Simplified TV system.

Camera Tube.
 Vidicon Camera

• The gun scans across the mosaic

firing electrons at each of the
pixels in the mosaic.
• If light is striking that pixel, the
photoresistive layer conducts and
the pixel discharges into the
conductive film, producing a
voltage output across R.
 CCD Camera

• 2D array of photosensitive cells,

with data serially shifted out using
bucket brigade shift register
Simplified scanning
representation.
 Scanning

• Note that the more detail there is in the

scene, the faster the signal will change
and the greater the bandwidth of the
signal.
• The worst possible case is checked
patterns eg. Checked patterns on
peoples clothes, which can cause
particular problems with colour TVs
(see later).
 Scanning
• With camera scanning, you can get
difference frequency and aliasing effects
where frequencies in the scene combine
with the vertical scanning frequency to
give sum and difference frequencies.
• Examples:- Computer monitors (60Hz or
72Hz gives 10 Hz or 22 Hz difference
frequency resulting in terrible flicker).
Wheels on cars and wagons seem to stop
(aliasing)
 TV Terminology

• Aspect ratio: The ratio of frame width to

frame height, usually 4:3 for TV although
higher for widescreen and cinema.
• Synchronisation: The matching of the
camera scanning with the TV scanning.
• Horizontal Retrace: Time taken for the
electron beam to move back from the right
to the left at the start of a new line.
 TV Terminology
• Vertical retrace: Time taken to move
from the bottom right to the top left at
the start of a new frame. Loses about 40
lines on most TVs (these “lost” lines can
be used to send teletext and other
information on modern TVs)
• Persistence: Length of time the image
stays on the screen after the electrical
signal is moved (too low gives flicker, too
high gives motion blurring)
 TV Terminology
• Frame frequency: number of times per
second a frame is scanned (60 US, 50 UK,
the same as the mains frequencies.
• Flicker: perceived flashing of the image
due to insufficient frame frequency or
persistence.
• Interlaced scanning: sending two
interleaved fields with half the number of
horizontal lines to reduce flicker without
increasing data rate
Interlaced scanning.
Horizontal sync pulses.
Vertical retrace interval video
signal.
BBC Testcard A - first testcard
to be broadcast
ITA testcard for measuring
multipath ‘ghosting’
 TV picture resolution

Effective vertical resolution = 0.7 x no. of

horizontal lines, giving approximately 339 pixels.
Horizontal resolution is limited by signal
bandwidth.
Each line lasts 63 µ s with 10 µ s for the blanking
period leaving 53 µ s.
Effective horizontal resolution is 4x106x53x10-
6
x2=428.
The horizontal:vertical pixel ratio is close to the
Transmitted TV signal.
TV receiver block diagram.
VHF/UHF tuner block
diagram.
 Stagger tuning.

For a television signal, the requirement is not how to

get a narrow high Q filter so much as how to get a
relatively wide bandwidth filter which is reasonably
flat in the passband but still has sharp falloff at the
band edges.

The answer is to use several narrowband filters in

cascade with slightly different center frequencies.
Stagger tuning.
SAW filter.
Ideal IF response curve.
 Wavetraps (notch filters)

• It is possible for stray carriers or

their harmonics to mix together
and result in narrowband
interference signals in some part
of the desired signal.
• These can be removed by wave-
traps (notch filters).
Wavetraps.
Video section block
diagram.
Sync separator.
Horizontal deflection block
diagram.
I HAVE TRIED TO SUMMARIZE
THE WHOLE TV(RECEIVER)

THE REFERENCE PICTURES ARE TAKEN FROM THE BOOK OF

Gary Miller .