Steel Structures 5th Edition Solutions Manual

!|||CO|` !|||CO|` !|||CO|` !
|||CO|`
O||!O| |^||^| O||!O| |^||^| O||!O| |^||^| O||!O| |^||^|

~|o/!o|o/|~||~ ~|o/!o|o/|~||~ ~|o/!o|o/|~||~ ~|o/!o|o/|~||~

||| ||C||| ||| ||C||| ||| ||C||| ||| ||C|||
|e. ~c |e|~.o |e. ~c |e|~.o |e. ~c |e|~.o |e. ~c |e|~.o
|.t| |c.t.o |.t| |c.t.o |.t| |c.t.o |.t| |c.t.o

. Co,cte t|e ~.c ~cce,t~||e te.|e e.ce |~c t|~t ~, |e ,|~cec o ~
.|e ~|e |-/- t|~t . .e|cec ~|o .t |o |e to ~ cet ,|~te. |e |.e |o~c .
t|ee t.e t|e ce~c |o~c. o|e o (~) ^G tee| ~c (|) ^c72 C~ce cO tee|.
ect.o ^|e G - /-, ^
= G.9- q .., = .O7 ..

Co,cte t|e eect.e et ~e~ ^
e
. w|e t|e |et| | o .e|c cec . |o.
t|e eccct.o coe.c.et | e|~t. to |e~ |~ c~ |e co,ctec c. |q. .c.2.
! t|. c~e, ce t|e ,~ct.c~| | = O.c o ~ ~|e ~tt~c|ec o oe |e.
^
e
= |^
= O.c(G.9-) = c.9O q ..

(~) ^G tee|. ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)G.9- = 22c |., Coto|!

|~ctce . eect.e et ect.o
=
t
|
c
^
e
=O.7c(c)c.9O = 2c7 |.,
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2| .G(|) = G.O|
o
c
=.-|
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = 22c/G = 7.c |.,

e.ce |.e |o~c =| = (7.c) = 2 |.,
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = 7.c 2 = cO |.,

(|) ^c72 C~ce cO tee|. ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(cO)G.9- = 2 |.,
=
t
|
c
^
e
= O.7c(Gc)c.9O = 2 |., Coto|!
|~ctoec |o~c
c
=.2| .G | = |.2| .G(|) = G.O|
o
c
=.-|
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = 2/G = -7.9 |.,

e.ce |.e |o~c = | = (-7.9) = -- |.,
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = -7.9 -- = 92 |.,
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.2 Co,cte t|e ~.c ~cce
.|e ~|e |G-/- t|~t . coectec ~|o |ot| |e. |e -
~e |.e o 7/-..-c.~ |o|t ~c t|e G
|o|t. ^ce o t~e, ~c t|~t ~|| |o|t ,~t.c.,
t|ee t.e t|e ce~c |o~c. o|e o (~) ^G tee| ~c (|) ^c72 C~ce cO tee|
ect.o ^|e G
Co,cte t|e eect.e et ~e~
. to |ot| |e o ~ ~|e, t|e eccct.o coe.c.et
t~|e ~ | = .O. |e et ~e~
^
= ^
- |o|e
= ^
- (|o|e c.~

(~) ^G tee|, ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o
=
t
|
,
^
=
t
|
c
^
|~ctoec |o~c
o
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
e.ce |.e |o~c
ot~| e.ce |o~c

(|) ^c72 C~ce cO tee|, ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o
=
t
|
c
^
|~ctoec |o~c
o
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
e.ce |.e |o~c =
ot~| e.ce |o~c
.2 Co,cte t|e ~.c ~cce,t~||e te.|e e.ce |o~c t|~t ~, |e ,|~cec o ~
/- t|~t . coectec ~|o |ot| |e. |e --.. |e cot~. ~ .|e
c.~ |o|t ~c t|e G-.. |e cot~. ~ coc||e ~e |.e o 7/
|o|t. ^ce o t~e, ~c t|~t ~|| |o|t ,~t.c.,~te . c~,. t|e |o~c. |e |.e |o~c .
- /-, ^
= G.9- q .., = .O7 ..

e
. w|e t|e ~tt~c|et o |o~c c~,. |o|t
. to |ot| |e o ~ ~|e, t|e eccct.o coe.c.et | e|~t. to |e~ |~ c~ |e
.O. |e et ~e~ ^
.
(|o|e c.~
1
16
)t = G.9- - (O.97c
1
16
)O.7c = -.G9 q ..
^
e
= |^
|
= .OO(-.G9) = -.G9 q ..
ee ^!C |~c~|, cc~| ~e`, ,
^G tee|, ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o
= O.9O(G)G.9- = 22c |.,

= O.7c(c)-.G9 = 2O- |.,

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2| .G(|
o
c
= .-|
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = 2O-/G = - |.,
e.ce |.e |o~c =| = (-) = O2 |.,
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = - O2 = G |.,
^c72 C~ce cO tee|, ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(cO)G.9- = 2 |.,
= O.7c(Gc)-.G9 = 229 |.,

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2| .G(|

c
= .-|
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = 229/G = . |.,
e.ce |.e |o~c = | = (.) = - |.,
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = . - = c2 |.,
~, |e ,|~cec o ~
.. |e cot~. ~ .|e
.. |e cot~. ~ coc||e ~e |.e o 7/-..-c.~
~te . c~,. t|e |o~c. |e |.e |o~c .

w|e t|e ~tt~c|et o |o~c c~,. |o|t
e|~t. to |e~ |~ c~ |e
)O.7c = -.G9 q ..

ee ^!C |~c~|, cc~| ~e`, ,--G

O.7c(c)-.G9 = 2O- |., Coto|!
|) = G.O|

O.9O(cO)G.9- = 2 |.,
Coto|!
|) = G.O|
= . - = c2 |.,
. Co,cte t|e ~.c ~cce,t~||e e.ce |o~c o ~ ^G tee| ,|~te te.o
e|e /--.. 2 .. |~. ~ .|e ||.e o |o|e ,~~||e| to t|e c.ect.o o |o~c..
|o~c . 2c% ce~c |o~c ~c 7c% |.e |o~c, ~c 7/
^!C-!- o coect. e|eet
e|~t. to |e~ |~ = .O. |e et ~e~
^
= ^
- |o|e
= ^
- (|o|e c.~

^G tee|, ^!C
=
t
|
,
^
=
t
|
c
^
|~ctoec |o~c
o
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
e.ce |.e |o~c
ot~| e.ce |o~c
! t|. .ee ~ ,|.ce ,|~te cce ^!C
|~ ^
= O.c
=
t
|
c
^
tet| . t.|| coto||ec |, ,.e|c. . o ect.o.
ot~| e.ce |o~c
.. 2 .. |~. ~ .|e ||.e o |o|e ,~~||e| to t|e c.ect.o o |o~c..
|o~c . 2c% ce~c |o~c ~c 7c% |.e |o~c, ~c 7/-.. c.~ |o|t ~e cec.
o coect. e|eet. ee ^!C -|. o eect.e et ~e~.
e
. |e eccct.o coe.c.et
e|~t. to |e~ |~ = .O. |e et ~e~ ^
.
(|o|e c.~
1
16
)t = O.2c(2) - (O.97c
1
16
)O.2c = 2.7c q ..
^
e
= |^
= .OO(2.7c) = 2.7c q ..

^
= O.9O(G)(.OO) = 97.2 |., Coto|!

^
= O.7c(c)2.7c = 2O |.,
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2| .G(|
o
c
=.-|
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = 97.2/G = G.2 |.,

e.ce |.e |o~c =| = (G.2) = -.G |.,
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = G.2 -.G = G-. |.,
.ee ~ ,|.ce ,|~te cce ^!C-!-.,
= O.c^
= O.c(.OO) = 2.cc q ., Coto| o

^ctc~| ^
= 2.7c q ..
^
= O.7c(c)2.cc = |.,
tet| . t.|| coto||ec |, ,.e|c. . o ect.o.
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = G.2 -.G = G-. |.,
.. 2 .. |~. ~ .|e ||.e o |o|e ,~~||e| to t|e c.ect.o o |o~c.. |e
|t ~e cec.
o eect.e et ~e~.
eccct.o coe.c.et |
)O.2c = 2.7c q ..

Coto|!
O.7c(c)2.7c = 2O |.,
|) = G.O|
G.2 -.G = G-. |.,
O) = 2.cc q ., Coto| o ^
e
!
G.2 -.G = G-. |.,
.- Co,cte t|e et ~e~
|ot| t|e |||| ~c ^| et|oc
~|ce o e.ce |o~c .|e ^G tee| . cec, t|e |.e |o~c . oc t.e t|e ce.tc |occ, ~c
t|e |o|e ~e /G-.. c.~ete.
|e~ |~ = .O. |e et ~e~
^
= (O.7c)O = .7c q ..
|~ ^
= O.c^

= O.c(.7c)
= .9q..

ect.o - (o t~e)
^
= ^
-2|o|e
= .7c-2(O.2c
= .O9 q ..
ect.o -2- ..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
^
=^
- |o!e 2t~e
t~e - 2 = 2
2
/ -(2) = O.cO ..
t~e 2 - = 2
2
/ -(-) = O.2c ..
^
=.7c-(O.7c)-O.cO
= .Oc q .. |..c
ect.o --- ..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
^
= ^

- |o|e 2t~e
t~e |-- = 2.c
2
/-(2) = O.7..
t~e -- = 2.c
2
/-(-) = O.9 ..
^
=.7c-(O.7c)-O.7
= .9- q ..
^G tee|, ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
e.ce |.e |o~c
ot~| e.ce |o~c
.- Co,cte t|e et ~e~ ^
o t|e ,|~te (~ coect. e|eet ~ccoc. to

~c ^| et|oc) |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce. |e co,cte t|e ~.c
.|e ^G tee| . cec, t|e |.e |o~c . oc t.e t|e ce.tc |occ, ~c
.. c.~ete.
e
. |e eccct.o coe.c.et |
|e~ |~ = .O. |e et ~e~ ^
.
= (O.7c)O = .7c q ..

(o t~e)
(O.2c
1
16
)O.7c
..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
|o!e 2t~e
/ -(2) = O.cO ..
/ -(-) = O.2c ..
O.cO-O.2cO.7c
= .Oc q .. |..c ^
|c, Coto|!
..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
|o|e 2t~e
/-(2) = O.7..
/-(-) = O.9 ..
O.7-O.9O.7c
.e|c. . o ect.o
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)(.7c) =22 |.,

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c).Oc = c |.,
Coto||.
t
= 22 |.,
= .2| .G| = .2| .G(-|) = 7.G| o
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = 22/7.G = G.O |.,

e.ce |.e |o~c = -| = -(G.O) = G-.O |.,
ot~| e.ce |o~c = | | = G.O G-.O = O.O |.,
o t|e ,|~te (~ coect. e|eet ~ccoc. to ^!C-!- c.
) |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce. |e co,cte t|e ~.c
.|e ^G tee| . cec, t|e |.e |o~c . oc t.e t|e ce.tc |occ, ~c
| e|~t. to
= O.9O(G)(.7c) =22 |.,
= O.7c(c).Oc = c |.,
= 22 |.,
o
c
= .-|
.c |e,e~t |o|. .-. Co,cte t|e et ~e~
~ccoc. to ^!C - !- c. |ot| t|e |||| ~c ^| et|oc
|e co,cte t|e ~.c ~|ce o e.ce |o~c
|o~c . oc t.e t|e ce~c |o~c, ~c t|e |o|e ~e c/G
e|~t. to |e~ |~ = .O. |e et ~e~
^
=(O.7c)O = .7c q ..
|~ ^
= O.c^

= O.c(.7c)
= .9 q ..

ect.o - (o t~e)
^
= ^
- 2|o!e
= .7c-2(O.97c
1
16
= .OO q ..

ect.o -2- ..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
^
= ^
-|o|e 2t~e
t~e - 2 = 2
2
/ -(2) = O.cO ..
t~e 2 - = 2
2
/ -(-) = O.2c ..
^
=.7c-(.OO)-O.cO-
= 2.9q.. |..c

ect.o --- ..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
^
= ^
- |o|e 2t~e
t~e -- = 2.c
2
/-(2) = O.7 ..
t~e -- = 2.c
2
/-(-) = O.9 ..
^
=.7c-(.OO)-O.7
= .OG q..
^G tee|, ^!C
.e|c. . o ect.o

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2|
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
e.ce |.e |o~c = -
ot~| e.ce |o~c =
.c |e,e~t |o|. .-. Co,cte t|e et ~e~ ^
o t|e ,|~te (~ coect. e|eet

c. |ot| t|e |||| ~c ^| et|oc) |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce.
~.c ~|ce o e.ce |o~c .|e ^c72 C~ce GO tee| . cec, t|e |.e
t.e t|e ce~c |o~c, ~c t|e |o|e ~e c/G-.. c.~ete.
e
, |e eccct.o coe.c.et |
e|~t. to |e~ |~ = .O. |e et ~e~ ^
.
=(O.7c)O = .7c q ..
(o t~e)
1
16
) O.7c
t.o t~e ,~t|
|o|e 2t~e
/ -(2) = O.cO ..
/ -(-) = O.2c ..
-O.2cO.7c
= 2.9q.. |..c ^
|c, Coto|!
..t| t.o t~e ,~t|
|o|e 2t~e
/-(2) = O.7 ..
/-(-) = O.9 ..
O.7-O.9O.7c
.e|c. . o ect.o
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(GO)(.7c) =2O |.,

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(7c)2.9 = G- |.,
Coto||.
t
= G- |.,
| .G| = .2| .G(-|) = 7.G| o
c
e.ce ce~c |o~c =
t
/G = G-/7.G = 2.c |.,

= -| = -(2.c) = G.O |.,
= | | = 2.c G.O = O |.,

o t|e ,|~te (~ coect. e|eet
) |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce.
.|e ^c72 C~ce GO tee| . cec, t|e |.e

= O.9O(GO)(.7c) =2O |.,
= O.7c(7c)2.9 = G- |.,
= G- |.,
c
= .-|
.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c
|o~c (||) o t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e
e,~~tec |~c|-to-|~c| /-.. |, ~ coectec ce| ,|~te, ~c t|~t t|e
coect.o . .e|cec. ^ce t|e |ecec ~t.o . ce.ec to ot
eceec OO.
C~e , || = 7O |.,, || = 2O |.,, ^G tee|, |et| | = 2O t.

.ce o |o|e to |e ceccctec, ^
= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec
~|o o|, oe |e, | = O.c ~ccoc. to ^!C- Co.|.. |e~
|~ ~,,|.e o |ot| |o|tec ~c .e|cec coect.o.
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(7O) .G(2O) = G |.,
o
c
= .-(7O) = 9 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)^
=2.-^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.c) ^
= 7.O^

(~ctce)
.e|c. o t|e o ect.o coto| t|e ce.!
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
32.4
=
116
32.4
= .c q ..
|e.ec ~c.c o ,~t.o =
L
300
=
20(12)
300
= O. ..
|o ^!C |~c~| t~||e o coc||e ~|e ect.o
2|-
5
16
, ^
= .cc q ..,
= O.92 ..,
,
=.-O .. C|oe!
2|--
1
2
1
4
, ^
=.G q ..,
=.27 ..,
,
=.c- .. O|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|--
1
2
1
4
, ^
= .G q ..,
=.O7 ..,
,
=.c .. O|
(|ot |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
|| - 2|--
1
2
1
4
, ^
=.G q ..,
2|-
5
16
~|oct % ccetet|

.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c
|o~c (||) o t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e
e,~~tec |~c|-to-|~c| /-.. |, ~ coectec cet ,|~te, ~c t|~t t|e
coect.o . .e|cec. ^ce t|e |ecee ~t.o . ce.ec to ot
eceec OO.
C~e 2 || = Gc |.,, || = 22 |.,, ^G tee|, |et| | = O t.

= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(Gc) .G(22) = |.,
o
c
= .-(Gc) = 9 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)^
=2.-^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.c) ^
= 7.O^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
32.4
=
113
32.4
= .-9 q ..
L
300
=
30(12)
300
= .2 ..
2|--
1
2
1
4
, ^
= .G q ..,
=.27 ..,
,
=.c- ..
(|o |e |~c|-to-|~c|)
2|-c
1
2
1
4
, ^
= . q ..,
=.G2 ..,
,
=.2 .. O|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
|| - 2|--
1
2
1
4
, ^
= .G q .., |o |e |~c|-to-|~c|

.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c |o~c (||) o t|e
c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e e,~~tec |~c|-to-|~c| /-.. |, ~
coectec cet ,|~te, ~c t|~t t|e coect.o . .e|cec. ^ce t|e |ecee ~t.o
. ce.ec to ot eceec OO.
C~e || = 7O |.,, || = 2O |.,, ^c72 C GO tee|, |et| | = 2O t.

= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec ~|o o|,

oe |e, | = O.c ~ccoc. to ^!C- Co.|.. |e~ |~ ~,,|.e o |ot|
|o|tec ~c .e|cec coect.o.
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(7O) .G(2O) = G |.,
o
c
= .-(7O) = 9 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(GO)^
=c-.O^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(7c)(O.c) ^
= -7.^

(~ctce)
|~ctce o eect.e et ect.o coto| t|e ce.!
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
47.8
=
116
47.8
= 2.- q ..
L
300
=
20(12)
300
= O. ..
2|-2
1
2
1
4
,, ^
=2.G q ..,
= O.9-c ..,
,
=. .. O|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|-2
1
2
2
5
16
, ^
= 2.G2 q ..,
= O.77G ..,
,
= O.9- .. C|oe!
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
|| - 2|-2
1
2
1
4
, ^
=2.G q .., |o |e |~c|-to-|~c|

.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c |o~c (||) o
t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e e,~~tec |~c|-to-|~c| /-
.. |, ~ coectec cet ,|~te, ~.c t|~t t|e coect.o . .e|cec ^ce t|e
|ecee ~t.o . ce.ec to ot eceec OO.
C~e - || = - |.,, || = O |.,, ^G, |et| | = 22 t.

= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec ~|o o|,

oe |e, | = O.c ~ccoc. to ^!C- Co.|.. |e~ |~ ~,,|.e o |ot|
|o|tec ~c .e|cec coect.o.
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(-) .G(O) = OG |.,
o
c
= .-(-) = G7 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)^
=2.-^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.c) ^
= 7.O^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
32.4
=
106
32.4
= .27 q ..
L
300
=
22(12)
300
= O. ..
2|--
1
4
, ^
= . q ..,
=.2 ..,
,
=.29 .. C|O!C|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|-
1
2
1
2
1
4
, ^
=. q ..,
=.O9 ..,
,
=.c9 .. C|O!C| 2
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|-2
3
8
, ^
=.-7 q ..,
=O.9-O ..,
,
=O.97 .. C|O!C|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
|| - 2|--
1
4
, ^
= . q .., |o |e |~c| - to - |~c|

.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c |o~c
(||) o t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e e,~~tec
|~c|c-to-|~e| /-.. |, ~ coectec cet ,|~te, ~c t|~t t|e coect.o .
.e|cec. ^ce t|e |ecce ~t.o . ce.ec to ot eceec OO.
C~e c || = cO |.,, || = O |.,, |
,
= cO |., |et| | = 2O t.

= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec ~|o

o|, oe |e, | = O.c ~ccoc. to ^!C- Co.|.. |e~ |~ ~,,|.e
o |ot| |o|tec ~c .e|cec coect.o.
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(cO) .G(O) = O |.,
o
c
= .-(cO) = 7O |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(cO)^
=-c.O^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(Gc)(O.c) ^
= -.-^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
41.4
=
108
41.4
= 2.G q ..

L
300
=
20(12)
300
= O.O ..

2|-2
1
2
2
15
16
, ^
= 2.G2 q ..,
= O.77G ..,
,
= O.9- .. C|oe!
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|) ||/ =O9>OO |..t |.C.
2|-2
1
2
1
4
, ^
=2.G q ..,
= O.9-c ..,
,
=. .. C|O!C|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|-2
1
2
1
4
, ^
= 2.G q ..,
= O.7c ..,
,
=.-c .. C|oe!
(|ot |e |~c| - to - |~c|) ||/ =O9>OO |..t |.C.
|| - 2|-2
1
2
1
4
, ^
= 2.G q .., |o |e |~c| - to - |~c|

.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c |o~c
(||) o t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e e,~~tec
|~c|-to-|~c| /-.. |, ~ coectec cet ,|~te, ~c t|~t t|e coect.o .
.e|cec. ^ce t|e |ecee ~t.o . ce.ec to ot eceec OO.
C~e G || = O |.,, || = O |.,, ^G tee|, |et| | = 2O t.

= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec ~|o

o|, oe |e, | = O.c ~ccoc. to ^!C- Co.|.. |e~ |~ ~,,|.e
o |ot| |o|tec ~c .e|cec coect.o.

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(O) .G(O) = -- |.,
o
c
= .-(O) = 2 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)^
=2.-^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.c) ^
= 7.O^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
32.4
=
144
32.4
= -.-- q ..
L
300
=
20(12)
300
= O.O ..
2|---
5
16
,, ^
= -.O q ..,
=.2- ..,
,
=.O .. O|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|--
1
2
5
16
, ^
= -.-9 q ..,
=.2G ..,
,
=.cc .. C|O!C|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
|| - 2|--
1
2
5
16
, ^
= -.-9 q .., |o |e |~c|-to-|~c|

.G e|ect ~ ,~. o ~|e to c,,ot ~ te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c |o~c (||) o
t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto. ^ce t|e ~|e ~e e,~~tec |~c|-to-|~c| /-
.. |, ~ coectec cet ,|~te, ~c t|~t t|e coect.o . .e|cec. ^ce t|e
C~e 7 || = O |.,, || = OO |.,, |
,
= O |., |et| | = 2 t.

= ^
. ^|e ~e coectec
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| =.2(O) .G(OO) = 2cG |.,
o
c
= .-(O) = 2 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(cO)^
=-c.O^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(Gc)(O.) ^
= 9.O^

(~ctce)

|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
41.4
=
256
41.4
= G. q ..
L
300
=
28(12)
300
= .2 ..
2|---
1
2
, ^
=7.cO q ..,
=.22 ..,
,
=. .. O|
2|--
1
2
, ^
=G.cO q ..,
=.2c ..,
,
=. .. C|O!C|
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
2|-G
1
2
8
8
, ^
= G.- q ..,
=.9- ..,
,
=.9 .. C|O!C| 2
(|o |e |~c| - to - |~c|)
|| - 2|--
1
2
, ^
= G.cO q .., |o |e |~c|-to-|~c|

.7 e|ect ~ .|e ~|e (o t|e c~e ~.ec |, t|e .tccto) to c,,ot ~
te.|e |.e |o~c (||) ~c ce~c |o~c (||). ^ .|e ~e |.e o ~t |e~t t|ee |o|t . to |e
cec. ^ce |e~ c,tce (..e., ||oc| |e~) tet| coe ot coto|. ^ce t|e
C~e || = c |.,, || = -O |.,, ^G tee|, |et| | = c t,
/--.. c.~ |o|t.

|. . ~ |o e|e, t|c, ^!C-!- coe ot ~,,|,. Coect.o . to oe
|e, t|c, t~|e | = O.c ~ccoc. to ^!C- Co.|.. (~t |e~t o ,e|..~,
e|ect.o).
|~ctoec |o~c
c
=.2| .G| = .2(c) .G(-O) = 2 |.,
o
c
= .-(c) = 2 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)^
= 2.-^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.c) ^
= 7.O^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
32.4
=
82
32.4
= 2.c q ..
|eqc.ec et ~e~ ^
=
1
u
37.0
=
82
37.0
= 2.22 q ..
|e.ec ~c.c o ,~t.o
z
=
L
300
=
15(12)
300
= O.GO ..
|o t|e ^!C |~c~| t~||e o .|e ~|e ect.o
| - c
1
2
5
16
, ^
=2.cG q ..,
z
=O.7GG . O|
^
=2.cG -O.7c(c/G) = 2.29 q ..

| =- x /| =-(tc ~e -,)/| =- (-.c9)/(et O) = O.G
| - -
1
2
3
8
, ^
= 2.G7 q ..,
z
= O.727 . O|
^
=2.G7 -O.7c(/) = 2.- q ..

| =- x /| =-(tc ~e -,)/| =- (2.c-.2)/(et O) = O.7

|| - | - c
1
2
5
16
, ^
=2.cG q .., |o |e coectec

C~e 2 || = c |.,, || = -O |.,, ^72 C~ce cO tee|,
|et| | = c t, /--.. c.~ |o|t.

e|ect.o).
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2(c) .G(-O) = 2 |.,
o
c
= .-(c) = 2 |.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(cO)^
= -c.O^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(Gc)(O.) ^
= 9.O^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
45
=
82
45
= .2 q ..
|eccct = (|o|t |.~ O.2c)t o t~c~c |o|e = O.7ct
|eqc.ec et ~e~ ^
=
1
u
41.4
=
82
41.4
= .9 q .. CO||O|!
|e.ec ~c.c o ,~t.o
z
=
L
300
=
15(12)
300
= O.GO ..
|o t|e ^!C |~c~| t~||e o .|e ~|e ect.o
| - -
1
2
5
16
, ^
=2.2c q ..,
z
= O.7O . O|
^
=2.2c -O.7c(c/G) = .9 q ..
| =- x /| =-(tc ~e -,)/| =- (2.c-.)/(et O) = O.7
| - c
5
16
, ^
= 2.-O q ..,
z
= O.Gc . O|
^
=2.-O -O.7c(c/G) = 2. q ..
| =- x /| =-(tc ~e -,)/| =- (-.G)/(et O) = O.7
| - --
5
16
, ^
= 2.-O q ..,
z
= O.79 . O|
|| - | - -
1
2
5
16
, ^
=2.2c q .., |o |e coectec

C~e || = ! |.,, || = -O |.,, ^72 C~ce GO tee|,
|et| | = 2c t, 7/-.. c.~ |o|t.

e|ect.o).
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2(c) .G(-O) = 2 |.,
o
c
= .-(c) = 2!_|.,
|e. tet|
t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(GO)^
=c-.O^
(,.e|c.)

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(7c)(O.c) ^
= -7.^

(~ctce)
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
54
=
82
54
= .c2 q ..
|eccct = (|o|t |.~ O.2c)t o t~c~c |o|e = .Ot
|eqc.ec et ~e~ ^
=
1
u
47.8
=
82
47.8
= .72 q .. CO||O|!
|e.ec ~c.c o ,~t.o
z
=
L
300
=
25(12)
300
= .O ..
|o t|e ^!C |~c~| t~||e o .|e ~|e ect.o
| - cc
5
16
, ^
=.O q ..,
z
=O.99- . C|O|!
^
=.O -.O(c/G) = 2.72 q ..

| =- x /| =-(tc ~e -,)/| =- ( -.7)/(et O) = O.-

|||||||| CO||O|!

|| - | - cc
5
16
, ^
=.O q ..

. e|ect ~ t~c~c t|e~cec oc to c~, ~ te.|e oce o - |., ce~c |o~c
~c G |., |.e |o~c. |e ^c72 C~ce cO tee|.
|| = - |.,, || = G |.,, ^c72 C~ce cO tee|,
|e ce. tet| o ~ t|e~cec oc . .e |, ^!C - !.G (~||e !.2)
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2(-) .G(G) = -.- |.,
o
c
= .-(-) = c.G |.,
|e. tet|
t
= O.7c^
|
|
= O.7c^
|
(O.7c|
c
)
|. t|e ..c te.|e tet| |
c
o ^c72 C~ce cO tee| ~
Gc |. o ^!C ~||e 2-c, ~c eqc~t. t|e ~ctoec |o~c
c
to t|e ce.
tet|
t
, .e t|e eqc.ec o ^
|
~e~ o |q. ^

|eqc.ec ^
|
=
Rcqucd q
t
1
n
0.75(0.75P
u
)
=
14.4
0.75(0.75)(65)
=O.9 q .
e|ect ~ t~c~c t|e~cec oc |~ec o t|e eqc.ec ~e~ ^
|
. |e ~e~
co,ctec . t|e o ~e~ ^
|
|~ec o t|e c.~ete o t|e ct|e~cec |oc, o
t|e oc (^!C - ~||e 7-).
|| -
3
4
- .. - c.~ oc (O t|e~c ,e .c|) (^
|
= O.--2 q ..)

.9 e|ect ~ t~c~c t|e~cec oc to c~, ~ te.|e oce o 2 |., ce~c |o~c
~c - |., |.e |o~c. |e ^G tee|.
|| = 2 |.,, || = - |.,, ^G tee|,
|e ce. tet| o ~ t|e~cec oc . .e |, ^!C - !.G (~||e !.2)
|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2(2) .G(-) = . |., o
c
= .-(2) = 2. |.,
|e. tet|
t
= O.7c^
|
|
= O.7c^
|
(O.7c|
c
)
|. t|e ..c te.|e tet| |
c
o ^G tee| ~ c |. o ^!C
~||e 2-c, ~c eqc~t. t|e ~ctoec |o~c
c
to t|e ce. tet|
t
, .e
t|e eqc.ec o ^
|
~e~ o |q. ^

|eqc.ec ^
|
=
Rcqucd q
t
1
n
0.75(0.75P
u
)
=
8.8
0.75(0.75)(58)
=O.27 q .

|
. |e ~e~
co,ctec . t|e o ~e~ ^
|
|~ec o t|e c.~ete o t|e ct|e~cec |oc, o
t|e oc (^!C - ~||e 7-).

|| -
5
8
- .. - c.~ oc ( t|e~c ,e .c|) (^
|
= O.O7 q ..)

.O |e. ~ oc to c,,ot t|e ,c|. o ~ .cct.~| |c.|c. oo .|oe
,~ ~c |o,e ~e |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce. ~ oc ~e ,|~cec ~t / ,o.t
|et.ee oo .e, .|.c| ~e ,~cec O t ~,~t. ^ce oo. ~c ,c|. .e.|t .
9 , o oo c~ce. |e t~c~c t|e~cec oc ~c ^G tee|. |e o. |o~c to |e
c~.ec . 2O, O, o -O , o |o.zot~| ,oect.o, .|.c|ee . ~,,o,.~te o ,oc
|oc~|e.

|o~c co|.~t.o = .2| .G |Ow
|~ctoec |o~c
o. .te.t, = 2 O O - O ,
|| ,e q t o oo = O. O. O.
|Ow = . co (~|e) = 2.2c -2. cG.c
9.Oc c. G7. ,
|~ctoec oce o ~ oc
|oo ~e~ = 2-/(co 2
O
)(,~c.) = (2-/O.O)O = c.c q t
|oce o oc . co,oet ,~~||e| to oo.
c
=.
c
(.2
O
)(oo~e~)= c.O 2O.- 2c. |.,
w.t| ~ oc ~t / ,o.t, ~ce e~c| c~.e |
c
/.
c
= -.9 G.79 .c9 |.,

|e tet| eqc.eet o ^!C-!.G .

t
=
t
(O.7c|
c
)^
|
= O.7c(O.7c)(c)^
|
=2.G^
|

|eqc.ec ~e~ ^
|
=
1
u
32.6
O.c O.2O O.2G q ..
|||C |O| |||C |O| |||C |O| |||C |O| (o ^!C |~c~| ~||e 7-, ,. 7-)
|.~ete / 2 c / c/ ..
^ctc~| ^e~ ^
|
= O.9G O.O7 O.O7 q ..
|c|. c,,ot |o~c co,oet
t~ee to oo

~ oc c,,ot co,oet |
,~~||e| to oo

. |ete.e t|e ~.c ~||o.~||e te.|e |o~c (2O% ce~c |o~c, O% |.e |o~c) o ~
.|e Cc.9 ~teec to ~ /2-.. cet ,|~te ~ . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce. |e ^G
tee| ~c ~ce |o|e ~e-o /--.. c.~ |o|t.
|o,et.e ^ = 9.9G q ..
t
.
=O--O ..
.ce t|ee ~e t|ee |o|t
,e |.e, t~|e | = O.c ~ccoc. to
^!C- Co.|., ,~ (|).
^|te~t.e|,, co,cte
| = - x I
= -O.77/ G = O.7< O.9O ~
~ ,e ^!C-|..

|e. tet|

t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)9.9G =2 |., (,.e|c.)

^
= ^
- -|o|e = 9.9G - -(c

|
/ )t
.
= 9.9G--(O.7c)O.-O = .cG q ..

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.7).cG = 2- |., (~ctce)

||oc| |e~ tet|
^
t
= 9t
.
= 9(O.-O) = .GO q ..
^
t
= (9-c
|
)t
.
=9-(O.7c)O.-O = 2.cc q ..
^
= 2(7.c)t
.
= 2(7.c)O.-O = G.OO q ..
^
,
= (c-cc
|
)t
.
= c-c(O.7c)O.-O = -.2c q ..
C|ec|
|
c
^
t
= c(2.cc) = - |., = O.G|
c
^
= O-G(c)-.2c = - |.,
|c, |e~ ~ctce-te.o ,.e|c. coto|!
= O.G|
c
^
|
,
^
t
= O.G(c)-.2c G(.GO) = 27 |.,
= O.7c(27) = 2O |., CO||O|! CO||O|! CO||O|! CO||O|!
c
= .2|| .G|| =
t
= 2O |.,
c
= .2(O.2) .G(O.) = 2O |.,
= 7 |.,,
||
= 27.- |.,,
||
= O9 |.,
^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, = 7 |.,! = 7 |.,! = 7 |.,! = 7 |.,!
C c.9
Gusset
|ate
.2 |ete.e t|e ~.c ~||o.~||e te.|e |o~c (2O% ce~c |o~c, O% |.e |o~c) o ~
.|e CO2c ~teec to ~ c/-.. cet ,|~te ~ . c.e ~cco,~,. .ce. |e ^G tee|
~c ~ce |o|e ~e o /--.. c.~ |o|t. |~e ~.e o te.o tet| o t|e c|~e|
~c .c|cce |e~ c,tce (||oc| |e~) tet|.
|o,et.e ^
= 7.c q ..
t
.
=O.c2G ..
,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e
^!C - Co.|., ,~ (|).
^|te~t.e|,, co,cte
| = - x I
= -O.G7/9 = O.9 > O.9O ~
~ ,e ^!C - |..

|e. tet|

t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)7.c = 2 |., (,.e|c.)

^
= ^
- |o|e = 9.9G - (c
|
/ )t
.
= 9.9G-(O.7c)O.c2G = c.97 q ..

t
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.9O)c.97 = 2- |., (~ctce)

||oc| |e~ tet| C|~e| .e| . t|.e t|~ cet ,|~te
^
t
= Gt
.
= G(O.c2G) = .G q ..
^
t
= (G-2c
|
)t
.
=G-2(O.7c)O.c2G = 2.2- q ..
^
= 2(O.c)t
.
= 2(O.c)O.c2G = .Oc q ..
^
= (2-7c
|
)t
.
= 2-7(O.7c)O.c2G = 7.2 q ..
C|ec|
|
c
^
t
= c(2.2-) = O |., = O.G|
c
^
= O-G(c)7.2 = 272 |.,

= O.G|
c
^
|
,
^
t
= O.G(c)7.2 G(.G) = G |.,
= O.7c(G) = 29 |.,, |c, e|e ~ctce coto|!
c
= .2|| .G|| =
t
= 2- |.,
c
= .2(O.2) .G(O.) = 2- |.,
= c- |.,,
||
= |.,,
||
= 2 |.,
^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, = c- |.,! = c- |.,! = c- |.,! = c- |.,!
C O2c
Gusset
|ate
. |ete.e t|e ~.c ~||o.~||e te.|e |o~c (c% ce~c |o~c, c% |.e |o~c)
o ~ ,~. o ~|e |G-/ ~tt~c|ec to ~ cet ,|~te ~ |o.. |e ^G tee| ~c /-
c.~ |o|t o t~c~c ~e |.e. |e oce . t~.ttec to t|e cet ,|~te |, t|e
o |.e ^ ~c |. |e |o|e . t|e octt~c. |e ~e o,e.
|o,et.e ^
= 7.22 q ..
,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e
^!C - Co.|., ,~ (|).

^|te~t.e|,, co,cte
| = - x I
= -O.9-/O = O.9 > O.9O
~ ,e ^!C - |..

Co,cte et ~e~ t = 2(O.7c) = O.7c ..
ect.o - (t.o |o|e oct)
^
= ^

- 2|o|e
= 7.22 - 2(O.7c O.2c)O.7c = c.9 q ..
ect.o 2-2 ( |o|e t~eec)
^
= ^
e
-|o|e (
2
/-
= 7.22-(O.7c O.2c)O.7c
|e. tet|

t
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)7.22 =2- |., (,.e|c.)
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.9O)c.cc = 27 |., (~ctce)

||oc| |e~ tet| !c|cce c.~o~| . |e~ ,~t|.
^
t
= .2c t
.
=.2c(O.7c) = O.9- q
^
t
= (.c-c
|
)t
.
= .7c
^
= 9.c V2
2
+ 2.
^
= ^, -.cc
|
t
.
=9.c
C|ec| |
c
^
t
= c(2.G) = 2c |.,<
= O.G|
c
^
,
|
,
^
|
= O.G(c)7.2 G(O.9-) = 2c |.,
= O.7c(2c) = 2- |.,, |c, ||oc| |e~ coto|!
c
= .2(O.c .G(O.c2) = 2- |.,
= 9 |.,,
||
= 2 |.,,
^||o.~||e e.ce ^||o.~||e e.ce ^||o.~||e e.ce ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, |o~c, |o~c, |o~c,
|ete.e t|e ~.c ~||o.~||e te.|e |o~c (c% ce~c |o~c, c% |.e |o~c)
o ~ ,~. o ~|e |G-/ ~tt~c|ec to ~ cet ,|~te ~ |o.. |e ^G tee| ~c /-
c.~ |o|t o t~c~c ~e |.e. |e oce . t~.ttec to t|e cet ,|~te |, t|e
o |.e ^ ~c |. |e |o|e . t|e octt~c. |e ~e o,e.
= 7.22 q ..

, ,~ (|).
= O.9 > O.9O ~
2(O.7c) = O.7c ..
(t.o |o|e oct)

2(O.7c O.2c)O.7c = c.9 q ..
2 ( |o|e t~eec)
-)t
O.2c)O.7c-2
2
/-(2.c)O.7c = c.cc q ..
= O.9O(G)7.22 =2- |., (,.e|c.)
O.7c(c)(O.9O)c.cc = 27 |., (~ctce)
||oc| |e~ tet| !c|cce c.~o~| . |e~ ,~t|.
=.2c(O.7c) = O.9- q ..
= .7c-(O.7c)O.7c = 2.G q ..
.S
2
t
.
= 9.c .2OO.7c = 9.c q ..
=9.c-.c(O.7c)O.7c = 7.2 q..
= c(2.G) = 2c |.,< O.G|
c
^
= O.G(c)7.2 =
te.o ,.e|c. coto|!
= O.G(c)7.2 G(O.9-) = 2c |.,
O.7c(2c) = 2- |.,, |c, ||oc| |e~ coto|!
= .2(O.c .G(O.c2) = 2- |.,
= 2 |.,,
||
= |.,
|o~c, |o~c, |o~c, |o~c, = = = = 9 9 9 9 |.,! |.,! |.,! |.,!
Ccet ||~te Ccet ||~te Ccet ||~te Ccet ||~te
|ete.e t|e ~.c ~||o.~||e te.|e |o~c (c% ce~c |o~c, c% |.e |o~c)
o ~ ,~. o ~|e |G-/ ~tt~c|ec to ~ cet ,|~te ~ |o.. |e ^G tee| ~c /--..
c.~ |o|t o t~c~c ~e |.e. |e oce . t~.ttec to t|e cet ,|~te |, t|e ~tee

9.c .2OO.7c = 9.c q ..
= O.G(c)7.2 = 2c2 |.,
.- |ete.e t|e ~.c ~||o.~||e te.|e |o~c (c% ce~c |o~c, c% |.e |o~c) o ~
,~. o ~|e |G/- ~tt~c|ec to ~ cet ,|~te ~ |o.. |e ^G tee| ~c 7/-.. c.~
|o|t o t~c~c ~e |.e. |e oce . t~.ttec to t|e cet ,|~te |, t|e ~tee o
|.e ^ ~c |. |e |o|e . t|e octt~c. |e ~e o,e.

|o,et.e ^
= 9.9O q ..
,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e
^!C - Co.|., ,~ (|).
^|te~t.e|,, co,cte
| = - x I
= -.cG/O = O.-< O.9O ~
~ ,e ^!C - |..
Co,cte et ~e~ t = 2(O.7c) = .cO ..
^
= ^
|
- 2|o|e
= 9.9O-2(O.7c O.2c).cO
= G.9O q ..
ect.o 2-2 ( |o|e t~eec)
^
= ^

- |o|e (
2
/-)t
= 9.9O-(O.7c O.2c).cO 2
2
/-()|.cO = c.9 q ..
|e. tet|
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)9.9 = G-c |., (,.e|c.)
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(O.-)c.9 = c |., (~ctce)

||oc| |e~ tet| !c|cce c.~o~| . |e~ ,~t|.
^
t
= 2.Ot
.
=2.O(.cO) = .OO q ..
^
t
= (c.OO-c
|
)t
.
=c.OO-|(.OO).cO = G.OO q .
^
= 9.c V2
2
+S
2
t
.
= 9.c .G.cO = 9.7 q ..
^
= ^
-.cc
|
t
.
=9.7-.c(.OO).cO = -.c q ..
C|ec| |
c
^
t
=c(G.OO) = - |.,<O.G|
c
^
,
=O.G(c)-.c = cOc |.,
= O.G|
c
^
|
,
^
t
= O.G(c)-.c G(.OO) = G |.,

t
= O.7c(G) = -c9 |.,, |c, ||oc| |e~ coto|!
c
= .2(O.c7O .G(O.c7-) = -c9 |.,
= 29 |.,,
||
= -c |.,,
||
= 2c |.,
^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, ^||o.~||e e.ce |o~c, = 29 |.,! = 29 |.,! = 29 |.,! = 29 |.,!
.c. C.e t|e ,|.ce |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce (~) |ete.e t|e ~.c
c~,~c.t, (2c% ce~c |o~c, 7c% |.e |o~c) |~ec o t|e ^-G tee| ,|~te |~. |o|e
~~ec ~ |o., (|) w|~t ~|ce o |oc|c |e ,ec..ec to ,o.ce t|e ~.c c~,~c.t, ~
co,ctec . ,~ (~), . t|e .~| ce. . to |~e
=
2
= `

|e c/G-.. ,|~te ~e oeec |, ^!C-!-, ^
< O.c^
.
^
= 2(O)O.2c = G.2c q ..,

|~ ^
= O.c(G.2c) = c. q ..
Co,cte et ~e~
t = 2(O.2c) = O.G2c ..
^
= ^
- 2|o|e
= G.2c-2(O.7c
O.2c)O.G2c
= c.OO q ..
|e. tet|
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)G.2c =2O |., (,.e|c.) CO||O|!
=
t
|
c
^
= O.7c(c)(.O)c.OO = 2 |., (~ctce)

ect.o - ( |o|e t~eec)
^
= ^
- |o|e _(s
2
/ -)t
= G.2c-(O.7c O.2c)O.G2c2
2
/-(2)O.G2c
=2O/(O.7c)c=-.GG q ..
o|e o = .- ..
Co,cte ||oc| |e~ t|oc| ^--2-|. |e te.|e ~e~ . |o., |ct t|e
|e~ ~e~ . ~ cct.o o .
^
t
= -.Ot = -.O(O.G2c) = 2.cO q ..
^
t
= ^
t
-c
|
t = 2.cO -.O(O.G2c) = . q ..
^
= 2(2 .c)t = 2(2 .c)O.G2c = 2.c .

^
= ^
-c
|
t
.
=2.c .-(.OO)O.G2c = 2.c
C|ec| |
c
^
t
= c(.) = -c |.,<O.G|
c
^
= O.G(c)2.c = |.,
|c, |e~ ,.e|c - te.o ~ctce coto|!
=
t
O.G|
,
^
|
c
^
t
= O.7cO.G(G)(2.c .) c(.)
= O.7cc- -9.G = 2O |.,
o|e o = 2.2- .. C|ec| tet| .|e = 2.2c ..
=
t
O.G|
,
^
|
,
^
t
= O.7cO.G(c)2.c G(2.cO)
= O.7c7(2.2c) 9O = 2- |.,
|e|e tet|, |e|e tet|, |e|e tet|, |e|e tet|,
t tt t

= 2O |.,, 2O |.,, 2O |.,, 2O |.,, || || || || = 2.2c = 2.2c = 2.2c = 2.2c .. .. .. ..
.G. ^ |c-|/2|/2 ~|e, ~ |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce, . to c~, 2O |.,
ce~c |o~c ~c 7O |., |.e |o~c c. t|e |otet |et| o coect.o c. t.o ~e |.e o
|o|t . t|e c-|. |e. w|~t . t|e ..c ~cce,t~||e t~e, t|eoet.c~| ~c ,ec..ec (/2-..
c|t.,|e), c. ^c72 C~ce cO tee|` |e|ect |e~ c,tce tet|.
^
= -.OO q ..
.ce t|ee ~e t|ee |o|t ,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e
^!C - Co.|., ,~ (|).
^|te~t.e|,, co,cte
~ ,e ^!C - |..
| = - x I
= -O.9OG/-c
|o =.c, | = O.c

ect.o ..t| oe |o|e oct
^
= ^
-|o|e = -.OO-(O.7c O.2c)O.cO = .cG q ..

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2(2O) |G(7O) = G |.,
o
c
= .-(2O) = 2 |.,
|~.c ce. tet|
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(cO)-.OO = O |., (,.e|c.)
=
t
|
c
^
e
=
t
|
c
|^
= O.7c(Gc)(O.c).cG = - |., (~ctce)

ect.o t~eec t|oc| t.o |o|e
^
= ^
- 2|o|e (
2
/-) )) )t
= -.OO-2(O.7c O.2c)O.cO
2
/-(.7c)/O.cO
= . O.O7-
2
|eqc.ec et ~e~ ^
=G/O.7c(O.c)Gc = .2 q ..
^
= . O.O7-
2
= .2 q ..
=.-, ~, = .c ..
C|ec| e.c.ec, ~cto | = - x I = |-O.9OG/-(.c) = O.c
C|ec| t~e o ..c ,~c. o 2.G7 c.~ete.
2.G7(O.7c)
2
=
2
.7c
2
= O.97 ..
t tt t

= G |.,, = G |.,, = G |.,, = G |.,, || || || || = .c .. = .c .. = .c .. = .c ..
.7. ^ |c-|/2|/2 ~|e, ~ |o. . t|e ~cco,~,. .ce, . to c~, 2O |.,
ce~c |o~c ~c GO |., |.e |o~c. |. oe ~e |.e o |o.e o 7/-.. c.~ |o|t . e~c| |e,
.|~t . t|e ..c t~e , to ~cco,|.| t|.` Co.ce t|e |o~c to |e t~eec |, |o|t
. t|e c ., |e .|.|e t|e |o|e . t|e -/2 .. |e ~e to |e co.ceec o,e. |e ^G tee|.
|e|ect |e~ c,tce tet|.
^
= -.OO q ..
,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e
^!C - Co.|., ,~ (|).
^|te~t.e|,, co,cte
~ ,e ^!C - |..
| = - x I
= -O.9OG/-
|o = .c, | = O.c

^
=^
-|o|e = -.OO-(O.7c O.2c)O.cO = .cO q ..

|~ctoec |o~c
c
=.2| .G| = .2(2O) .G(GO) = 2O |.,
o
c
= .-(2O) = 2 |.,
|~.c ce. tet|
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)-.OO = O |., (,.e|c.)
=
t
|
c
^
e
=
t
|
c
|^
=O.7c(c)(O.c).cO = 29 |., (~ctce)

C~e = 2 -t = 2 -O.c = -.c ..
^
= ^

- 2|o|e (
2
/^
)t
= -.OO - 2(O.7c O.2c)O.cO
2
/-(-.c)O.cO
= .OO O.O27
2

|eqc.ec et ~e~ ^
=2O/O.7c(O.c)c = .2c q ..
^
= .OO O.O27
2
=.2c q..
= .OO ..
C|ec| e.c.ec, ~cto
| = - x I = |-O.9OG/-() = O.92 > O.9O ~
C|ec| t~e o ..c ,~c. o 2.G7 c.~ete.
2.G7(O.7c)
2
=
2
-.c
2
|. |. |. |. = oe oe oe oe
t tt t

= 2O |.,, = 2O |.,, = 2O |.,, = 2O |.,, || || || || = == = .. .. .. ..

cet cet cet cet
||~te ||~te ||~te ||~te
.. Co,cte t|e ..c ~|ce o t|~t coc|c |e cec o t|e ~|e |o. .
(|e .ce, cc| t|~t t|e ~.c ~ctoec te.|e oce
c
~, |e c~.ec. ^ce .
|~e eoc| o t|~t ~ ~.|ce ,~tte t|oc| t|e o,e |o|e ..|| ot oe. !c|cce
co.ce~t.o o |e~ c,tce tet|. |e ^G tee| ..t| -.. c.~ |o|t.
^
= G.- q ..
.ce t|ee ~e ~t |e~t t|ee |o|t ,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e ^!C
Coet~, - |., ,~ (|).
^|te~t.e|,, co,cte ~ ,e ^!C - |. | = - x I= |-O.9G/ |
|o | = G.- .., | = O.c

^
= ^

- |o|e = G.--(.OO O.2c)O.G2c = c.7 q ..
|~.c ce. tet|
=
t
|
,
^
= O.9O(G)G.- = 2O |., (,.e|c.)
=
t
|
c
^
e
=
t
|
c
|^
= O.7c(c)(O.c)c.7 = 2- |., (~ctce)

C~e
= 2.c ..,
2
= .., = 2.c .., ^!C |~c~|, ,. O-O.
^
= ^
- 2|o|e (
2
/ -)t
= G.-- 2(.OO O.2c)O.G2c
2
/ -(.O)O.G2c = c.O7O.Oc2
2

|eqc.ec et ~e~ ^
= 2O/O.7c(O.c)c = c.G q ..
^
= c.O7 O.Oc2
2
= c.G q .., = .-2 ..
C|ec| | = - x I = |-O.9G/ >-(.-2) =>O.9O ~, ce O.9O
|e.ec |eqc ^
=2O/O.7c(c)O.9O = c.G q .., |~ = 2.G ..

Ccet Ccet Ccet Ccet , ,, ,|~te |~te |~te |~te
|o||e ., ,~e 2 o 2
C|ec| c,tce |e~ tet| !c|cce c.~o~| . |e~ ,~t|.
^
t
= (7 -
2
-
)t = (7--2.c)O.G2c = O.9- q ..
^
t
= ^
t
-O.cc
|
t = O.9--O.c(.OO O.2c)O.G2c = O.c9 q ..
^
= |.c G Vs
2
+S
2
t = |.c G(2.G) V2.S6
2
+ S
2
O.G2c = 2.7 q .
^
= ^
-.cc
|
t = 2.7-.c(.2c)O.G2c = 9.7 q ..
C|ec| |
c
^
t
= c(O.c9) = - |., < O.G|
c
^
= O.G(c)9.7 = |.,
|c, |e~ ~ctce - te.o ,.e|c. coto|!
= O.G|
c
^
|
,
^
t
= O.G(c)9.7 G(O.9-) = 72 |.,
= O.7c(72) = 279 |.,, |e~ c,tce tet| coe |O coto|!

|e|e tet|,
t
= 2O |.,, |..c = 2.G ..

.9. ^c. t|~t o t|e ~|e o |o|. . . ~ce ~ |~e ~ eqc.ec .
|o|. ., co,cte t|e ..c c.t~ce eqc.ec o t|~t t|e o,e |o|e . t|e --..
|e ..|| ot eccce t|e tet| |e|o. .t ~.c ,o.||e ~|ce. ! |o|. . . ot
o|ec, ~ce . .7c .. |e ^G tee| ..t| -.. c.~ |o|t.
^
= G.- q ..
.ce t|ee ~e ~t |e~t t|ee |o|t ,e |.e, | = O.c ~ ,e ^!C
Coet~, - |., ,~ (|). | = O.9O ~ccoc. to |o|. ..
|~
t
= 2O |., (|o|. .), |..c = 2.G .., ^
= c.G q ..

|~.|ce t|oc| t|e o,e |o|e . co,ctec c. ect.o 2-2 ..t| G/ o t|e |o~c
~ct. (t|e o,e |o|e . ot .o|ec . |o~c t~..o). ! . ~||, ~.|ce ~,
|e t|oc| t|ee |o|e ..t| OO% o |o~c.
ect.o 2-2 ..t| G/ o |o~c ~ct.
^
= ^
- 2|o|e = G.- - 2(.OO O.2c)O.G2c = c.O7 q ..

G / o eqc.ec ^
= (G / )c.G = -.O2 q .. (coe ot coto|)

ect.o - ..t| 7/ o |o~c ~ct.
C~ec (|ot |e) = 2.c .., (~occ coe) = 2.c 2.c-O.G2c = -.7c ..
^
= ^

-|o|e _(s
2
/ -)t
= G.- - (.OO O.2c)O.G2c
2
/ -()
2
/ -(-.7c)O.G2c
= -.7
2
/.9
7/ o eqc.ec ^
= (7/)c.G = -.G9 q ..
-.G9 = -.7
2
/.9, |eqc.ec = .9 ..
|o||e .9, ,~e 2 o 2
ect.o -- ..t| OO% o |o~c ~ct.
^ce = 2.G .. (|..c .c.c~tec o |o|. .)
^
= ^
- |o|e _(s
2
/ -)t
= G.--(.OO O.2c)O.G2c
2
/-()
2
/-(-.7c)O.G2c
= -.7 2.G
2
/-()
2
/-(-.7c)O.G2c = -.GG
2
/2
c.G = -.GG
2
/ 2, |eqc.ec = -.- .,
|| 2.G .. ~c -.- .. o c|| tet| o ~|e.
|o ,~ct.c~|.t,,
|| = 2.c .. ~c = -.c .. o c|| tet| o ~|e.
! = .7c .. ~ .e . |o|. . .~ ot o|ec,
^
= ^
- |o|e _(s
2
/ -)t
= G.--(|.OO O.2c)O.G2c
2
/-()
2
/-(-.7c)O.G2c
= -.7 .7c
2
/ -()
2
-(-.7c)O.G2c = c.O
2
/ 2
c.G = c.O
2
/ 2, |eqc.ec = 2.7O ..
|| = .7c .. ~c = 2.7O .. o c|| tet| o ~|e.

.2O. |e. ~ e,e|~ to c~, 2- |., ce~c |o~c ~c 7G |., |.e |o~c, c. |~e
- cct ^c72 C~ce cO tee| ,|~te. (|ee to ^!C - |.|G)
|| = 2- |.,, || = 7G |.,, ^c72 C~ce cO tee|, ^!C,
.e|c. . o ect.o
=O.9^

|
,
= O.9^

(cO) = -c^
CO||O|!
=O.7c^
e
|
c
= O.7c^
e
(Gc) = -.7c^
e

|~ctoec |o~c
c
= .2| .G| = .2(2-) .G(7G) = cO.- |.,
o
c
= .-(2-) = .G |.,
.e|c. o o ect.o coto| t|e ce.! ^!C - |G
|eqc.ec o ~e~ ^
=
1
u
45
=
150.4
45
=.- q .
|
. |e ~e~ co,ctec .
t|e o ~e~ ^
|
|~ec o t|e c.~ete o t|e ct|e~cec |oc, o t|e oc (^!C -
~||e 7-).
|| - 2
1
4
- .. - c.~ oc (-.c t|e~c ,e .c|) (^
|
= .9 q ..)

7.6. A W2494 beam on a 6-ft span (see acompanying gure) underpins a column
that brings 110 kips dead load and 280 kips live load to its top ange at a location 2.5 ft
from the left support. The column bearing plate is 12 in. measured along the beam, and
the bearing plates at the end supports are each 8 in. Investigate this beam of A992 steel for
(a) exure, (b) shear, and (c) satisfactory transmission of the reactions and concentrated
load (i.e., local web yielding, web crippling, and sidesway web buckling). Specify changes
(if any) required to satisfy the AISC Specication.
Use LRFD Design Method
(a) Obtain factored loads:
W
u
= 1.2(110) + 1.6(280) = 580 kips
M
u
=
W
u
ab
L
=
580(2.5)(3.5)
6
= 846 ft-kips
V
u
=
W
u
b
L
=
580(3.5)
6
= 338 kips
(b) Check exural strength assuming adequate lateral support (AISC F2.1):
Flange and web local buckling slenderness limits, F
y
= 50 ksi steel:
_
b
f
2t
f
= 5.2
_
p
=
65
_
F
y
= 9.2
_
;
_
h
t
w
= 41.9
_
p
=
640
_
F
y
= 90.5
_
OK
b
M
n
=
b
M
p
=
b
Z
x
F
y
= 0.9(254)(50)/12 = 953 ft-kips
[
b
M
n
= 953 ft-kips] > [M
u
= 846 ft-kips] OK
(c) Check shear strength (AISC G2.1):
For rolled I-shapes, when
_
h
t
w
= 41.9
_

_
2.24
_
E/F
y
= 53.9
_
,
v
= 1.0 and
C
v
= 1.0.
v
V
n
=
v
(0.6F
y
)A
w
C
v
=
v
(0.6F
y
)dt
w
C
v
= 1.0(0.6)(50)(24.31)(0.515)(1.0) = 376 kips
[
v
V
n
= 376 kips] > [V
u
= 338 kips] OK
(d) Check local web yielding strength (AISC J10.2):
R
n
= (5k +N)F
y
t
w
Interior Reaction
R
n
= (2.5k +N)F
y
t
w
Exterior Reaction
R
n
= (5k +N)F
y
t
w
= [5(1.625) +N] (50)(0.515)
Solving for R
u
= 580 kips, N = 14.4 in. at the interior reaction.
R
n
= (2.5k +N)F
y
t
w
= [2.5(1.625) +N] (50)(0.515)
Solving for N to give R
u
= 338 kips, N = 9.1 in. at the left exterior reaction.
u
= 242 kips, N = 5.3 in. at the right exterior reaction.
(e) Check web crippling strength (AISC J10.3):
For interior reactions:
R
n
= 0.80t
2
w
_
_
1 +
3N
d
_
t
w
t
f
_
1.5
_
_
EF
yw
t
f
t
w
= (0.75)(0.80)(0.515)
2
_
1 +
3N
24.31
_
0.515
0.875
_
1.5
_
_
(29000)(50)(0.875)
0.515
u
= 580 kips, N = 23.7 in.
For exterior reactions, assuming N/d > 0.2:
R
n
= 0.80t
2
w
_
_
1 +
_
4N
d
0.2
_
_
t
w
t
f
_
1.5
_
_
EF
yw
t
f
t
w
= (0.75)(0.40)(0.515)
2
_
1 +
_
4N
24.31
0.2
__
0.515
0.875
_
1.5
__
(29000)(50)(0.875)
0.515
u
= 338 kips, N = 24.2 in. Check [N/d = 1.00] > 0.2.
u
= 242 kips, N = 13.8 in. Check [N/d = 0.57] > 0.2.
(f) Check sidesway web buckling strength (AISC J10.4):
When the compression ange is restrained against rotation, for
_
(h/t
w
)/(L
b
/b
f
) =
>
2.3, this limit state does not apply.
Conclusion:
In accordance with AISC-J10.7, At unframed ends of beams and girders not otherwise
restrained against rotation about their longitudinal axes, a pair of transverse stieners,
extending the full depth of the web, shall be provided. The 24.2 in. bearing plate required
at the left reaction, the 13.8 in. bearing plate required at the right reaction, and the 23.7 in.
bearing plate required at the load are all too long. Bearing stieners should be provided.
The beam has adequate exural and shear strength.
7.7. A W1677 section of A992 steel is to serve on a 10-ft simply supported span.
The wall bearing length is 10 in. What maximum slowly moving concentrated service load
(25% dead load; 75% live load) may be carried?
W
u
= 1.2(0.25W) + 1.6(0.75W) = 1.5W
M
u
=
W
u
L
4
=
W
u
(10)
4
= 2.5W
u
with load at midspan
V
u
= 1.0W
u
with load at support
(b) Check exural strength assuming adequate lateral support (AISC F2.1):
Flange and web local buckling slenderness limits, F
y
= 50 ksi steel:
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.8
_
p
=
65
_
F
y
= 9.2
_
;
_
h
t
w
= 31.2
_
p
=
640
_
F
y
= 90.5
_
OK
b
M
n
=
b
M
p
=
b
Z
x
F
y
= 0.9(150)(50)/12 = 563 ft-kips
M
u
= 2.5W
u
= 563 ft-kips; W
u
= 225 kips
(c) Check shear strength (AISC G2.1):
For rolled I-shapes, when
_
h
t
w
= 31.2
_

_
2.24
_
E/F
y
= 53.9
_
,
v
= 1.0 and
C
v
= 1.0.
v
V
n
=
v
(0.6F
y
)A
w
C
v
=
v
(0.6F
y
)dt
w
C
v
= 1.0(0.6)(50)(16.52)(0.455)(1.0) = 225 kips
V
u
= 1.0W
u
= 225 kips; W
u
= 225 kips
(d) Check local web yielding strength (AISC J10.2):
R
n
= (5k +N)F
y
t
w
Interior Reaction
R
n
= (2.5k +N)F
y
t
w
Exterior Reaction
Exterior reaction controls because W
u
is both the interior and exterior load
R
n
= (2.5k +N)F
y
t
w
= 1.0 [5(1.4375) +N] (50)(0.455) = 309 kips
R
n
= 1.0W
u
= 309 kips; W
u
= 309 kips
(e) Check web crippling strength (AISC J10.3):
For exterior reactions, for [N/d = 10/16.52 = 0.61] > 0.2:
R
n
= 0.80t
2
w
_
_
1 +
_
4N
d
0.2
_
_
t
w
t
f
_
1.5
_
_
EF
yw
t
f
t
w
= (0.75)(0.40)(0.455)
2
_
1 +
_
4(10)
16.52
0.2
__
0.455
0.76
_
1.5
__
(29000)(50)(0.76)
0.455
= 196 kips
R
n
= 1.0W
u
= 196 kips; W
u
= 196 kips
(f) Check sidesway web buckling strength (AISC J10.4):
When the compression ange is restrained against rotation, for
_
(h/t
w
)/(L
b
/b
f
) =
>
2.3, this limit state does not apply.
Conclusion:
Web crippling controls!
Max W
u
= 196 kips; Service Load W = W
u
/1.5 = 131 kips
7.15. Select the lightest W8section of A992 steel to use as a purlin on a roof sloped
30
to the horizontal. The span is 21 ft, the load is uniform 0.18 kip/ft dead load plus
the purlin weight and 0.34 kip/ft snow load. Lateral stability is assured by attachment of
the roong to the compression ange. Assume the load acts through the beam centroid,
there are no sag rods, and biaxial bending must be assumed. Any torsional eect can be
resisted by the roong and therefore it can be neglected.
w
u
= 1.2(0.18 + 0.035) + 1.6(0.34) = 0.80 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
(0.80)(21)
2
8
= 44.2 ft-kips
M
ux
= M
u
cos = 44.2 cos 30
= 38.3 ft-kips
M
uy
= M
u
sin = 44.2 sin30
= 22.1 ft-kips
(b) Use AISC H2 with no axial load term and the conservative estimate M
n
= SF
y
:
M
ux
b
M
nx
+
M
uy
b
M
ny
1
S
x

M
ux
b
F
y
+
M
uy
b
F
y
_
S
x
S
y
_
=
38.3(12)
0.9(50)
+
22.1(12)
0.9(50)
_
S
x
S
y
_
10.2 + 5.9
_
S
x
S
y
_
For S
x
on the order of 3 to 4: S
x
27.9 to 33.8 in.
3
Assuming Z
x
1.12S
x
: Z
x
31.2 to 37.8 in.
3
Using AISC Table 3-2 Selection by Z
x
, for W8 beams, nd W835 with Z
x
= 34.7 in.
3
Check the strength.
M
ux
b
F
y
S
x
+
M
uy
b
F
y
S
y
=
38.3(12)
0.9(50)(31.2)
+
22.1(12)
0.9(50)(10.6)
= 0.3272 + 0.5561
= 0.8833 1 OK
Beam M
nx
M
ny
Check
ft-kips ft-kips
W835 117 39.8 0.3272 + 0.5561 = 0.8833 OK
W831 103 34.8 0.3690 + 0.6321 = 1.0011 NG
8.21. Assume a single W section is to serve as a crane runway girder which carries a
vertical loading, as shown. In addition, design must include an axial compressive force of
14 kips and a horizontal force of 4 kips on each wheel applied 4
1
4
in. above the top of the
compression ange. Assume torsional simple support at the ends of the beam. Select the
lightest W14 section of A992 steel using the modied exure analogy approach. Note:
All loads except weight of the crane runway girder are live loads.
Use an estimated beam weight of 0.342 kips/ft and an estimated beam depth of 14 in.
W
ux
= 1.6(40) = 64 kips Lifted load
W
uy
= 1.6(4) = 6.4 kips Lateral load
w
ux
= 1.2(0.020 + 0.342) = 0.4344 kips/ft Dead load
x =
40 4/2
2
= 19 ft location for maximum moments
M
ux1
=
2W
ux
x
2
L
=
2(64)(19)
2
40
= 1155 ft-kips Lifted load moment
M
ux2
= 0.25M
ux1
= 0.25(1155) = 288.8 ft-kips Impact moment
M
ux3
=
w
ux
x(L x)
2
=
(0.4344)(19)(40 19)
2
= 86.7 ft-kips Dead load moment
M
ux
= M
ux1
+M
ux2
+M
ux3
= 1531 ft-kips
M
uy
=
2W
uy
x
2
L
=
2(6.4)(19)
2
40
= 115.5 ft-kips
T
u
= W
uy
(d/2 + rail height) = 6.4(14/2 + 4.25) = 72.00 in-kips
(b) Use the modied exure analogy to nd the equivalent lateral moment. Use 0.5.
V
f
=
T
u
h

72.00
14
= 5.143 kips ange force using h d
M
f
=
2V
f
x
2
L
= 0.5
(5.143)(19)
2
40
= 46.41 kips ange moment
M
y
= 2M
f
= 2(46.41) = 92.83 kips equivalent lateral moment
(c) Select a beam using AISC H1:
S
x

M
ux
b
F
y
+
M
uy
+M
y
b
F
y
S
x
S
y
=
1531(12)
0.9(50)
+
(115.5 + 92.83)(12)
0.9(50)
S
x
S
y
408.2 + 55.56
S
x
S
y
For S
x
on the order of 3 to 5: S
x
574.9 to 686.0 in.
3
Assuming Z
x
1.12S
x
: Z
x
643.8 to 768.3 in.
3
Using AISC Table 3-2 Selection by Z
x
, for W14 beams, nd W14342 with
Z
x
= 672 in.
3
(d) Check the beam more accurately using the properties from AISC Table 1-1.
=
GJ
EC
w
=
(11154)(178)
(29000)(103000)
= 0.02578
L = (0.02578)(40)(12) = 12.38
= 0.16 for a point load at x and simply supported ends
T
u
= W
uy
(d/2 + rail height) = 6.4(17.5/2 + 4.25) = 83.20 in-kips
V
f
=
T
u
h
=
83.20
15.03
= 5.536 kips
M
f
=
2V
f
x
2
L
= 0.16
(5.536)(19)
2
40
= 16.19 ft-kips
M
y
= 2M
f
= 2(16.19) = 32.38 ft-kips
f
un
=
M
ux
S
x
+
M
uy
S
y
+
M
y
S
y
=
1531(12)
558
+
115.5(12)
221
+
32.38(12)
221
= 32.92 + 6.273 + 1.758
= 40.95 ksi
F
y
= 0.9(50) = 45 ksi
OK
The beam is sucient. Check for a lighter beam.
Section M
ux
M
y
f
un
F
y
= 45 ksi
ft-kips ft-kips ksi
W14342 1531 0.16 32.38 32.92 + 6.273 + 1.758 = 40.95 OK
W14311 1523 0.17 34.35 36.12 + 6.966 + 2.072 = 45.16 NG
Use W14342, A992 steel.
9.2, Case 1. Determine the maximum concentrated load P that can act at midspan on
a simply supported span of 20 ft. Lateral supports exist only at the ends of the span. The
service load is 65% live load and 35% dead load. The section is W2162 of F
y
= 50 ksi
steel.
W
u
= 1.2(0.35W) + 1.6(0.65W) = 1.46W
w
u
= 1.2(62/1000) = 0.0744 kips/ft
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends only. The longest unbraced length is
L
b
= 20 ft. For doubly symmetric members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
= max moment in the unbraced segment = M
M
A
= moment at 1/4 pt of the unbraced segment = 0.5M
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.5M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.5M)
(1.0) = 1.32
(c) Compute the design moment strength using the beam properties from the AISC
Manual Table 1-1, pp. 1-18 and 1-19.
h
t
w
= 46.9
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
b
f
2t
f
= 6.7
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
The web is compact and the ange is compact so use AISC-F2.

For the limit state of yielding, AISC-F2.1:
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(144)/12 = 600 ft-kips
For the limit state of lateral torsional buckling, AISC-F2.2:
From Table 3-2 in the AISC Manual p. 3-16, L
p
= 6.25 ft and L
r
= 18.1 ft.
[L
r
= 18.1 ft] < [L
b
= 20 ft] elastic lateral torsional buckling applies, AISC-F2.1(c).
M
n
= F
cr
S
x
= S
x
C
b
2
E
(L
b
/r
ts
)
2
1 + 0.078
Jc
S
x
h
o
L
b
r
ts
2
= (127)
(1.32)
2
(29000)
(12(20)/2.15)
2
1 + 0.078
(1.83)(1)
(127)(20.4)
12(20)
2.15
2
= 415 ft-kips
Elastic lateral torsional buckling controls! Calculate the design moment strength.
b
M
n
= (0.9)(415) = 374 ft-kips
(d) Calculate the maximum service load.
b
M
n
=
W
u
L
4
+
w
u
L
2
8
374 =
(1.46W)(20)
4
+
(0.0744)(20)
2
8
= 7.30W + 3.72
W = 50.7 kips
Maximum Service Load W = 50.7 kips
y
= 50 ksi
steel.
W
u
= 1.2(0.35W) + 1.6(0.65W) = 1.46W
w
u
= 1.2(84/1000) = 0.101 kips/ft
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
L
b
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.5M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.5M)
(1.0) = 1.32
h
t
w
= 45.9
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
b
f
2t
f
= 5.86
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15

M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(224)/12 = 933 ft-kips
p
= 6.89 ft and L
r
= 20.3 ft.
[L
r
= 20.3 ft] < [L
b
M
n
= F
cr
S
x
= S
x
C
b
2
E
(L
b
/r
ts
)
2
1 + 0.078
Jc
S
x
h
o
L
b
r
ts
2
= (196)
(1.32)
2
(29000)
(12(24)/2.37)
2
1 + 0.078
(3.7)(1)
(196)(23.3)
12(24)
2.37
2
= 579 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(579) = 521 ft-kips
b
M
n
=
W
u
L
4
+
w
u
L
2
8
521 =
(1.46W)(24)
4
+
(0.101)(24)
2
8
= 8.76W + 7.26
W = 58.7 kips
y
= 50 ksi
steel.
W
u
= 1.2(0.35W) + 1.6(0.65W) = 1.46W
w
u
= 1.2(99/1000) = 0.119 kips/ft
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
L
b
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.5M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.5M)
(1.0) = 1.32
h
t
w
= 51.9
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
b
f
2t
f
= 7.8
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15

M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(312)/12 = 1300 ft-kips
p
= 7.42 ft and L
r
= 21.4 ft.
[L
r
= 21.4 ft] < [L
b
M
n
= F
cr
S
x
= S
x
C
b
2
E
(L
b
/r
ts
)
2
1 + 0.078
Jc
S
x
h
o
L
b
r
ts
2
= (269)
(1.32)
2
(29000)
(12(30)/2.62)
2
1 + 0.078
(3.77)(1)
(269)(29)
12(30)
2.62
2
= 585 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(585) = 527 ft-kips
b
M
n
=
W
u
L
4
+
w
u
L
2
8
527 =
(1.46W)(30)
4
+
(0.119)(30)
2
8
= 11.0W + 13.4
W = 46.9 kips
9.3. Select the lightest W section as a beam. Assume only exure must be considered;
i.e., omit treating shear and deection. The dead load given is in addition to the weight
of the beam.
Case 1: dead load is 0.9 kips/ft, live load is 2 kips/ft, span is 20 ft, the beam has continuous
lateral support, and F
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.9 + beam wt) + 1.6(2) 4.28 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
4.28(20)
2
8
= 214 ft-kips (without beam)
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
Since the beam has continous lateral support, C
b
= 1.0.
(c) Since the unbraced length is relatively short, select a beam using Table 3-2 Selection
by Z
x
, AISC Manual, pp. 3-11 to 3-19. Assume
p
for a compact section.
Required Z
x
=
M
u
b
F
y
=
(214)(12)
(0.9)(50)
= 57.1 in.
3
Select: W1835, Z
x
= 66.5 in.
3
(d) Correct the moment for the selected beam weight.
M
u
= 214 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 214 +
1.2(35/1000)(20)
2
8
= 216 ft-kips
(e) Compute the design moment strength using the beam properties from the AISC
_
h
t
w
= 53.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.06
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(66.5)/12 = 277 ft-kips
The beam has continuous lateral support, so [L
b
= 0] < L
p
and lateral torsional
buckling does not apply, AISC-F2.1(a).
Yielding controls! Calculate the design moment strength.
b
M
n
= (0.9)(277) = 249 ft-kips
The W1835 beam is sucient. To verify it is the lightest beam use Table 1-1 of the
AISC Manual, and examine the rst beam in each group lighter than 35 lb/ft with a large
enough Z
x
. The following table shows the moment corrected for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1835 216 249 7.06 53.5 OK
W1631 216 203 6.28 51.6 NG
W1434 216 205 7.41 43.1 NG
Use W1835 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
Case 2: dead load is 0.9 kips/ft, live load is 2 kips/ft, span is 20 ft, the beam has lateral
support at the ends and midspan, and F
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.9 + beam wt) + 1.6(2) 4.28 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
4.28(20)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends and midspan. The loading is uniform and
symmetric, so the worst loading will occur on a segment containing the midpoint of
the beam. Use the segment from 0 ft to 10 ft with L
b
= 10 ft. For doubly symmetric
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.438M) + 4(0.8M) + 3(0.938M)
(1.0) = 1.30
by Z
x
p
Required Z
x
=
M
u
b
F
y
=
(214)(12)
(0.9)(50)
= 57.1 in.
3
Select: W1835, Z
x
= 66.5 in.
3
M
u
= 214 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 214 +
1.2(35/1000)(20)
2
8
= 216 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.06
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(66.5)/12 = 277 ft-kips
p
= 4.31 ft and L
r
= 12.4 ft.
_
L
p
= 4.31 ft
< [L
b
= 10 ft] [L
r
= 12.4 ft] inelastic lateral torsional buckling
applies, AISC-F2.1(b).
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.30)
_
277
_
277
0.7(50)(57.6)
12
__
10 4.31
12.4 4.31
__
= 260 ft-kips
Inelastic lateral torsional buckling controls! Calculate the design moment strength.
b
M
n
= (0.9)(260) = 234 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1835 216 234
7.06 53.5 OK
W1631 216 186
6.28 51.6 NG
W1434 216 205 7.41 43.1 NG
Inelastic lateral torsional buckling controls

Use W1835 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
Case 3: dead load is 0.9 kips/ft, live load is 2 kips/ft, span is 20 ft, the beam has lateral
support at the ends only, and F
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.9 + beam wt) + 1.6(2) 4.28 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
4.28(20)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends only. The longest unbraced length is L
b
=
20 ft. For doubly symmetric members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.750M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.750M)
(1.0) = 1.14
(c) Since the unbraced length is fairly long, select a beam using Table 3-10 Available
Moment vs. Unbraced Length, AISC Manual, pp. 3-96 to 3-131 with L
b
= 20 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
214
1.14
= 188 ft-kips
Select: W1448,
b
M
n
= 193 ft-kips
M
u
= 214 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 214 +
1.2(48/1000)(20)
2
8
= 217 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 33.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.75
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(78.4)/12 = 327 ft-kips
p
= 6.75 ft and L
r
= 21.1 ft.
_
L
p
= 6.75 ft
< [L
b
= 20 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.14)
_
327
_
327
0.7(50)(70.2)
12
__
20 6.75
21.1 6.75
__
= 243 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(243) = 219 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1448 217 219
6.75 33.6 OK
W2148 217 200
9.47
53.6 NG
W2144 217 119
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 217 134
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 217 163
6.23 41.1 NG
W1631 216 62.6
6.28 51.6 NG
W1448 217 219
6.75 33.6 OK
W1443 217 187
7.54 37.4 NG
W1438 216 120
6.57 39.6 NG
W1245 217 188
7 29.6 NG
W1045 217 177
6.47 22.5 NG
Elastic lateral torsional buckling controls
Flange local buckling limit state must be checked (see below)

For the limit state of compression ange local buckling, AISCF3.2, for W2148:
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 446
_
446
0.7(50)(93)
12
__
9.47 9.15
24.1 9.15
_
= 442 ft-kips
Use W1448 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
Case 4: dead load is 0.7 kips/ft, live load is 1.4 kips/ft, span is 28 ft, the beam has lateral
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.7 + beam wt) + 1.6(1.4) 3.08 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
3.08(28)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.438M) + 4(0.8M) + 3(0.938M)
(1.0) = 1.30
b
= 14 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
302
1.30
= 232 ft-kips
Select: W1448,
b
M
n
= 239 ft-kips
M
u
= 302 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 302 +
1.2(48/1000)(28)
2
8
= 307 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 33.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.75
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(78.4)/12 = 327 ft-kips
p
= 6.75 ft and L
r
= 21.1 ft.
_
L
p
= 6.75 ft
< [L
b
= 14 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.30)
_
327
_
327
0.7(50)(70.2)
12
__
14 6.75
21.1 6.75
__
= 327 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(327) = 294 ft-kips
The W1448 beam is not sucient. Check heavier sections at the same depth. The
following table shows the moment corrected for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1448 307 294 6.75 33.6 NG
W1453 308 327 6.11 30.9 OK
W2148 307 366
9.47
53.6 OK
W2144 307 244
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 307 259
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 307 283
6.23 41.1 NG
W1448 307 294 6.75 33.6 NG

M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 446
_
446
0.7(50)(93)
12
__
9.47 9.15
24.1 9.15
_
= 442 ft-kips
Use W2148 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 60 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.7 + beam wt) + 1.6(1.4) 3.08 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
3.08(28)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.438M) + 4(0.8M) + 3(0.938M)
(1.0) = 1.30
b
= 14 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
302
1.30
_
50
60
_
= 194 ft-kips
Select: W1443,
b
M
n
= 208 ft-kips
M
u
= 302 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 302 +
1.2(43/1000)(28)
2
8
= 307 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 37.4
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 82.7
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.54
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.35
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (60)(69.6)/12 = 348 ft-kips
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.89
12
_
_
29000
60
= 6.09 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(45.2)(1950)
62.6
= 2.18 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
2.18
12
_
29000
0.7(60)
(1.05)(1)
(62.6)(13.1)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(60)
29000
(62.6)(13.1)
(1.05)(1)
_
2
= 17.7 ft
_
L
p
= 6.09 ft
< [L
b
= 14 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.30)
_
348
_
348
0.7(60)(62.6)
12
__
14 6.09
17.7 6.09
__
= 338 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(338) = 304 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1443 307 304
7.54 37.4 NG
W1448 307 350
6.75 33.6 OK
W2148 307 404
9.47
53.6 OK
W2144 307 244
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 307 259
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 307 310
6.23 41.1 OK
W1640 307 268
6.93 46.5 NG
W1443 307 304
7.54 37.4 NG
W1438 306 230
6.57 39.6 NG
W1245 307 289 7 29.6 NG

M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 535
_
535
0.7(60)(93)
12
__
9.47 8.35
22.0 8.35
_
= 518 ft-kips
Use W1645 with F
y
= 60 ksi steel.
of the beam.
Case 6: dead load is 0.3 kips/ft, live load is 0.9 kips/ft, span is 35 ft, the beam has
continuous lateral support, and F
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
= 1.0.
by Z
x
p
Required Z
x
=
M
u
b
F
y
=
(276)(12)
(0.9)(50)
= 73.5 in.
3
Select: W1840, Z
x
= 78.4 in.
3
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(40/1000)(35)
2
8
= 283 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 50.9
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 5.73
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(78.4)/12 = 327 ft-kips
b
= 0] < L
p
b
M
n
= (0.9)(327) = 294 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1840 283 294 5.73 50.9 OK
W1640 283 274 6.93 46.5 NG
Use W1840 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
support every 7 feet, and F
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support every 7 feet. The loading is uniform and symmetric,
so the worst loading will occur on a segment containing the midpoint of the beam.
Use the segment from 14 ft to 21 ft with L
b
= 7 ft. For doubly symmetric members,
R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.990M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.990M)
(1.0) = 1.00
b
= 7 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
276
1.00
= 274 ft-kips
Select: W2144,
b
M
n
= 315 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(44/1000)(35)
2
8
= 284 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.22
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(95.4)/12 = 398 ft-kips
p
= 4.45 ft and L
r
= 13.0 ft.
_
L
p
= 4.45 ft
< [L
b
= 7 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
398
_
398
0.7(50)(81.6)
12
__
7 4.45
13.0 4.45
__
= 352 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(352) = 316 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W2144 284 316
7.22 53.6 OK
W1840 283 262
5.73 50.9 NG
W1640 283 260
6.93 46.5 NG
W1443 284 260
7.54 37.4 NG

Use W2144 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
symmetric, so the worst loading will occur on a segment containing the midpoint of the
beam. Use the segment from 0 ft to 17.5 ft with L
b
= 17.5 ft. For doubly symmetric
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.438M) + 4(0.8M) + 3(0.938M)
(1.0) = 1.30
b
= 17.5 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
276
1.30
= 212 ft-kips
Select: W2148,
b
M
n
= 221 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(48/1000)(35)
2
8
= 284 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 9.47
_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 24.1
_
The web is compact and the ange is noncompact so use AISC-F3.
For the limit state of lateral torsional buckling, AISC-F3.1 uses AISC-F2.2:
p
= 5.86 ft and L
r
= 16.6 ft.
[L
r
= 16.6 ft] < [L
b
= 17.5 ft] elastic lateral torsional buckling applies, AISC-F2.1(c).
M
n
= F
cr
S
x
= S
x
C
b
2
E
(L
b
/r
ts
)
2
1 + 0.078
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
L
b
r
ts
_
2
= (93)
(1.30)
2
(29000)
(12(17.5)/2.05)
2
1 + 0.078
(0.803)(1)
(93)(20.2)
_
12(17.5)
2.05
_
2
= 319 ft-kips
For the limit state of compression ange local buckling, AISC-F3.2:
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 446
_
446
0.7(50)(93)
12
__
9.47 9.15
24.1 9.15
_
= 442 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(319) = 287 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W2148 284 287
9.47
53.6 OK
W2144 284 168
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 284 185
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 284 227
6.23 41.1 NG
W1448 284 275
6.75 33.6 NG

Flange local buckling limit state must be checked

Use W2148 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 65 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
= 1.0.
b
= 0 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
276
1.00
_
50
65
_
= 212 ft-kips
Select: W1835,
b
M
n
= 249 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(35/1000)(35)
2
8
= 282 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 79.4
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.06
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.03
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (65)(66.5)/12 = 360 ft-kips
b
= 0] < L
p
b
M
n
= (0.9)(360) = 324 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1835 282 324 7.06 53.5 OK
W1631 281 263 6.28 51.6 NG
W1434 282 266 7.41 43.1 NG
W1235 282 250 6.31 36.2 NG
Use W1835 with F
y
= 65 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 65 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.990M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.990M)
(1.0) = 1.00
b
= 7 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
276
1.00
_
50
65
_
= 211 ft-kips
Select: W1835,
b
M
n
= 217 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(35/1000)(35)
2
8
= 282 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 79.4
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.06
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.03
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (65)(66.5)/12 = 360 ft-kips
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.22
12
_
_
29000
65
= 3.78 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(15.3)(1140)
57.6
= 1.51 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
1.51
12
_
29000
0.7(65)
(0.506)(1)
(57.6)(17.3)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(65)
29000
(57.6)(17.3)
(0.506)(1)
_
2
= 10.7 ft
_
L
p
= 3.78 ft
< [L
b
= 7 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
360
_
360
0.7(65)(57.6)
12
__
7 3.78
10.7 3.78
__
= 295 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(295) = 266 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1835 282 266
7.06 53.5 NG
W1840 283 321
5.73 50.9 OK
W1640 283 324
6.93 46.5 OK
W1636 282 281
8.12
48.1 NG
W1631 281 212
6.28 51.6 NG
W1438 283 273
6.57 39.6 NG
W1240 283 270
7.77 33.6 NG
W1235 282 224
6.31 36.2 NG

M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 347
_
347
0.7(65)(56.5)
12
__
8.12 8.03
21.1 8.03
_
= 346 ft-kips
Use W1640 with F
y
= 65 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 65 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.438M) + 4(0.8M) + 3(0.938M)
(1.0) = 1.30
b
= 17.5 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
276
1.30
_
50
65
_
= 163 ft-kips
Select: W1443,
b
M
n
= 182 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(43/1000)(35)
2
8
= 284 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 37.4
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 79.4
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.54
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.03
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (65)(69.6)/12 = 377 ft-kips
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.89
12
_
_
29000
65
= 5.86 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(45.2)(1950)
62.6
= 2.18 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
2.18
12
_
29000
0.7(65)
(1.05)(1)
(62.6)(13.1)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(65)
29000
(62.6)(13.1)
(1.05)(1)
_
2
= 16.8 ft
[L
r
= 16.8 ft] < [L
b
M
n
= F
cr
S
x
= S
x
C
b
2
E
(L
b
/r
ts
)
2
1 + 0.078
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
L
b
r
ts
_
2
= (62.6)
(1.30)
2
(29000)
(12(17.5)/2.18)
2
1 + 0.078
(1.05)(1)
(62.6)(13.1)
_
12(17.5)
2.18
_
2
= 290 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(290) = 261 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1443 284 261
7.54 37.4 NG
W1448 284 312
6.75 33.6 OK
W2148 284 287
9.47
53.6 OK
W2144 284 168
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 284 185
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 284 227
6.23 41.1 NG
W1631 281 86.8
6.28 51.6 NG
W1448 284 312
6.75 33.6 OK
W1443 284 261
7.54 37.4 NG
W1438 283 166
6.57 39.6 NG
W1245 284 268
7 29.6 NG
W1235 282 145
6.31 36.2 NG
W1045 284 252
6.47 22.5 NG

M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 580
_
580
0.7(65)(93)
12
__
9.47 8.03
21.1 8.03
_
= 555 ft-kips
Use W1448 with F
y
= 65 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 100 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
= 1.0.
by Z
x
p
Required Z
x
=
M
u
b
F
y
=
(276)(12)
(0.9)(100)
= 36.8 in.
3
Select: W1226, Z
x
= 37.2 in.
3
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(26/1000)(35)
2
8
= 280 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 47.2
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 64.0
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 6.47
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 8.54
_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 17.0
_
b
= 0] < L
p
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 310
_
310
0.7(100)(33.4)
12
__
8.54 6.47
17.0 6.47
_
= 287 ft-kips
Flange local buckling controls! Calculate the design moment strength.
b
M
n
= (0.9)(287) = 259 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1226 280 259
8.54
47.2 NG
W1426 280 302 5.98 48.1 OK
W1626 280 313
7.97
56.8 OK
W1426 280 302 5.98 48.1 OK
W1422 280 240
7.46
53.3 NG
W1226 280 259
8.54
47.2 NG

Use W1426 with F
y
= 100 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 100 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.990M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.990M)
(1.0) = 1.00
b
= 7 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
276
1.00
_
50
100
_
= 137 ft-kips
Select: W1626,
b
M
n
= 138 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(26/1000)(35)
2
8
= 280 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 56.8
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 64.0
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 6.47
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.97
_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 17.0
_
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.12
12
_
_
29000
100
= 2.80 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(9.59)(565)
38.4
= 1.38 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
1.38
12
_
29000
0.7(100)
(0.262)(1)
(38.4)(15.3)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(100)
29000
(38.4)(15.3)
(0.262)(1)
_
2
= 7.65 ft
_
L
p
= 2.80 ft
< [L
b
= 7 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
368
_
368
0.7(100)(38.4)
12
__
7 2.80
7.65 2.80
__
= 245 ft-kips
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 368
_
368
0.7(100)(38.4)
12
__
7.97 6.47
17.0 6.47
_
= 348 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(245) = 220 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1626 280 220
7.97
56.8 NG
W1631 281 280
6.28 51.6 NG
W1636 282 391
8.12
48.1 OK
W1835 282 356
7.06
53.5 OK
W1631 281 280
6.28 51.6 NG
W1434 282 335
7.41
43.1 OK
W1430 281 286
5.74 45.4 OK
W1426 280 196
5.98 48.1 NG
W1230 281 264
7.41
41.8 NG
W1030 281 218
5.7 29.5 NG

Use W1430 with F
y
= 100 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 100 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.3 + beam wt) + 1.6(0.9) 1.8 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.8(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.438M) + 4(0.8M) + 3(0.938M)
(1.0) = 1.30
b
= 17.5 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
276
1.30
_
50
100
_
= 106 ft-kips
Select: W1033,
b
M
n
= 107 ft-kips
M
u
= 276 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 276 +
1.2(33/1000)(35)
2
8
= 282 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 27.1
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 64.0
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 6.47
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 9.15
_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 17.0
_
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.94
12
_
_
29000
100
= 4.85 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(36.6)(791)
35
= 2.20 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
2.20
12
_
29000
0.7(100)
(0.583)(1)
(35)(9.3)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(100)
29000
(35)(9.3)
(0.583)(1)
_
2
= 13.5 ft
[L
r
= 13.5 ft] < [L
b
M
n
= F
cr
S
x
= S
x
C
b
2
E
(L
b
/r
ts
)
2
1 + 0.078
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
L
b
r
ts
_
2
= (35)
(1.30)
2
(29000)
(12(17.5)/2.2)
2
1 + 0.078
(0.583)(1)
(35)(9.3)
_
12(17.5)
2.2
_
2
= 179 ft-kips
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 323
_
323
0.7(100)(35)
12
__
9.15 6.47
17.0 6.47
_
= 293 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(179) = 161 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1033 282 161
9.15
27.1 NG
W1039 283 219
7.53
25 NG
W1045 284 285
6.47 22.5 OK
W2144 284 168
7.22
53.6 NG
W1840 283 147
5.73 50.9 NG
W1645 284 227
6.23 41.1 NG
W1631 281 86.8
6.28 51.6 NG
W1443 284 261
7.54
37.4 NG
W1438 283 166
6.57
39.6 NG
W1426 280 60.6
5.98 48.1 NG
W1245 284 276
29.6 NG
W1235 282 145
6.31 36.2 NG
W1045 284 285
6.47 22.5 OK
W1039 283 219
7.53
25 NG
W1030 281 99.2
5.7 29.5 NG
W840 283 229
7.21
17.6 NG

Use W1045 with F
y
= 100 ksi steel.
of the beam.
Case 15: dead load is 0 kips/ft, live load is 1 kips/ft, span is 35 ft, the beam has lateral
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0 + beam wt) + 1.6(1) 1.6 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.6(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.995M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.995M)
(1.0) = 1.00
b
= 5 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
245
1.00
= 244 ft-kips
Select: W1640,
b
M
n
= 274 ft-kips
M
u
= 245 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 245 +
1.2(40/1000)(35)
2
8
= 252 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 46.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.93
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(73)/12 = 304 ft-kips
From the AISC Manual Table 3-2 W Shapes p. 3-17, L
p
= 5.55 ft and L
r
=
15.9 ft.
[L
b
= 5 ft]
_
L
p
= 5.55 ft
lateral torsional buckling does not apply, AISC-

F2.1(a).
b
M
n
= (0.9)(304) = 274 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1640 252 274 6.93 46.5 OK
W1840 252 288
5.73 50.9 OK
W1835 251 242
7.06 53.5 NG
W1640 252 274 6.93 46.5 OK
W1636 252 240 8.12 48.1 NG
W1438 252 231 6.57 39.6 NG

Use W1640 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
Case 16: dead load is 0 kips/ft, live load is 1 kips/ft, span is 35 ft, the beam has lateral
support at the ends only, and F
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0 + beam wt) + 1.6(1) 1.6 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
1.6(35)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends only. The longest unbraced length is L
b
=
35 ft. For doubly symmetric members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.750M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.750M)
(1.0) = 1.14
b
= 35 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
245
1.14
= 216 ft-kips
Select: W1265,
b
M
n
= 231 ft-kips
M
u
= 245 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 245 +
1.2(65/1000)(35)
2
8
= 257 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 24.9
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 9.92
_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 24.1
_
p
= 10.7 ft and L
r
= 35.1 ft.
_
L
p
= 10.7 ft
< [L
b
= 35 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.14)
_
403
_
403
0.7(50)(87.9)
12
__
35 10.7
35.1 10.7
__
= 292 ft-kips
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 403
_
403
0.7(50)(87.9)
12
__
9.92 9.15
24.1 9.15
_
= 396 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(292) = 263 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1265 257 263
9.92
24.9 OK
W2462 256 104
5.97 50.1 NG
W2162 256 143
6.7 46.9 NG
W2157 255 103
5.04 46.3 NG
W1865 257 155
5.06 35.7 NG
W1846 253 65.9
5.01 44.6 NG
W1657 255 122
4.98 33 NG
W1461 256 202
7.75 30.4 NG
W1453 255 132
6.11 30.9 NG
W1438 252 58.5
6.57 39.6 NG
W1265 257 263
9.92
24.9 OK
W1258 256 192
7.82 27 NG
W1250 254 121
6.31 26.8 NG
W1060 256 206
7.41 18.7 NG
W858 256 174
5.07 12.4 NG

Use W1265 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 50 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.7 + beam wt) + 1.6(2.8) 5.32 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
5.32(48)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.972M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.972M)
(1.0) = 1.01
b
= 16 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
1530
1.01
= 1510 ft-kips
Select: W36135,
b
M
n
= 1550 ft-kips
M
u
= 1530 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 1530 +
1.2(135/1000)(48)
2
8
= 1580 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 54.1
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.56
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(509)/12 = 2120 ft-kips
p
= 8.41 ft and L
r
= 24.2 ft.
_
L
p
= 8.41 ft
< [L
b
= 16 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.01)
_
2120
_
2120
0.7(50)(439)
12
__
16 8.41
24.2 8.41
__
= 1740 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(1740) = 1570 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W36135 1580 1570
7.56 54.1 NG
W36150 1580 1830
6.37 51.9 OK
W40149 1580 1810
7.11 54.3 OK
W36135 1580 1570
7.56 54.1 NG
W33141 1580 1610
6.01 49.6 OK
W33130 1580 1440
6.73 51.7 NG
W30132 1580 1330
5.27 43.9 NG
W27129 1580 1210
4.55 39.7 NG
W24131 1580 1270
6.7 35.6 NG

Use W33141 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
of the beam.
y
= 60 ksi.
w
u
= 1.2(0.7 + beam wt) + 1.6(2.8) 5.32 kips/ft
M
u
=
w
u
L
2
8
=
5.32(48)
2
8
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
M
max
M
A
M
B
M
C
C
b
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.972M) + 4(1.0M) + 3(0.972M)
(1.0) = 1.01
b
= 16 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
1530
1.01
_
50
60
_
= 1260 ft-kips
Select: W33130,
b
M
n
= 1420 ft-kips
M
u
= 1530 +
1.2(beam wt)L
2
8
= 1530 +
1.2(130/1000)(48)
2
8
= 1580 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 51.7
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 82.7
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.73
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.35
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (60)(467)/12 = 2340 ft-kips
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
2.39
12
_
_
29000
60
= 7.71 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(218)(56600)
406
= 2.94 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
2.94
12
_
29000
0.7(60)
(7.37)(1)
(406)(32.2)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(60)
29000
(406)(32.2)
(7.37)(1)
_
2
= 21.8 ft
_
L
p
= 7.71 ft
< [L
b
= 16 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.01)
_
2340
_
2340
0.7(60)(406)
12
__
16 7.71
21.8 7.71
__
= 1820 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.9)(1820) = 1640 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W33130 1580 1640
6.73 51.7 OK
W30124 1580 1390
5.65 46.2 NG
W27129 1580 1370
4.55 39.7 NG
W24117 1570 1280
7.53 39.2 NG
W21122 1570 1220
6.45 31.3 NG

Use W33130 with F
y
= 60 ksi steel.
9.4. Select the lightest W sections for the stituation shown in the accompanying gure,
under the following conditions:
(a) A992 steel; continuous lateral support
(a) Obtain the factored loads (neglecting the beam weight):
w
u
= 1.2(0.7) + 1.6(3.5) = 6.44 kips/ft
W
u
= 1.2(28) + 1.6(7) = 44.8 kips
M
u
=
1
8
(6.44)(30)
2
+ 10(44.8) = 1, 172 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
b
= 1.0.
(c) Since the unbraced length is zero, select a beam using Table 3-2 Selection by Z
x
, AISC
Manual, pp. 3-11 to 3-19. Assume
p
Required Z
x
=
M
u
b
F
y
=
(1, 172)(12)
(0.90)(50)
= 313 in.
3
Select: W30108, Z
x
= 346 in.
3
(d) Correct the moment for the beam weight.
M
u
= 1, 172 +
1
8
(108/1000)(30)
2
= 1, 190 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 49.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.89
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(346)/12 = 1, 440 ft-kips
b
= 0] < L
p
b
M
n
= (0.90)(1, 440) = 1, 300 ft-kips
The W30108 beam is sucient. To verify it is the lightest beam, use Table 1-1 of the
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W30108 1,190 1,300 6.89 49.6 OK
W27102 1,190 1,140 6.03 47.1 NG
W24104 1,190 1,080 8.5 43.1 NG
Use W30108 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
(b) A992 steel; lateral support at the ends
w
u
= 1.2(0.7) + 1.6(3.5) = 6.44 kips/ft
W
u
= 1.2(28) + 1.6(7) = 44.8 kips
M
u
=
1
8
(6.44)(30)
2
+ 10(44.8) = 1, 172 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends. The unbraced length is L
b
= 30 ft. For
doubly symmetric members, R
m
= 1.0. Use statics to nd the moments in the beam:
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5(1, 172)
2.5(1, 172) + 3(879.4) + 4(1, 172) + 3(879.4)
(1.0) = 1.14
b
= 30 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
1, 172
1.14
= 1, 030 ft-kips
Select: W24146,
b
M
n
= 1, 070 ft-kips
M
u
= 1, 172 +
1
8
(146/1000)(30)
2
= 1, 190 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 33.2
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 5.92
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(418)/12 = 1, 740 ft-kips
From the AISC Manual Table 3-2 p. 3-14, L
p
= 10.6 ft and L
r
= 33.7 ft.
_
L
p
= 10.6 ft
< [L
b
= 30 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.14)
_
1, 740
_
1, 740
0.7(50)(371)
12
__
30 10.6
33.7 10.6
__
= 1, 350 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(1, 350) = 1, 210 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W24146 1,190 1,210
5.92 33.2 OK
W36135 1,190 910
7.56 54.1 NG
W33141 1,190 994
6.01 49.6 NG
W30132 1,190 796
5.27 43.9 NG
W27146 1,190 1,350
7.16 39.4 OK
W27129 1,190 760
4.55 39.7 NG
W24146 1,190 1,210
5.92 33.2 OK
W24131 1,190 1,030
6.7 35.6 NG
W21132 1,190 973
6.01 28.9 NG
W18143 1,190 1,010
4.25 22 NG

Use W24146 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
(c) A992 steel; lateral support at the ends and at 10 ft
w
u
= 1.2(0.7) + 1.6(3.5) = 6.44 kips/ft
W
u
= 1.2(28) + 1.6(7) = 44.8 kips
M
u
=
1
8
(6.44)(30)
2
+ 10(44.8) = 1, 172 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends and at 10 ft. The worst loading and longest
unbraced length occur on the segment from 10 ft to 30 ft with L
b
= 20 ft. For doubly
symmetric members, R
m
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5(1, 172)
2.5(1, 172) + 3(1, 172) + 4(1, 092) + 3(626.5)
(1.0) = 1.15
b
= 20 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
1, 172
1.15
= 1, 020 ft-kips
Select: W33118,
b
M
n
= 1, 080 ft-kips
M
u
= 1, 172 +
1
8
(118/1000)(30)
2
= 1, 190 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 54.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.76
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(415)/12 = 1, 730 ft-kips
p
= 8.19 ft and L
r
= 23.5 ft.
_
L
p
= 8.19 ft
< [L
b
= 20 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.15)
_
1, 730
_
1, 730
0.7(50)(359)
12
__
20 8.19
23.5 8.19
__
= 1, 390 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(1, 390) = 1, 250 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W33118 1,190 1,250
7.76 54.5 OK
W30116 1,190 1,110
6.17 47.8 NG
W27114 1,190 1,020
5.41 42.5 NG
W24117 1,190 1,160
7.53 39.2 NG

Use W33118 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
(d) A572 Grade 60 steel; lateral support at the ends and at 10 ft
w
u
= 1.2(0.7) + 1.6(3.5) = 6.44 kips/ft
W
u
= 1.2(28) + 1.6(7) = 44.8 kips
M
u
=
1
8
(6.44)(30)
2
+ 10(44.8) = 1, 172 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends and at 10 ft. The worst loading and longest
unbraced length occur on the segment from 10 ft to 30 ft with L
b
= 20 ft. For doubly
symmetric members, R
m
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5(1, 172)
2.5(1, 172) + 3(1, 172) + 4(1, 092) + 3(626.5)
(1.0) = 1.15
b
= 20 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
1, 172
1.15
_
50
60
_
= 846 ft-kips
Select: W24104,
b
M
n
= 875 ft-kips
M
u
= 1, 172 +
1
8
(104/1000)(30)
2
= 1, 190 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 43.1
_

_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 82.7
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.35
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 8.5
_

_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 22.0
_
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
2.91
12
_
_
29, 000
60
= 9.38 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(259)(35200)
258
= 3.42 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
3.42
12
_
29, 000
0.7(60)
(4.72)(1)
(258)(23.3)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(60)
29, 000
(258)(23.3)
(4.72)(1)
_
2
= 26.1 ft
_
L
p
= 9.38 ft
< [L
b
= 20 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.15)
_
1, 440
_
1, 440
0.7(60)(258)
12
__
20 9.38
26.1 9.38
__
= 1, 270 ft-kips
M
n
= M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 1, 440
_
1, 440
0.7(60)(258)
12
__
8.5 8.35
22.0 8.35
_
= 1, 440 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(1, 270) = 1, 140 ft-kips
The W24104 beam is not sucient. Try heavier sections at the same depth. The following
table shows the moment corrected for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W24104 1,190 1,140
8.5
43.1 NG
W24117 1,190 1,320
7.53 39.2 OK
W30116 1,190 1,210
6.17 47.8 OK
W30108 1,190 1,060
6.89 49.6 NG
W27114 1,190 1,120
5.41 42.5 NG
W24104 1,190 1,140
8.5
43.1 NG
W24103 1,190 849
4.59 39.2 NG
W21111 1,190 1,130
7.05 34.1 NG

Use W30116 with F
y
= 60 ksi steel.
9.6. Select the lightest W sections for the conditions shown in the accompanying
gure. Assume there is no deection limitation. Use (a) A992 steel.
w
u
= 1.2(0.4) + 1.6(1.1) = 2.24 kips/ft
W
u
= 1.2(15) + 1.6(15) = 42.0 kips
M
u
=
1
8
(2.24)(42)
2
+ 10(42.0) = 1, 124 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends, at 15 ft, and at 27 ft. For doubly symmetric
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5(1, 084)
2.5(1, 084) + 3(318.2) + 4(604.8) + 3(860.0)
(1.0) = 1.56 segment A
=
12.5(1, 124)
2.5(1, 124) + 3(1, 114) + 4(1, 124) + 3(1, 114)
(1.0) = 1.00 segment B
Assume segment B controls.
b
= 12 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
1, 124
1.00
= 1, 120 ft-kips
Select: W30108,
b
M
n
= 1, 140 ft-kips
M
u
= 1, 124 +
1
8
(108/1000)(42)
2
= 1, 150 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 49.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.89
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(346)/12 = 1, 440 ft-kips
p
= 7.59 ft and L
r
= 22.0 ft.
_
L
p
= 7.59 ft
< [L
b
= 12 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
1, 440
_
1, 440
0.7(50)(299)
12
__
12 7.59
22.0 7.59
__
= 1, 270 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(1, 270) = 1, 150 ft-kips
The W30108 beam is not sucient. Try heavier sections at the same depth. The following
table shows the moment corrected for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W30108 1,150 1,150
6.89 49.6 NG
W30116 1,150 1,260
6.17 47.8 OK
W27114 1,150 1,150
5.41 42.5 NG
W24104 1,150 1,050
8.5 43.1 NG
W24103 1,150 918
4.59 39.2 NG
W21111 1,150 1,020
7.05 34.1 NG

Check segment A
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W30116 1,110 1,420 6.17 47.8 OK
Use W30116 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
9.6. Select the lightest W sections for the conditions shown in the accompanying
gure. Assume there is no deection limitation. Use (b) A572 Grade 60 steel.
w
u
= 1.2(0.4) + 1.6(1.1) = 2.24 kips/ft
W
u
= 1.2(15) + 1.6(15) = 42.0 kips
M
u
=
1
8
(2.24)(42)
2
+ 10(42.0) = 1, 124 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends, at 15 ft, and at 27 ft. For doubly symmetric
members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5(1, 084)
2.5(1, 084) + 3(318.2) + 4(604.8) + 3(860.0)
(1.0) = 1.56 segment A
=
12.5(1, 124)
2.5(1, 124) + 3(1, 114) + 4(1, 124) + 3(1, 114)
(1.0) = 1.00 segment B
Assume segment B controls.
b
= 12 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
1, 124
1.00
_
50
60
_
= 933 ft-kips
Select: W3099,
b
M
n
= 1, 020 ft-kips
M
u
= 1, 124 +
1
8
(99/1000)(42)
2
= 1, 150 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 51.9
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 82.7
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.8
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.35
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (60)(312)/12 = 1, 560 ft-kips
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
2.1
12
_
_
29, 000
60
= 6.77 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(128)(26800)
269
= 2.62 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
2.62
12
_
29, 000
0.7(60)
(3.77)(1)
(269)(29)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(60)
29, 000
(269)(29)
(3.77)(1)
_
2
= 19.3 ft
_
L
p
= 6.77 ft
< [L
b
= 12 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
1, 560
_
1, 560
0.7(60)(269)
12
__
12 6.77
19.3 6.77
__
= 1, 310 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(1, 310) = 1, 180 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W3099 1,150 1,180
7.8 51.9 OK
W2794 1,150 1,060
6.7 49.5 NG
W2494 1,150 948
5.18 41.9 NG

Check segment A
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W3099 1,110 1,400 7.8 51.9 OK
Use W3099 with F
y
= 60 ksi steel.
9.7. A oor beam, laterally supported at the ends only and supporting vibration
inducing heavy machinery, is subject to the loads shown in the accompanying gure. Select
the lightest W section of A992 steel. Compare the result when there is no deection limit
with that when L/d is limited to a minimum of 20 under full load, a traditional limit to
minimize perceptible vibration due to pedestrian trac.
W
u
= 1.2(0) + 1.6(14)(1.5) = 33.6 kips (includes impact)
M
u
= 7(33.6) = 235.2 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The beam has lateral support at the ends. For doubly symmetric members, R
m
= 1.0.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5(235.2)
2.5(235.2) + 3(210.0) + 4(235.2) + 3(210.0)
(1.0) = 1.05
b
= 25 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
235.2
1.05
= 223 ft-kips
Select: W1258,
b
M
n
= 233 ft-kips
M
u
= 235.2 +
1
8
(58/1000)(25)
2
= 241 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 27
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.82
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(86.4)/12 = 360 ft-kips
p
= 8.87 ft and L
r
= 29.9 ft.
_
L
p
= 8.87 ft
< [L
b
= 25 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.05)
_
360
_
360
0.7(50)(78)
12
__
25 8.87
29.9 8.87
__
= 272 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(272) = 245 ft-kips
enough Z
x
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1258 241 245
7.82 27 OK
W2455 240 121
6.94 54.6 NG
W2155 240 169
7.87 50 NG
W2157 241 148
5.04 46.3 NG
W1855 240 162
5.98 41.1 NG
W1846 240 92.4
5.01 44.6 NG
W1657 241 169
4.98 33 NG
W1453 240 185
6.11 30.9 NG
W1438 239 82.3
6.57 39.6 NG
W1250 240 167
6.31 26.8 NG
W1054 240 200
8.15 21.2 NG
W858 241 189
5.07 12.4 NG

With no deection, use W1258 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
Considering the L/d deection limit the minimum depth is d =
25(12)
20
= 15 in. The
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1667 241 336
7.7 35.9 OK
W2462 241 153
5.97 50.1 NG
W2162 241 213
6.7 46.9 NG
W2157 241 148
5.04 46.3 NG
W1865 241 219
5.06 35.7 NG
W1846 240 92.4
5.01 44.6 NG
W1657 241 169
4.98 33 NG

With deection use W1667 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
9.8. For the case assigned by the instructor, select the lightest W section to serve as a
uniformly loaded library oor beam on a simply supported beam. Lateral support occurs
at the ends and at L/4, L/2, and 3L/4. Given dead load moment does not include beam
weight. Assume C
b
= 1.0.
Case 1: M
D
= 49 ft-kips, M
L
= 98 ft-kips, L = 28 ft, F
y
= 50 ksi, and the deection limit
is L/360.
M
u
= 1.2M
D
+ 1.6M
L
= 1.2(49) + 1.6(98) = 216 ft-kips
(b) Obtain the minimum moment of inertia I
x
required using the service live load moment.
lim
=
L
360
=
28(12)
360
= 0.933 in.
Min I
x
=
5M
L
L
2
48E
lim
=
(5)(98 12)(28 12)
2
(48)(29, 000)(0.933)
= 511 in.
4
(c) The problem statement says to use C
b
= 1.0.
(d) Select a beam using Table 3-10 Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length, AISC
Manual, pp. 3-96 to 3-131 with L
b
= 7 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
215.6
1.00
= 216 ft-kips
Select: W1835,
b
M
n
= 217 ft-kips
(e) Correct the moment for the beam weight.
M
u
= 215.6 + 1.2
_
1
8
_
(35/1000)(28)
2
= 220 ft-kips
(f) Compute the design moment strength using the beam properties from the AISC
_
h
t
w
= 53.5
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.06
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(66.5)/12 = 277 ft-kips
p
= 4.31 ft and L
r
= 12.4 ft.
_
L
p
= 4.31 ft
< [L
b
= 7 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
277
_
277
0.7(50)(57.6)
12
__
7 4.31
12.4 4.31
__
= 241 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(241) = 217 ft-kips
The W1835 beam does not have sucient strength. The following table shows the
moment corrected for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1835 220 217
7.06 53.5 NG
W1840 220 261
5.73 50.9 OK
W1636 220 225
8.12 48.1 OK
W1438 220 218
6.57 39.6 NG

(g) Check the beams for deection.
Section I
x
LL De. LL De. Limit OKAY?
in.
4
in. in.
W1835 510 0.935 0.933 NG
W1840 612 0.779 0.933 OK
W1636 448 1.06 0.933 NG
W1438 385 1.24 0.933 NG
Use W1840 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
weight. Assume C
b
= 1.0.
Case 2: M
D
= 49 ft-kips, M
L
= 98 ft-kips, L = 28 ft, F
y
is L/360.
M
u
= 1.2M
D
+ 1.6M
L
= 1.2(49) + 1.6(98) = 216 ft-kips
x
lim
=
L
360
=
28(12)
360
= 0.933 in.
Min I
x
=
5M
L
L
2
48E
lim
=
(5)(98 12)(28 12)
2
(48)(29, 000)(0.933)
= 511 in.
4
b
= 1.0.
b
= 7 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
215.6
1.00
_
50
60
_
= 180 ft-kips
Select: W1434,
b
M
n
= 193 ft-kips
M
u
= 215.6 + 1.2
_
1
8
_
(34/1000)(28)
2
= 220 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 43.1
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 82.7
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.41
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.35
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (60)(54.6)/12 = 273 ft-kips
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.53
12
_
_
29, 000
60
= 4.93 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(23.3)(1070)
48.6
= 1.80 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
1.80
12
_
29, 000
0.7(60)
(0.569)(1)
(48.6)(13.5)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(60)
29, 000
(48.6)(13.5)
(0.569)(1)
_
2
= 13.9 ft
_
L
p
= 4.93 ft
< [L
b
= 7 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
273
_
273
0.7(60)(48.6)
12
__
7 4.93
13.9 4.93
__
= 249 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(249) = 224 ft-kips
The W1434 beam has sucient strength. The following table shows the moment corrected
for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1434 220 224
7.41 43.1 OK
W1438 220 255
6.57 39.6 OK
W1640 220 302
6.93 46.5 OK
W1636 220 262
8.12 48.1 OK
W1835 220 249
7.06 53.5 OK

Section I
x
in.
4
in. in.
W1434 340 1.40 0.933 NG
W1438 385 1.24 0.933 NG
W1640 518 0.921 0.933 OK
W1636 448 1.06 0.933 NG
W1835 510 0.935 0.933 NG
Use W1640 with F
y
= 60 ksi steel.
weight. Assume C
b
= 1.0.
Case 3: M
D
= 0 ft-kips, M
L
= 240 ft-kips, L = 48 ft, F
y
is L/300.
M
u
= 1.2M
D
+ 1.6M
L
= 1.2(0) + 1.6(240) = 384 ft-kips
x
lim
=
L
300
=
48(12)
300
= 1.92 in.
Min I
x
=
5M
L
L
2
48E
lim
=
(5)(240 12)(48 12)
2
(48)(29, 000)(1.92)
= 1, 790 in.
4
b
= 1.0.
b
= 12 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
384.0
1.00
= 384 ft-kips
Select: W2162,
b
M
n
= 440 ft-kips
M
u
= 384.0 + 1.2
_
1
8
_
(62/1000)(48)
2
= 405 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 46.9
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.7
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(144)/12 = 600 ft-kips
p
= 6.25 ft and L
r
= 18.1 ft.
_
L
p
= 6.25 ft
< [L
b
= 12 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
600
_
600
0.7(50)(127)
12
__
12 6.25
18.1 6.25
__
= 489 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(489) = 440 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W2162 405 440
6.7 46.9 OK
W2168 408 494
6.04 43.6 OK
W2173 409 536
5.6 41.2 OK
W2183 413 620
5 36.4 OK
W2476 410 633
6.61 49 OK
W2468 408 549
7.66 52 OK
W2462 405 402
5.97 50.1 NG
W1865 406 409
5.06 35.7 OK

Section I
x
in.
4
in. in.
W2162 1330 2.58 1.92 NG
W2168 1480 2.32 1.92 NG
W2173 1600 2.15 1.92 NG
W2183 1830 1.88 1.92 OK
W2476 2100 1.63 1.92 OK
W2468 1830 1.88 1.92 OK
W2462 1550 2.21 1.92 NG
W1865 1070 3.21 1.92 NG
Use W2468 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
weight. Assume C
b
= 1.0.
Case 4: M
D
= 0 ft-kips, M
L
= 240 ft-kips, L = 48 ft, F
y
is L/300.
M
u
= 1.2M
D
+ 1.6M
L
= 1.2(0) + 1.6(240) = 384 ft-kips
x
lim
=
L
300
=
48(12)
300
= 1.92 in.
Min I
x
=
5M
L
L
2
48E
lim
=
(5)(240 12)(48 12)
2
(48)(29, 000)(1.92)
= 1, 790 in.
4
b
= 1.0.
b
= 12 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
_
50 ksi
F
y
_
=
384.0
1.00
_
50
65
_
= 295 ft-kips
Select: W2148,
b
M
n
= 313 ft-kips
M
u
= 384.0 + 1.2
_
1
8
_
(48/1000)(48)
2
= 401 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.6
_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 79.4
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 8.03
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 9.47
_
_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 21.1
_
L
p
= 1.76r
y
E
F
y
= 1.76
_
1.66
12
_
_
29, 000
65
= 5.14 ft
r
ts
=
_
I
y
C
w
S
x
=
_
(38.7)(3950)
93
= 2.05 in.
L
r
= 1.95r
ts
E
0.7F
y
_
Jc
S
x
h
o
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7F
y
E
S
x
h
o
Jc
_
2
= 1.95
_
2.05
12
_
29, 000
0.7(65)
(0.803)(1)
(93)(20.2)
_
1 +
1 + 6.76
_
0.7(65)
29, 000
(93)(20.2)
(0.803)(1)
_
2
= 14.3 ft
_
L
p
= 5.14 ft
< [L
b
= 12 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
580
_
580
0.7(65)(93)
12
__
12 5.14
14.3 5.14
__
= 409 ft-kips
M
n
= M
p
_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 580
_
580
0.7(65)(93)
12
__
9.47 8.03
21.1 8.03
_
= 555 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(409) = 369 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W2148 401 369
9.47
53.6 NG
W2183 413 748
5 36.4 OK
W2476 410 764
6.61 49 OK
W2468 408 662
7.66 52 OK
W2462 405 461
5.97 50.1 OK
W1865 406 488
5.06 35.7 OK

Section I
x
in.
4
in. in.
W2148 959 3.58 1.92 NG
W2183 1830 1.88 1.92 OK
W2476 2100 1.63 1.92 OK
W2468 1830 1.88 1.92 OK
W2462 1550 2.21 1.92 NG
W1865 1070 3.21 1.92 NG
Use W2468 with F
y
= 65 ksi steel.
9.13, Part a. Select the lightest W section for the situation shown in the accompanying
gure. The concentrated load W is 5 kips dead load and 15 kips live load. Assume lateral
support is provided at the reactions and the concentrated loads. Use A992 steel.
The maximum moment is at the support.
W
u
= 1.2(5) + 1.6(15) = 30.0 kips
M
u
=
1
2
(beam wt.)(10)
2
+ 10W
u
= 10(30.0) = 300.0 ft-kips w/o beam
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1.
The moment is uniform over the 30 ft span, so C
b
= 1.0.
(c) Select a beam using Table 3-10 Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length, AISC
b
= 30 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
300.0
1.00
= 300 ft-kips
Select: W1474,
b
M
n
= 302 ft-kips
M
u
= 300.0 + 1.2
_
1
2
_
(74/1000)(10)
2
= 304 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 25.4
_

_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 6.41
_

_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(126)/12 = 525 ft-kips
p
= 8.76 ft and L
r
= 31.0 ft.
_
L
p
= 8.76 ft
< [L
b
= 30 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.00)
_
525
_
525
0.7(50)(112)
12
__
30 8.76
31.0 8.76
__
= 336 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(336) = 302 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W1474 304 302
6.41 25.4 NG
W1482 305 348
5.92 22.4 OK
W1279 305 337
8.22 20.7 OK
W1272 304 297
8.99 22.6 NG
W1677 305 317
6.77 31.2 OK
W1667 304 251
7.7 35.9 NG
W1876 305 329
8.11 37.8 OK
W1871 304 192
4.71 32.4 NG

Use W1876 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
9.13, Part b. Select the lightest W section for the situation shown in the accompanying
gure. The concentrated load W is 5 kips dead load and 15 kips live load. Assume lateral
support is provided at the reactions and the concentrated loads. Use A992 steel.
W
u
= 1.2(5) = 6.00 kips (dead load only)
W
u
= 1.2(5) + 1.6(15) = 60.0 kips
There are two loading cases:
For Loading Case 1, live load is on the span but not on the cantilevers. Maximum
moment at midspan.
M
u
=
1
8
(beam wt.)(30
2
10
2
) (6.00)(10) +
(60.0)(30)
4
= 390 ft-kips
For Loading Case 2, live load is on the cantilevers but not on the 30 ft span. Maximum
moment at the supports.
M
u
=
1
2
(beam wt.)(10)
2
+ (30.0)(10) = 300 ft-kips
(b) Determine the C
b
factor, AISC-F1. For the 30 ft span in Case 1:
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
=
12.5(390)
2.5(390) + 3(52.5) + 4(165) + 3(278)
= 1.86
For the 30 ft span in Case 2:
C
b
=
12.5(300)
2.5(300) + 3(278) + 4(255) + 3(232)
= 1.14
Assume Case 2 controls.
(c) Select a beam using Table 3-10 Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length, AISC
b
= 15 ft.
Required
b
M
n
=
M
u
C
b
=
300.0
1.14
= 264 ft-kips
Select: W2148,
b
M
n
= 268 ft-kips
M
u
= 300.0 + 1.2
_
1
2
_
(48/1000)(10)
2
= 303 ft-kips
_
h
t
w
= 53.6
_

_
p
= 3.76
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
<
_
b
f
2t
f
= 9.47
_

_
p
= 1.0
E
F
y
= 24.1
_
p
= 6.09 ft and L
r
= 16.6 ft.
_
L
p
= 6.09 ft
< [L
b
= 15 ft] [L
r
M
n
= C
b
_
M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_
L
b
L
p
L
r
L
p
__
M
p
= (1.14)
_
446
_
446
0.7(50)(93)
12
__
15 6.09
16.6 6.09
__
= 338 ft-kips
M
n
= M
p

_
M
p
0.7F
y
S
x
_
_

pf
rf

pf
_
= 446
_
446
0.7(50)(93)
12
__
9.47 9.15
24.1 9.15
_
= 442 ft-kips
b
M
n
= (0.90)(338) = 305 ft-kips
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W2148 303 305
9.47
53.6 OK
W2144 303 190
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 303 204
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 303 235
6.23 41.1 NG
W1443 303 228
7.54 37.4 NG

(f) Check Case 1. The following table shows the moment corrected for the beam weight.
Section M
u

b
M
n
b
f
2t
f
h
t
w
OKAY?
ft-kips ft-kips
W2148 394 398
9.47
53.6 OK
W2144 393 311
7.22 53.6 NG
W1846 393 333
5.01 44.6 NG
W1645 393 309 6.23 41.1 NG
W1443 393 261 7.54 37.4 NG

Use W2148 with F
y
= 50 ksi steel.
12.3. Determine the maximum service load W (kips) at the mid-height of the beam-
column shown in the accompanying gure. Assume the member is hinged with respect to
bending in both x and y directions at the top and bottom. Additionally, lateral support
occurs in the weak direction at mid-height.
(a) Obtain factored loads.
P
u
= 1.2(100) + 1.6(150) = 360 kips
M
nt
=
1
4
W
u
(22) = 5.5W
u
(b) Check the section type.
_
h
t
w
= 12.3
_
p
= 3.76
_
E
F
y
= 90.6
_
;
_
b
f
2t
f
= 4.96
_
p
= 0.38
_
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
The web is compact and the ange is
compact.
(c) Column action with a compact web and ange, use AISC-E3 with K
x
= K
y
= 1.0;
L
x
= 22 ft; L
y
= 11 ft.
Find the maximum
KL
r
K
x
L
x
r
x
=
1.0(22)(12)
5.58
= 47.3 ;
K
y
L
y
r
y
=
1.0(11)(12)
3.16
= 41.8
For
_
KL
r
= 47.3
_
_
4.71
_
E
F
y
= 113
_
F
e
=

2
E
(KL/r)
2
=

2
(29, 000)
(47.3)
2
= 128 ksi
F
cr
=
_
0.658
F
y
/F
e
_
F
y
=
_
0.658
50/128
_
(50) = 42.5 ksi
c
P
n
=
c
F
cr
A
g
= 0.90(42.5)(39.9) = 1, 520 kips
(d) Beam action with a compact web and ange, use AISC-F2 with L
b
= 11 ft.
Use AISC-F1 to nd C
b
with R
m
= 1.0 for doubly symmetric members.
C
b
=
12.5M
max
2.5M
max
+ 3M
A
+ 4M
B
+ 3M
C
R
m
3.0
=
12.5M
2.5M + 3(0.25M) + 4(0.50M) + 3(0.75M)
(1.0) = 1.67
M
n
= M
p
= F
y
Z
x
= (50)(214)/12 = 892 ft-kips
p
= 11.2 ft and L
r
= 63.3 ft.
[L
b
= 11 ft]
_
L
p
= 11.2 ft
lateral torsional buckling does not apply, AISC-

F2.1(a).
Yielding controls! Calculate the design exural strength.
b
M
n
= (0.90)(892) = 802 ft-kips
(e) Moment magnication. Obtain the slenderness ratio for the axis of bending.
Axis of bending
KL
r
=
K
x
L
x
r
x
= 47.3 (from above)
P
e1
=

2
EI
(KL)
2
=

2
(29, 000)(1240)
[(1.0)(22)(12)]
2
= 5, 090 kips
According to AISC-C1.1b, for transverse loading, C
m
= 1.0.
B
1
=
C
m
1 P
u
/P
e1
=
1.0
1 360/5, 090
= 1.076
(f) Use AISC-H1 to check the beam-column.
P
u
c
P
n
=
360
1, 520
= 0.236 0.2 so use AISC Formula (H1-1a) omitting the y-axis
bending term.
P
u
c
P
n
+
8
9
M
ux
b
M
nx
= 0.236 +
8
9
(1.076)(5.5)W
u
802
1.0
W
u
=
1.0 0.2362
0.006556
= 116.5 kips
Calculate the service load.
1.2(0.2W) + 1.6(0.8W) = 116.5 kips
W = 76.7 kips
Service concentrated load is W = 76.7 kips.
12.4. Investigate the adequacy of the given section of the accompanying gure. No joint
translation can occur and external lateral support is provided at the ends only.
(a) Obtain the factored loads.
M
aDL
= M
cDL
= 2.90 ft-kips
M
aLL
= M
cLL
= 3.80 ft-kips
M
bDL
= 2.00 ft-kips
M
bLL
= 2.50 ft-kips
M
nta
= 1.2(2.9) + 1.6(3.8) = 9.56 ft-kips
M
ntb
= 1.2(2) + 1.6(2.5) = 6.4 ft-kips
P
u
= 1.2(14) + 1.6(50) = 96.8 kips
(b) Column action:
Largest
KL
r
=
(KL)
y
r
y
=
1.0(15)12
1.62
= 111
c
F
cr
= 18.2 ksi
c
P
n
=
c
F
cr
A
g
= 18.2(8.25) = 151 kips
P
u
c
P
n
=
96.8
151
= 0.643 > 0.2 Use AISC Formula (H1-1a)
(c) Beam Action. Neither lateral torsional buckling nor web local buckling are limit states
for weak axis bending. Check ange local buckling.
_
b
f
2t
f
= 7.0
_
<
_
p
= 0.38
E
F
y
= 9.15
_
; section is compact.
b
M
n
=
b
M
p
=
b
F
y
Z
y
= 0.9(50)(10.1)
1
12
= 37.9 ft-kips
(d) Moment magnication. Obtain the slenderness ratio for the axis of bending. The beam
is bending about the weak axis.
Axis of bending
KL
r
=
_
KL
r
_
y
= 111
P
e1
=

2
EI
(KL)
2
=

2
(29, 000)(21.7)
[(1.0)(15)(12)]
2
= 191 kips
C
m
= 1 0.4
_
P
u
P
e1
_
= 1 0.4
_
96.8
191
_
= 0.798
B
1
=
C
m
1 P
u
/P
e1
=
0.798
1 96.8/191
= 1.615
(e) Check AISC Formula (H1-1a), omitting the x-axis bending term.
P
u
c
P
n
+
8
9
_
M
uy
b
M
ny
_
=
96.8
191
+
8
9
_
1.615(9.56)
37.9
_
= 0.643 + 0.362 = 1.005 > 1.0 No good!
Section has insucient strength for the given loading.

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