiratory e%ort with stressed
syllable. A stressed syllable is produced with a great
amount of air which is pushed on the lung. The stressed
syllable is then longer and at the same time longer that
the unstressed one .
4nstressed syllable :
It is uttered with a reduced owel .
5emination 67689:; :
5ermination refers to long consonants or owels that can
be iewed as double sounds *consonants or owels). In
<nglish this process occurs only across word boundaries as
n 1white tie1. =epetition of the consonant >t> across the
boundaries is called gemination .
Pitch> Tone :
Pitch refers to the rate of ibration of the ocal cords. Two
pattern of pitch are normally recogni-ed: rising and falling.
A rising pitch refers to the rising of one's oice from a
falling note. In contrast! a falling pitch refers to the falling
of one's oice from a rising one .
Intonation :
Intonation refers to the pitch patterns that a spea'er uses
when communicating in a certain language .
The intonation of a sentence is the pattern of the pitch
changes that occurs .
There are four patterns of intonation :
A) The falling intonational pitch .
It is mar'ed with a fall of the oice from a high pitch to
relatiely ery low pitch in the last stressed words. This
pattern coneys the following types of sentences :
? . Short sentence: I was glad. I li'e co%ee .
@ . +... Auestion intended to coney information: what is
your name B
C . Imperaties: shut up. Sit .D
E . <(clamation: what is a nice girlBD +hat is a nice dress DB
F . Guestion tag: he spea's <nglish! doesn't he B
") The rising intonational pitch .
It is indicated by the rise in the oice from a ery low pitch
to relatiely ery high pitch on the last stressed syllable as
the syllable following it. This pattern is typical on the
following patterns :
? . statement intended to encourage the listener0 for
e(ample !
I should not be long! come on .
@ . Hes$ no Auestion: did you play footballB /o you li'e
football B
C . Incomplete sentence: when the spea'er intends to
continue. +hen I saw my father IIIIIII
E . Guestion tag *when the spea'er e(pects a negatie
reply) It is clod today! isnJt itB Korcing the answer yes .
F . Guestions showing sympathy: what are you going to do B
3) Kalling$rising pattern .
It is typical of the following sentences :
? . Kalling$rising pattern .
It is a fall of the oice from a high note to a ery long one!
and then a rise from the low note to a ery high one again .
It is used for the following sentences :
? . 3orrecting other people .
<(ample: Hou surely want the briefcase for you .
2h. #o. ItJs for my son .
@ . Showing di%erences of opinion .
<(ample: This is cheap watch .
2h. #o. It's ery e(pensie .
C . Implying something else .
<(ample: The wor'er left angrily. *The spea'er implies that
the wor'er may not turn the ne(t day) .
/ *
=ising$ falling intonational pattern .
The oice frst rises from a low note and then falls from a
ery high not. This pattern is used to e(press certainty as
opposed to doubt! as in saying :
.is name is Ali .
) if I an certain about the person's name *.
3ardinal Lowels :
A cardinal owel is a f(ed and unchanging reference
point! established within the total range of owel Auality!
to which any other owel sound can be directly related .
Lalues of cardinal owels :
? . They are of arbitrary selected0 a cardinal owel is a
de&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&ie deice! not something
that occurs in a language .
@ . They are of e(actly determined and inariable Auality .
C . They are peripheral owels: the highest point of the
tongue for each of them lies on the e(treme outside limits
of the owel area .
E . They are auditory eAuidistant .
F . They are eight in number .
<nglish Lowels :
In <nglish! there are ?@ simple owels. Seen of them are
short and fe are long. In addition! there are owel
combinations of two or three owels called diphthongs and
trigphthongs .
Simple Lowels or monthongs :
? > . i: > sea! tree! tea! sheet! be! feel! reach! feet! he! she!
lead! wheat! been! see !
@ > . I > wit! gie! pretty! bin! chic'! fll! mi(! city! lid! sit!
rich! ft! fll! sit .
C > . e > went! wet! led! chec'! pen! fell! wretch! dead! bed!
set .
E > > . pan! fat! happy! pan! sac's! mash! cat! sat! has! tan!
fact .
F > . M > blood! but! cut! loe! pun! suc's! dud! mush! son!
done .
N > . a: > dar'! card! last! bar'! carp! part! calm! laugh .
O > > . lost! cod! loc'! doc'! bo(! cop! dog! watch! cough .
M > > . Paul! adore! shored! all! cord! ward! horse! born! saw .
P > > . pull! should! could! luc'! root! shot! put! boo'! wolf!
wood .
?Q > . u: > pool! shoed! moe! moon! cooed! Ru'e! root! sure!
boot! group! Sune .!
?? > . C > : heard! bird! frst! purse! nurse! turn! her! perched!
worse! word .
?@ > > . banana! obey! dinner! pilot! adore
/iphthong :
/iphthong refers to the seAuences of two owels
functioning as one owel. It is a glide from one owel to
another and this glide acts as one owel. The diphthongs
in <nglish are :
? > > . snow! low! close! bought! coal! so! soup! own .
@ > > . out! now! cow! how! found! row! doubt! towns! bout!
brow .
C > > . care! late! bra'e! paper! ta'e! sail! trade! day! earns!
fail .
E > > . tiger! white! rice! li'e! bite! buy! dye .
F > > . boy! toy! annoy! oil! oice! noise! coin! Toin! foil! Toint .
N > > . ear! fear! really! year! clear .
O > > . hair! stared! rarely! pair .
M > > . sure! poor! furious! pure! cure .
Triphthong :
Triphthong refers to the owel seAuence where one owel
follows a diphthong. The triphthongs in <nglish are :
? > > . fre! trial! Auite! buyer! Uyer! iron! riot! tired .
@ > > . our! trowel! power! follower! showing! bower! tower!
powerful! coward .
C > > . prayer! player! greyer! betrayal
E > > . grower! thrower! slower! tower .
F > > . royal! lawyer! employer! loyal .
Hou aren't
5o out
Two hours
5rey$eyed
)ay I owe it to youB
)y own
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