Mil HDBK 1004 1

ML-HD13K-MXWI
30MAY19$8
SUPERSEDING
DIM4.1
MARCH1983
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MIL-HDBK-1OOW1
ABSTRACT
This handbook provides basic design guidance intheproper selection of
electric power sources anddistxfbution systems. It wa sdeveloped from
extensive reevaluation offacilities andispresented farusebyexperienced
architects anden~ineers. Thecontents cover electric power preliminary
design considerations such aspreliminary data$ estimation oflodds,
selection ofelectric power source~ minterruptib~e power supply (UFS)
system desi&n, installation ofdistribution systems, levels ofdistribution
voltage~ gxomndi~ ofdistribution syatxms~ andselection ofdistribution
systems G
.
iii
MIL-HDIJK-loo4/l
FOREWORD
This handbook hasbeen developed from amevaluation offacilities intheshore
estabMsdunentD from surveys oftheavailability ofnewmaterials and
construction methods, andfrom selection ofthebest design practices ofthe
Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NA,ACRNGCOBQ, other Government
ag,encies~ andtheprivate sector. This bmdbookwas prepared usiq,tothe
maximum extent feasible, national professional society, association, and
institute standards. Deviations from this criteria~ inthepbnrdng,
engimeeri~, demlgm, andcomstruct%on ofnaval ishore facllitieap cannot be
made without prfor approval ofMAVFACHWX31WQ Code 04.
Design cannot remain static anymorethan camthefunctions itserves orthe
techmlogies ituses.Accordingly~ recmnemdatiams forimprovement are
encouraged andshould befurmiahed toCommanding Officer~ Chesapeake Division$
Naval Facilities El@neerimg Command, Code 4+06, Washington I?aval Yard,
Washington, DC20374-2121, telephone (202) 433-3314.
THIS MANDB@K SW NOTW USED ASARR)?EREI?CE I)M?JMENI FORPROCUREMENT OF
FACXLITIBS CLWWTRUCTXON.
IT~STOBEWSE~~Ii t= PWMXASE OFFACxLIT~~s,
EI$GINEERIP7G STUDIES ANDDESIGN (FINAL PLMS,SPECWICATMNW, ANDCOS3
MmumEs).MlMOTREFIMJ3NCE ITINMILITARY ORFEDERAL SH?CXFICAZIOIITS OR
OTHER Imotxm?mmm wmm~s.
I
.
1,
.
v
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA MANUALS
Criteria
Manual
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
I41L-HDBK-1004/2
MIL-IiDBK-1004/3
MIli-HDBK-loo4/4
4.05
MIL-HDBK-1004/6
4.07
4.09
T-
Preliminary Design Considerations
Power Distribution Systems
Switchgear and Relaying
Electrical Utilization Systems
400-Hertz Medium-Voltage
Conversion and Low-Voltage Systems
Lightning Protection
Wire Communication and Signal Systems
Energy Monitoring and Control Systems (Army)
~
CHRSDIV
PACDIV
CHESDIV
CHESDIV
CFLTSDIV
CHESDIV
CHESDIV
HDQTRS
NOTE: Design manuals, when revised, will be converted to ,military
handbooks.
This handbook is issued to provide immediate guidance to the user.
However, it may or may not conform to format requirements of
MIL-HDBK-1006/3 and will be corrected on the next update.
vi
I
Section
Se4xion
I
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8.1
1.8.2
1*8.?:
1.8.4
1.8.5
2
2.1
2,2
2.2.1
2.2.1.3
2.2.1.2
2.2.1.3
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
2.2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.2.3
2.3.2.4
2.3.2.5
2.3.2.6
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
MIL-1iDBK-loo4/1
PRELIMINARY ELECTRICJIL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
CONTENTS
MZEUMINA.RY DATA
Scope G *G .**.*G *G *,G G .G *.* ..G *..,.*......**G .G ,.*G .*** *.
Cancellation ..***,***** .*, ***..*.*. .***.**..*. G .*.*...**
Related Criteria ..*..**..* ***.**...* **.*.*.*.. .***.****
Other Government Criteria Sources .....................
Other Sources ofCriteria *. G G *** *G **G *.**...*.G **...*..
Load Data..**....G **G *....G G *.*** *.** **G G **.G .G *..G *O* .
Load Allslyaia .*G *o*G ****o****......**. ,G ..G ..,...*G ....
Terminology .** ....*.*G *,**,G .*.. *G **. ..G .** .v..*.*. ....
Demand Factor ..........................................
Coincidence Factor .....................................
Diversity Factor .......................................
Load Factor ............................................
Maximum Demand .*.*.G .....G .G .**G *.*..*G .*...*..G G .G ..*.
ESTMMWON OFLOAM
Preparation ofLoad Data..,........*.**,.......***.....
Individual Loads *.G G .QG .**.*....G .****.G .*.*......*** **
Light@...G ,..**...,*....* ...........G .,G *........*...
Small Appliance Loads G **.*,*. *.* **G ....**. *.**.. .*...G .
Electric Power Loads ...................................
System ,Loss .*.. .G .*.*.0,.G **G *...***** *...* ............
MmandandLoad Factors .G **G .*.,*.,G .......*....***..*..
Guides forDemand Factors .............................G
Guides forLoad Factors ................................
Load Growth *,...,..*.. ......**,** .*.* ***....**, ,**.. .*.
Emergency Loads .***G G.G .**,....G *** G **,G ....** ......G ..
Area Loads .*G .*.....G G **.*..**.*.....*.* ..*.*...,....*.
General Loads **,*.*G G ...*..G...G ..G ...,..G **G **G ...,, ...
Coincidence Factor .....................................
Relationships ..........................................
Select%on ..*.....**,G .**.*. G **** *..**. *.0.,....*.G G ...d
Electric Power Consumption .....*. ...G ....*...G .........
Influencing Factors ....................................
Individual Loads .*,G G G **.**.**G * G . * G . . G . . *.* . . . * * . G * . . .
Groups ofLoads orAreas ...*.*....G ...*G .*G *.* *G G ,.....
Load Growth ........*..,.* ...*.. ,..,...G **. ..***. ......*
System Losses .......,*........*.. ,....,.......G ........
Emergency Loads
#
...,*.. ....G *....*** *......*.....,......
Expansion
e
.........*...........,........................
Activity Loads ..........................*.. ............
General Loads ..................,.......G *...*..*..*...*
Coincidence Factor *.......G G .,..G .,.* .....G .*..........
Load Growth ..,+..........G ........,....................
Expansion *...*.........*.**. ..G .**** *,..*. ........G ..G .
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
i!
3
3
3
3
3
3
10
10
10
10
17
17
17
17
17
17
27
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Section 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.5.1
3.5.5.2
Section 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.8
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
4.8.4
4.8.5
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.12.1
4.12.1
4.12.3
4.12.4
4.13
SELECTION OF ELECTRIC POWSR SOURCE
Policy .................................................
Economic Factors .......................................
Electric Power Sources .................................
Primary ................................................
Standby ................................................
Emergency ..............................................
Uninterruptible (No-Break) Electric Power
..............
Acceptable Electric Power Sources ......................
Primary ................................................
Staridby................................................
Emergency ..............................................
Uninterruptible (No-Break)Electric Power ..............
Purchased Electric Power Requirements ..................
Adkquacy ...............................................
Reliability ............................................
Rates ..................................................
Primary Service Right-of-Way ...........................
Primary Substations ....................................
Voltage ................................................
Economics ..............................................
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEMS
Requirements ...........................................
Criteria ...............................................
Power Load Categories ...... ............................
Definitions ............................................
Redundancy .............................................
!!co~dr, Standby Redundant UPS System ....................
Parallel Redundant UPS System ..........................
Electric Service and Bypass Connectors .................
Electric Service Size ....... ..........................
Maintenance Bypass Provisions ..........................
UPS Distribution System. ...............................
Critical Load Protection ...............................
Critical Motor Loads ...................................
Emergency Electric Power Source Requirements ...........
Automatic Operation ....................................
Paralleling ............................................
Starting and Maintenance Considerations ................
Service Configuration for Small Loads ..................
Battery Charging Restrictions ..........................
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Suppression
.........
UPS Battery ............................................
Remote Alarms ..........................................
UPS and Battery Room Requirements
......................
Installation Considerations ............................
NEC, OSHA, and ANSI Requirements .......................
Emergency Lighting Requirements
........................
Telephone Requirements .................................
Environmental Control ..................................
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
2-I
28
28
28
29
29
29
30
34
34
34
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
38
38
38
38
38
viii
MIL-HDBK-loo4/ 1
.&SE I
!
Section 5
5.1
5.1.1
!5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5*2*2
Section 6
.
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
6.2.2..2
6.2.2.3
6.2.2.4
6.2.2.5
Section 7
7.1
I
7.2
.
7.2.1
7*2.2
7.2.3
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2*2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.7
$*2*8
8.2.8.1
8.2.8.2
8.2.8.3
8.2.9
8.2.10
8.2.11
INSTALLATION OF
Overhead l%tlml
General ........
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
. * . . . . G G G G G G G G G
G G a*..******.*.*G .** G G * G * G . * *
Limitations ............................................
?Jndergroundl %ethod .......................... ..........
Applications .......................................*...
Expansibility **.**..0G *.*G *G e..*G ***.***G *,G ,*G .*G ***..
LBVBLS OFDMH3KIBUTIOMVOLXAGB
Criteria Coverage ......................................
SyaMmVolta&es ........................................
Potrer Generated atSite........................... .....
purchased Ener=
.
G ***.** .*o.*..,,**** *G *G *G w*d*....**** .*
2,400 vSyfltem...*G .,. **.*. *.*...*G *....*.**.*...**..*.
4,160 Vsystem *G .***G .G ...*.*.* **** ....*O,.G **...*...G .
6,900 VSystem **.**.*,**G *.G .,,*** **..*G ****.G *.G .*...*
12$ooovt0 13,aoovsyat=8 ...........................
15*000 vto34,500 vsystems .,*.****.G ..@G *.,*** *,*,***
6ROUNDX~G OFDISZBXBUTION SYSTEMS
General Req@.rememta .*.**********. **G **G .*G *....***G ...
Methods .**.,...*.G .*.*** o..*.** G G ...*...*G ., G ...**.G .G .*
Solid Grounding .G .*G *G .*G ..**G .*.***G G G **..**G ,G *.,* 0*G .
Resistance Grounding **...*G *G ,*..,*.**** ***....*..*G *G .
Reactance Grourv.5hg ....................................
SELE(ZSONOF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Selection Factors ......................................
Systems Available .*0.**** @4G G *** **..***G G .*.** @G .****G G
Conventional Simple-Radial Distribution System .........
Modern Simpl@-Radial Distribution System ..........*.*.*
Modified Modern Simple-Radial Distribution System
..***.
LoopPrimary-Radial Distribution Type..................
Banked Secoxidary-llad$al Distribution System ............
Primary Selective-Radial Distribution System
..* ....*.* *
Secondary Selective-Radial Distribution System .........
Simple Network Distribution System .....................
Network Protector ......................................
Limitation *..*.G *.......* ..*..**. ,.G .G *.**** .,....*.G ..
Secondary Loops **G ,*G .*...G G .*G *.G **.,G *....,......G .*.
Simple Spot-Network Distribution System ................
Primary Selective Network Distributi~n System ..........
Primary Selective Spot-Network Distribution System
....*
39
39
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
49
49
49
49
49
52
52
52
I
I
!
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FIGURES
Theoretical Relationship Between Load Factor and
Coincidence Factor at U.S. Naval Shore Establishments ...
&Pical Nonredundant Configuration (UPS) ....................
. . . . .
. . . . .
&Pical Cold Standby Red&dant Config&ation (W%) .............
Typical Parallel Redundsqt Configuration (UPS) ...................
Conventional Simple-Radial Distribution System ...................
Modern Simple-Radial Distribution System ....................,....
Modified Modern Simple-Radial Distribution System ................
Loop Primary-Radial Distribution Syatam ...........................
Banked Secondary-Radial Distribution System ......................
Primary Selective-Radial,Distribution 5ygtem .....................
Secondary Selective-Radial Distribution System ...................
Simple Network Distribution System ...............................
Simple Spot-Network ,DistributionSystcm ..........................
Primary Selective Network Distribution System ....................
Primary Selective Spot-Network Distribution System ...............
TABLES
Factors for Individual.Fapil$t$es$y.Navy Gategory Code ..........
Demand Factors for Specific,Loada ................................
Annual Hours Use of Demand for SpecificLoads ........ ...........
Academic Building (Code 171-10) Demand and
Load Factor Calculations ........................................
Guides for Selection of Demand Factors ...........................
Guides for Selection of Load Factors .............................
Method of Calculating Coincident Peak Demand .....................
Relationship Between Load Factor and Coincidence Factor ..........
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................
REFERENCES ...............................................................
20
32
33
35
43
44
45
46
47
48
50
51
53
54
55
4
11
11
12
13
15
18
21
56
57
@!IL-HDBK-loo4/l
section 1:Y?RELIMINARY DATA
1.1
SmE!2.
This handbook provides thecriteria necessary fortheproper
selection ofelectric power sources anddiatrihution systems. Itcovers
~reliminary load estimating factors, electrical power sources, and
distribution systems.
1.2 Cancellati,ou . This ImrMXboak cancels andsupersedes DM=4.1,
~ect~rv DeWGonside~
,,
,ofDecember 1979~
andchange dated ZMarch 1983.
1.3
Load Data
. Before specific electric power sources anddistribution
systems canbeconsidered, realistic prelimimmy load data must becompiled.
Theexpected eleccric power demand onintermediate isubstatlons, andonthe
mainelectric power twpply, shall becalculated groin theconnected load layout
byapplying appropriate factors. Determine these factors byload analysis and
bycombining Ioada progressively. Tocombine$the loads, start attheends of
thepmallest: feeders andwork back totieelectric Rower source. Because all
loads must beonacommon kilowatt {W)orkilovolt-ampere WA) basis, itis
necessary toconvert motor horsepower ratings toinput kilowatts or
kilovolt-amperes before combining them with other loads already expressed in
those terms. Preliminary electric power load estimates canbemade byusing
theapproximate value ofonekilovolt-ampere @finput perhorsepower (hp) at
full load.Preliminary estimates oflighting loads maybema~e by assuming
watts perft2(m2) ofbuilding area.
*
1.4 ~oad Anaw. Todetermine appropriate loadestimating factors,
using thetables andfactors inthis manual asguides analyze the
characteristics ofeach 10ad.Consider items such asenvironmental conditions
ofweather} geographical locacion~ andworking hours, asthesituation
dictates. Motice that when theload densities inw/ft2 (m2) areused only
.im preliminary estimates, thedemand andload factors will beused inthe
fimal designs.
1.!$
z~~~~
Ology . Five terms areessential totheanalyds ofload
,characteristics: demand factor~ coincidence factor, di.veraity factor, and
maximum demand. These terms aredefined inparas. 1.5.1 thro@h 1.5.4.
1.5.1
m~~~ ~et
m a or.Thedemand factor istheratio ofthemaximum demand
onasystem tothetotal connected load ofthesystem or
EQDATIOR:Demand factor
N=i~
m demand load
=
Total load connected
{1)
\
.
1.5.2 coi~i, dence Factoz. Thecoincidence factorb theratio ofthe
maximum demand ofasystem, orpart under consideration, tothesumofthe
iridivi,dwal maximum demands ofthesubdivisions or
EQUAZION:Coincidence factor =
l%xi!mum svstem demand
(2)
Sumofindividual msxlmum demands
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
1.5.3 ~. The diversity factor is the
coincidence factor or
EQUATION: Diversity factor =
sumof individual
Maximum system demand
reciprocal of the
maxim
~ demands (3)
1.5.4 Load Factor. The load factor is the ratio of the average load over
a designated period of time, usually 1 year, to the maximum load occurring in
that period or
EQUATION: Load factor
AveraRe load
.
Msximum load
(4)
1.5.5 Msximum Demand. The maximum demand is the integrated demand for a
specified time interval, i.e., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or other
appropriate time intervals, rather than the instantaneous Or peak demand.
I
1
2
mL-HDBK-MJo4/ 1
Section 2:ESTIMATION OFLOADS
2.1
Prenraciom QfLoa
a dD%t~.Load dataaregenerally computed insteps
Swll as:
b) area ~04kdSt and
c) act%vity loada.
Aparticular design problem maybelimited tostep a),tosteps a) andb),or
mayencompasa atepaa),b),andc).This SectJon owtlines each step asa
sepazate entity, dependent anly onprewioua atepafordata. Paragraphs 2.2
through 2.4.4 describe thethree loads.
2.2 WvidualLoadq * Individual loads arethose with me incoming
service mpp~ylng utilization voltage cothepremises. Ingeneral, these
loads would comprise single structures. Large atrmmrea could contain more
than onefunction; forexample, aircraft operations, aircraft fire andrescue.
stations~ andphotographic buildings. Under this comditiont factors that have
been developed andkeyed toIWu?y cate&xy codes (refer toTable 1)would be
used.Intb$s case, thefactoral%bted under l!lavy Category Code 141-40,
141-20, and141-60, respectively, would becotibined toobtain thetotal load.
2.2.1 ~. Toelimhate lighting Ioadof divide afacility ar ea into
itssignificant components byfunction (for example, office, storage,
mechanical, andcorridor). Determine theaverage lighting level andtype of
U@t soawce foreach area.Consider requirem&nts forsupplementary lighting
(fo~ example, floodlighting, security lighting, andspecial task lighting).
Prdiminary load estimates maybemade based onthefollowing load allowances:
a) 1W/ft2 (10.76W/m2) foreach 6to8fc(60to80dekahmc) of
incandescent illumination.
b) 1W/ft2 foreach15to20fc(1S0 t~200dekalux) of
fluorescent illumination.
c) 1W/ft2 foreach 12to18fc(120 to180dekalwr] ofmercury
vapor illumination.
d) 1W/ft2 foreach 26to36fc(260 to360ckkalux) ofmetal
halide illumination.
,
e) 1W/ft2 foreach 33to54fc(330 t o S40dekalux) ofhigh
pressure sodium illumination. ,
I
2.2.1.1 Small ADDliance Loads.Small appliance loads shall include those
served bygeneral purpose receptacles.
Ingeneral, thedividing ofareas by
function forestimating lighting loads willserve for-estimating small
appliance loads. Thedetermination ofloads requires notonly aknowledge of
thefunction ofanarea, buttowhatextent itsoccupants usesmall
appliances. Forexsmple, anofftce area demand mayaverage about 1W/ft2
3
MIL-HDBK-1004/l
Table 1
Factors for Individual Facilities by Navy Category Codel
DEMAND LOAD
NAVY FACTOR FACTOR
CODE DESCRIPTION (%) (%)
100
121
122
123 10
125 16
126
131
131 40
133 75
137 40
141 11
141 20
141 30
141 40
141 60
171 10
171 20
171 40
200
211 05
211 06
211 07
211 10
211 12
211 20
211 30
211 75
211 81
211 96
212 20
213 10
214-10
214-20
215
216 10
216.20
216 30
216 40
216 50
216 60
lDemand
Operational and Training Facilitlea:
Aircraft fueling/dispensingfacility ............
Marine fuel dispensing ...........................
Filling station .................................
Miscellaneous POL pipeline facilities ...........
Liquid fueling and dispensing-other .............
Communications - buildings ......................
Telephone exchange building .....................
Air surveillance radar building .................
Port cont.roloffice .............................
Air paasenger terminal building .................
Aircraft fire and rescue station ................
Aircraft line operations building ...............
Aircraft operations building *EXC 141-70* ......
Photographic building ...........................
Academic instruction building ...................
Applied inatructfon building ....................
Dr.illHall ......................................
Maintenance and Production Facilities:
Maintenance Hangar O/H space (highbay) .........
Maintenance Hangar - 01 apace (crew equipment) ..
Maintenance Hangar - 02 space.. (administrative)...
Aircraft overhaul and repair shop (NARF) ........
Paint/finishing hangar ..........................
Engine overhaul shop (tJARF).....................
Aircraft/engine accessories overhaul shop (NAR) .
Parachute/survival eqUiprnent....................
Engine test cell (Non-NARF) .....................
Maintenance, aircraft spares storage (MISC) .....
Missile equipment maintenance ship ..............
Drydock .........................................
Combat vehicle maintenance shop .................
Automobile vehicle maintenance - noncombat ......
Maintenance-weapons /spares ..................
Ammunition rework and overhaul shop .............
Rocket rework and overhaul shop .................
Mines and depth charge rework shop ..............
Torpedo shop ....................................
Special weapons shop ............................
Quality evaluation laboratory ...................
Eactors include allowance for system loss.
40-60
40-60
40-60
100
40-60
60-65
55-70
55-70
55-70
65-80
25-35
6580
65-80
65-80
40-60
35-65
75-85
45-50
45-50
45-50
32-38
65-75
32-38
32-38
60-65
42-48
58-63
35-40
5-1o
55-65
55-65
70-80
35-40
35-40
35-40
45-55
35-40
5565
16-20
16-20
13-17
13-17
3- 7
70-75
20-25
70-75
20-25
28-32
13-17
24-28
28-32
16-20
22-26
24-28
3- 7
28-30
28-30
28-30
25-30
25-27
20-25
25-3o
23-28
25-3o
23-28
15-20
0.5-1
20-25
20-25
20-25
18-22
18-22
15-20
18-22
18-22
2227
4
MILAUHMC-1OO411
Table 1(Continued)
Factors forIndividual FaciMties byNavyCategory Codel
m?MmDLOAD
NAVY FACTORFACTOR
CODE DESGR,WTI O!% (%) {%)
21710
21820
21840
21830
21910
22110
22210
22220
22310
22510
22520
22530
22550
22610
22615
22620
22635
22640
22655
22665
22710
22710
22830
22910
22920
22930
22940
300
31013
31015
31019
31610
31720
400
421
423
43110
44110
44120
44130
44140
44170
Electronicsfcommicatlom maintenance shop.....
Construction/weight handling equipmeut shop.,.*.
Ra%lroad equipment shop.*G *G .G ..**.,. G .*.*..G G G *.
Battery shop*G ....*.a...**. .****+* .,*..G .G .00..0
Public works shop...............................
AircraftW &neaaswblypl=t ..................
Missile amwmblybuildbgs ............$ .........
Missile handling launch equipment ...............
Fabrication/assembly build%ng ...................
Small arms plaint .......,**m...***G *..**.* G G ***.*
Light gun(20mm/51n) plant ......................
Heavygum(6/161n) plant ........................
Laumcber/projector plant ........................
Bagcharge filling plant .........................
Camfilling plant .G .G .** *.*G *G *.G *.** ***G a.*.G *
Caae overhaul tank repair facility ...............
Major-caliber projectile loading plsnt .,G *.....*
Medium-caliber projectile loading plant .*.*.**.*
Cast highexplosives filling plant ..............
Propellant andrelated chemical facility ....*..*
Radio andradar equipment plant G ******* .**G G *** .
Sonar equipment plant *.G G,. G **G **G **..*O.** .**.*G
Parachute/surwival equipment plant ..............
Asphalt plant ...................................
Concrete batchimg plant .........................
Rockcrusher plant ..............................
Sawmill **G *..*. G **,..G ........G .**.**.*. *.*..G .*
Research, Development, Test &Evaluation Facilities:
Chemistry andToxicology Laboratory .............
Materials Laboratory *G ...G *G ***** *..G *G 0G **.*...
Physics Laboratory ....*..*G .G ..*G G .*G *** .G **G ..*
Ammunition, explod.wes, andtoxics laboratory ...
Electricalandelectromica systems laboratory ...
Supply Facilities:
Ammurdtion storage installation .................
Ammunition storage-liquid propellant
......**. ...
Cold starage warehouse ....................S .....
General warehouse Navy
.
....*.... ...........*.*...
controlled humidity warehouse ...................
Mazardous/flammable storehouse ..................
Underground storage ....*....G ....G ..*.*.....G ..
Disposal, salva8e, scrap building ...............
1,
3%40
35-45
35-45
55-65
32-38
32-38
35-40
35-40
22-27
15-20
15-20
16-21
15-20
62-6?
3s-40
35-40
3s-40
35-40
35-40
30-40
50-55
50-55
3S-40
7S-80
75-80
75-80
45-55
70-80
30-35
70-80
28-32
20-30
75-80
75-80
70-75
75-80
60-65
75-80
65-70
35-40
20-25
20-25
15-20
20-25
18-22
20-25
15-20
15-20
24-29
22-27
22-27
22-26
22-27
23-28
23-28
18-22
18-22
18-22
18-22
32-38
23-2a
23-28
20-2s
7-12
1S-20
15-20
15-20
22-28
27-32
22-28
20-25
3-7
.*.*.
20-25
20-25
23-28
33-38
2(3-25
23-28
2s-20
I
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Table 1 (Continued)
Factors for Individual Facilities by Navy Category Codel
DEMAND LOAD
NAVY FACTOR FACTOR
CODE DESCRIPTION (%) (%)
500
510 10
530 20
540 10
550 10
600
610 10
620 10
700
711
712
714 10
721 11
721 12
721 13
721 30
721 40
722 10
723 20
723 30
723 40
724 11
724 12,
724 22
724 30
730 10
730 15
730 20
730 25
730 30
730 35
730 40
730 45
730 50
730 55
730,60
730 65
730 67
Hospital-Medical Facilities:
Hospital ........................................
Laboratory ......................................
Dental Clinic....................................
Medical Clinic ..................................
Administrative Facilities:
Administrative Office ............................
Administrative facility, underground ............
Housing and Community Facilities:
FamilY housing-dwellings ........................
Substandard: Trailers-family housing ...........
Detached garages ................................
Bachelor enlisted quarters E1/E4................
Bachelor enlisted quarters E5/E6 ...............
Bachelor enlisted quarc,ers E7/E9 ...............
Civilian barracks GS 01/6 ......................
Disciplinary barracks .............................
Detached dining facilities, enlisted men ........
Latrine, detachsd ...............................
Laundry, detached ...............................
Garage, detached ................................
UOPH, w-1/o-2 .............................. ....
UOPH, O-3 and above ............................
Civilian quarters, GS-7/PLS .....................
Dining facility (attached) commissioned personnel
Fore station ....................................
Confinement facility ...........................
Police station ..................................
Gate/sentry house ...............................
Bakery ..........................................
Enlisted personnel locker room ..................
Laundry/dry cleaning plant ......................
Dependent school - nursery school ...............
Dependent school - kindergarten
Dependent school - grade school .................
Dependent school -high school ..................
Fallout shelter .................................
Bus Station .....................................
38-42
32-37
35-40
45-50
50-65
50-65
60-70
70-75
40-30
35-40
35-40
35-40
35-40
35-40
30-35
75-80
30-35
40-50
40-50
40-50
40-50
35-40
25-35
60-65
48-53
70-75
30-35
75-80
30-35
75-80
75-80
75-80
65-70
80-85
80-85
45-50
20-25
18-23
20-23
20-35
35-40
10-15
10-15
2-4
38-42
38-42
38-42
38-42
38-42
45-60
20-25
20-25
2-4
20-25
20-25
20-25
30-40
13-17
33-38 ,
20-25
28-33
45-60
18-23
20-25
10-15
10-15
10-15
1217
30-35
30-35
lDe~and factOr= include all~wan~e for system lCISS.
6
Table 1(Continued)
Factors forIndividual Facilities byNavy Category Codel
DEMANDLOAD
mm FACXORFACTOR
CODE D~SCRH?XION (%) (%)
73070
73083
73085
74001
7401$
74023
74026
74030
74036
74040
74043
?4046
74050
74053
74056
74060
74063
.
, 74066
74070
74076
74080
74086
74088
76010
800
81110
81125
81145
81160
81220
83240
81320
82112
$2122
82150
82620
82720
83110
83230
83322
84110
84150
%emand
Decontamination facility ........................
Chapel *** **G *G G 0m*cG *0G G *=G *,*G G *.*O**.G G *G .G .*G
Post Office .....................................
EXchange retail store ...........................
BankG o*.*....*.** *..*G Q***.**G o.**. **G G **0***G @
Coumfssary including backup ~torage .............
Installation restaurant .,*** *G ***G .G G G ..****G .G *
Exchamge auto repair station ..........~ .....o...
Hobby shop, art/cxafts ..........................
J30wli~ Alley G G *** *G G *** **G h*eG .G G .G **.***G ...*G
G~aaium.*G *G .G ..G ..**G **** *.**G *.m.G .G .G G *..G *
Skat$ng rink....*.**G *..G .G G .*** G *..*******.***G
Fieldhouse .....................................
Indoor swimmhg pool.*....**.**** **.**..G *G .....
Theater .....................................*...
Commissioned officers mess, open...............
Enliatedpersomnel club.........................
Petty off%cers mess, open......................
Mess0~631L} E-7through E-9......................
Library *.** G G .*.* .*G 4...*.**G *....*G ....** ...G **
Golfclubhouse.................................
Exchange installation warehowae .................
Educational services office .....................
Museum/memorial building *****.*.*. .*.**.***. G *.*
Utilities andGround Improvements:
Electric power plant-diesel .....................
Blectric power plant-steam ......................
Electric power plant-gas turbine G *.*****, ****...
Standby generator plant **G .*.**...G ***.*G .e.*G .G
Street lighting ..*.*.G *.* **. ..G ,G ****.**. ..G .*G *
Perheter/securityli@tix .....................
Substation, morethan 499XV...................
Fossil fuel heathg plant -medium .............*
Fossil fuel heating plant -large ...............
Non-nuclear steam@ ant ..............+..........
ClziUedwaterplamt 25/10Qtons .................
Airconditioning-chilled water tninsmission/d%s-
tribwtion syotem -medium (25/100 tons) .......
Combination sewage andindustrial waste
treatment plant ........G **.*.G ..G **G ...*.*G G .G
Sewage-industrial waste pumping station
.........
Incinerator building andincinerator
**m*G G .,. , . . .
Water treatment facilities ...................4..
Wells-potable water .*..*.*.. ................*. *.
factors include allowance forsystem 10ss..
7
75-80
65-70
75-80
65-70
75-80
55-60
45-75
40-60
30-40
70-75
70-75
70-75
75-80
55-60
45-55
5S-60
5S-60
55-60
5S-60
75-80
7S-80
58-63
70-75
7S-80
60-65
60-65
60-65
75-80
95-..
80-85
2S-30
55-60
55-60
50-55
60-70
60-70
60-70
55-60
55-60
60-80
60-80
15-20
5-2S
20-25
25-32
20-25
25-30
15-25
13-20
25-30
10-15
20-45
10-15
7-12
25-50
8-13
15-20
18-23
18-23
15-20
30-35
15-20
23-28
30-3s
30-35
58-63
S8-63
S8-63
5-1o
46-..
22-27
20-25
30-60
30-60
30-40
2S-30
25-30
15-20
30-3s
15-20
15-2S
15-25
I
MIL-HDBK-1004/l
Table 1 (Continued)
Factors for individual Facilities By Navy Catego~ Codel
I
DEMAND LOAD
NAVY FACTOR FACTOR
CODE Description
(%) (%)
843 20
890 20
890 42
125 10
132 10
213 41
213 42
213 43
213 44
213 49
,213 53
213 54
213 55
213 56
213 59
213 60
213 61
213 62
213 63
213 64
213 67
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
Fire protection pumping station .................
Compressed air plant ............................
Air-conditioning plant, 5-25TC...................
Miscellaneous.Operational and Training Facilities:
POL pipeline ....................................
Antema - communications ........................
Miscellaneous Facilities for Ship Repair and
Shipbuildi~ .............. ......................
Ship repair shopa:
Central tool shop - (06) (E) .................
Shipfitting shop - (11) (A) ..................
Sheet metal shop - (17) (B) ..................
Forge and heat.treatment space (23) (F) ......
Inside machine shop - (31) (G) ...............
Boiler making shop - (41) (D)...................
Electrical shop - (51) (M) ...................
Pipefitting shop - (56) (J) ..................
Woodworking shop - (64) (R) .................
Abrasive,blast facility ......................
Paint and,blastingshop - (71) (S) ..........
Riggers shop - (72) (T) ......................
Sail lOft ....................................
Foundry - (81) (K) ..........................
Patternmaking shop - (94) (X) ................
Pumphouse, drydocks .............................
Miscellaneous Facilities for Naval Ordnance
Manufacture:
Ammunition components building ..................
Manufacturing ...................................
Explosive loading ...............................
Miscellaneous explosives storage and handling ...
Assembly building ...............................
Detonator building ..............................
Pelleting .......................................
Plastic beading .................................
Sewing room .....................................
Projective asaembly breakdown ...................
Machine shop ....................................
Phosphorous plant ...............................
TNT detonator (military) ........................
Ammunition tank box assembly ....................
Box emptying ....................................
lDemand factora include al10W8nCe for SYStem 10ss.
8
Do not include-
operate for
test off peak.
45-50
60-70
95-..
32-37
22-27
10-15
25-30
16-21
.12-17
33-38
22-27
25-30
30-35
50-55
50-55
35-40
35-40
28-33
75-80
15-20
30-45
65-70
65-70
40-50
65-70
40-50
55-60
35-40
55-60
16-21
35-40
35-40
35-40
35-40
25-30
25-30
46-..
23-28
24-29
15-20
13-18
21-26
14-19
20-25
17-22
21-26
10-15
23-28
20-25
20-25
22-27
12-17
0.1-0.2
20-25
17-32
25-30
5-1o
20-25
20-25
20-25
18-23
25-3o
18-23
21-26
25-30
15-20
15-20
15-20
I
I
MxL-HDBK-loo4/ 1
Table 1(Continued) .
Factors forIndividual Facilities byNavy Category Codel
DEMANDLOAD
mvx
FACTORFACTOR
CODE Description
(z) (%)
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
22950
750
75030
75054
82109
82109
83340
841
84520
$5230
87220
89020
Platixigmaintemnce .............................
M,ix$ng building *****G *********** G aG **G G *0*****G **
Segregation fleet retwm........................
Plaster load....................................
Fluoroscope building G .*.** 9**G .G **aG G ********G **
Tank bu$ldingrocket ............................
Hydrostatic test................................
Phosphorous loatling .............................
Vacuum andhydraulic pump building .....=........
Cable dr%ve .................+..e~egwa .s~.e.+.~.
Ikyer lxkil~$ng *..G G G **.*. ..*** *** G G .G *.G *** ***.*
Miscellaneous Production Facil$tiea:
Prmangphnt ..........+...............0 *.**..*
Miscellaneous StorageFac$l~tim:
Community l?acilities -morale, welfare, ~d
recreation -mmerior ....................
Outdoor swimmimg poolinstallation ..............
Bared atand. ... ... ..... ... .. ....... . .. .. .. ... ....
Miscellaneous Facilities for Utilities andGround
Improvements:
Heating plant buildin@ (condensate) ............
Heating plant building (heating) ................
Garbage house ...................................
Potable water -supply/trea~ent/starage
P%pelinem onpotablewater ......................
I%destrianb ridge...............................
Guaxdand watch tower~ ..........................
Compressed a$rplant .*G *.G .G .,G .G *G G .G G **** *G G *G
factors include allowance forsystem loss.
35-40
40-45
.35-40
35-40
45-50
40-45
35-40
35-40
35-40
35-40
75-80
45-55
18-23
18-23
1.5-20
15-20
18-23
15-20
15-20
15-20
12-X.7
12-17
3-8
25-30
. Determine by
load count
andtime.
80-8520-25
7S-8015-2S
55-60 25-40
55-60 30-35
75-80 20-25
Determine by
loadcount
andtime.
55-603-8
80-8520-25
80-..46-..
60-6!5 20-25
mIL-HDBK-loo4/l
(10.76 W/m2), but could vary from a low of 0.5 W/ft2 (5.38 Whn2) to a
high of 1.5 W/ft2 (16 W/IU2)depending on the specific tasks to be
perfarmed. A minimum of 0.1 W/ft2 (1 W/m2) for auditoriums to a maximum
of 2.5 W/ft2 (27 W/m2) for machine shops is possible, although the upper
limit would occur very rarely. Mechanical spaces in building storage areas
and similar spaces in which outlets are provided but infrequently used are
usually neglected in computing loads, sxcept for special cases.
2.2.1.2 Electrlc Power Loads. Electric power loads shall include all loads
other than lighting loads and those served by general purpose receptacles and
comprise the environmental system electric power requirements and the facility
occupancy equipment electric power requirements.
2.2.1.3 System Loss. A system loss of approximately 6 percent, based on
calculated maximum demand, should be added to the building load.
2.2.2 D~. The demand and load factors for a specific
facility will vary with the division of load and hours of usage. Refer to
Tables 2 and 3 for values that can be applied to determine demand and load
factors. Table 4 is included as a guide and an aid in Illustrating the method
of determining loads, which are calculated for a particulartypeof building,
such as an academic and general instruction building (Navy Code 171-10). The
values given are empirical and will vary from activity to activity, and may
vary from one facility to another within an activity. Annual hours use of
demand must be determined for each case in accordance with methods of
operation and characteristics of.the.installation. Demand factors and load
factors for individual facilities by the Navy category code given in Table 1
are based on a survey of existing Navy facilities and past experience. SUch
factors should be used for quick estimating purposes and as a check when a
more precise calculation is undertaken (refer to Table 4).
2.2,2.1 Guides for Demand Factora. For guides on the selection of demand
factors, refer to Table 5.
2.2.2.2 Guides for Load Factors. Guides for the selection of load factors
indicate ths need for special considerations (refer to Table 6). Factors in
the middle of the range are for the average facility authe peacetime shore
establishment and should be used unless the guides in Table 6 indicate
otherwise.
2.2.3 Load Growth. Determine the requirements for load growth for
anticipated usage and life expectancy with particular attention to the
possibility of adding heavy loads in the form of air conditioning, electric
heating, electric data processing, and electronic communication equipment.
Before determining the size of service and method of distribution to a
facility, an economic analysis shall he made to determine the most feasible
WaY Of serving this future load.
This analyais sha1..,cludethe effeet on
the,existing installation if future load.=require reir. iorcing or
rehabilitation of the service system.
10
.
I
I
MIL-HDIJK-1004/l
Table 2
Demand Factors forSpecific ~oads~
BSTMAXRD qmc~
TYPES OFLOADS- RANGE OF ESTIMAIIHG
?MWiAND FACTORDEMAND FACTOR
(x) (%)
IWEORS :
General purposes machine tool, cramea,
elevators, ventilation, compressors,
~Ps,etc..............................
MOTORS :
Miscellaneous, fractional~ and
amalX applhncea .........................
Re s is t a n c e m wr is D heatera, andfurnaces ....
Induction-furnaces .........................
I@lting ..* ..G *** *G ..**G .....9*****G .G .****.
Arcw eldera ............................. ...
Resistance welders .........................
Air-comflitioning equipment .................
Refrigeration compressor:m ...................
20-100
10- 50
80- 100
80- 100
65- 100
25- 50
5- 40
60-100
40-100
30
25
80
$0
7s
30
20
70
60
lDemand factora include allowance fortsyatem 10ss.
Table3
Annual Hours ofDemand Usa~e farSpe c ificLoa ds
(?UXKES-IT6 IIOURS USE
TYPES OFLOADS 1-SHIFI2-smFT 3-sRn7r
oPE- ~oll OPERAHOJ N
MOTORS :
General purpose ....................... 1,200 1,600 2,000
MOTORS :
Miscellaneous, fractional, and
small appliances ...................... 1,500 1,800 2,100
Resistance. ovemst heaters~ andfurnaces . 1,000 1,300 1,600
Induction furnaces ...................... 900 1,200 1,300
Li$htiW .G ....** G *....**..*****G .G ,..0G . 2,200 2,800 3,s00
Arew elders ............................. 500 700 900
Resistancew elders .....................9 500 700 900
Air-conditioning equipment
Less than 1,500 coollrkg degree days... 1,200, 1,400 1,600
1,500 to1,500 m olfn gde gr e edays.... 1,600 1,$oo 2,000
More than 2,500 cooling degree days... 2,200 2,500 2,800
MILHDBK-loo4/l
Table 4
Academic Building (Code 171-10) Demand and Load Factor Calculations
MOTORS
GENERAL Miscel-
laneous
FRAc AIR
TIOfUL LIGSfTI~G CONDI- TOTAL
k SMALL TIONING
APPLI
ANCES
1. Watts/square foot
(Watts/squaremeter)
2. Connected load:
3. Specific load-demand
factor
4. Msximum demand load
(line 2 X line 3)
5. Annual operating
(l-shift) usage
6. Annual usage in
megawatt hours
(line 4 X line 5)
7. Demand factor
Formula (1) .
line 4
line 2
%. Load factor
Formula (4) =
line 6
line 4 X 8760 hrs
1.0 1.0
10 10
100 kw 100.kw
30% 10%
30 W 10 kw
1,200 hrs 1,500 hra
36 15

2.7
26.5
265 h
75%
200 W
2,200 hrs
440
4.5
45
450 w
70%
315 kw
1600 hre
504
9.2
91.5
915 h
5s5 kw
995
60%
20%
lcal~ulated for a 100,000 square-foot (10,000 square meter) building.
See
tables 2 and 3 for data used for lines 3 and 5 respectively. Load growth is
included in connected load. Maximum demand load includes allowance for system
lose. For this illustration, the coincidence factor occurring when individual
demand loads are added is considered to be 1.00 and has not been shown.
12
N,IL-HDBK-1004/l
Table 5
Guides forSelection ofDemand Factors
Selection offactors inupper halfof Selection offactors inlower halfof
forcon dit~ns described bel @w raw forconditions described below
I
s
!
Fac%litiea inactive useamd Facilities ofintermittent useor
!
approaching saaximwn capac%ty. notbeing fully wtilized.
Loads predominantly lighting~ Motor loads made upofanumber of
Loads predominantly heating. independently operated small motors.
Loads domiriated byoneortwo Motor loads controlled automatically
lar~e motors. unless.control depends upon
wea~er c~ditions,
Instrwtfon buildings withlittle or Large Instruction buildings with
noelectric equipment. electrical demonstration and
Communications buildings with a training equipment.
~ u
,,
PRODUCUFAG-S
Shops smlfacilities whenengaged in Nospecial guides.
mass D~O&3Cti071 ofetiarDarts.
Facilities usedforrepetitive HOspecial guides.
tee- ofmaterial ore- t. xl
Refrigerated warehouses inSouEh.
Warehouses with manyitems of
Dehumidified warehouses inMississippi electric materials handling
Valley andalong seacoasts. equipment~ including cranes and
Warehouses foractive Storall e. ele Vators .
u
,
HOSPITAL ANDMEDICAL l?A, XLW c Es
Hospecial mides. HosDeci almides,
13
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Table 5 (Continued)
Guides for Selection of Demand Factors
ADMINISTRATIVE FACILITIES
Large administrative buildings with
mechanical ventilation and air
Casual offices, offices used
infrequently by foremen and
conditioning. supervisors, or offices in which
Note: Group large administrative there is little prolonged desk
buildings separately only when work.
administration is a significant
~
I
HOUSING ANO COMMUNITY FACILITIES
Enlisted barracks at training centers. Food
Public quarters where less than 25 is
family units are involved,
Restauranta, exchangea, cafeterias,
and other food 8ervice facilities
service facilities where load
primarily cooking and bakin8.
UTILITIES AND GROUND IMPROVXMSNTS
Centrsl heating,plants serving No special guides.
extended areas and buildings.
Water pumping stations serving
extended areas or carrying most
of load of water systems.
Central station compressed air Dlants.
14
I
MIL-IiDBK-1004/ 1
Table 6
Guides forSelection of
Select factors inupper halfofrangeSelect
Loads Factors
factors inlower half ofrange
forconditions described below. forconditions described below
Facilities operated ontwoormore Facilities usedintermittently.
shifts . Inactive facilities.
Loads that areprimarily fluorescent Large motor loads whentheload
orhighintensity discharge lighting. consists of relatively small numbers
Manysmall independently operated of motors.
motors. Wholesale-type service facilities.
Electronic equipment continuously
operated for immediate use.
Cooling anddehumidification loads
foryear-round climate control in
southern climates.
Reta!l-type sezvice Ioaih andloads
that areinactive use.
.
~ FAIJJ$IE c s
Large, permament instruction Special-purpose instruction and
buildings inactive we. trainikg facilities notregularly
used.
.
OHFAC&X.X.l&S
Shops with battery Char@g Welding Ioada orIoade made up
equipment operated after hours. primarily ofwelding equipment.
Active shops atfull employment.Job-order workshops.
Mass production shops.. Shops with large, heavy special
fmnctiom machines.
Large induction ordielectric heating
loads.
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Table 6 (Continued)
Guides for Selection of Loads Factors
SUPPLY FACILITIES
Refrigerated end dehumidified Refrigerated warehouses in IVorth,
warehouse in South or in humid Warehouses with large materials
climates. handling equipment loads.
I
Warehouses for active storage and
in continuous use.
I
OSPITAL A ~ FACILITIES
Clinics and warda with daily No special guides.
operating hours and in active use.
Large, active, well-lighted Ho apeclal guides.
offices with ventilation and
air-conditioning equipment.
I
1.
HOUSING AND COMMUNITY FACILITIES
Navy axchanges with food service
Restaurants and exchanges serving only
facilities. one meal a day.
Gymnasiums used in comection Restaurants and exchasges with gas or
with physical therapy. steam food preparation equipment.
Barracks at schools and training Chapels used primarily on Sundays.
centers.
Subsistence buildings serving less
than four meala a day.
Laundries with dry cleaning plants.
Exchanges operated less than 8 hrs/day.
Gatehouses operated leas than 24 hrs/day.
UTILITIES AND GROUNO IMPROVSMFXTS
Heating plants that supply both Heating plants in South,
heating and process steam.
Water plants with little power load.
Air-conditioning plants for year-round
control of environment in South.
Compressed air plants consisting of
many banked compressors operating
automatically.
16
I
MILFHDBK-1OOWI
.
2.2.4 =ncv Loads. Thedetermination ofemergency electric power
requirements $sbased onthree types ofloads <refer toSection3fortypes of
loads tobeincluded ineach category):
a) minimum essential load,
b) emergency load forvital operations, and
c) wninterrwptible (no-break) load.
Whenthethree categories ofemergency electric power requirements have been
ascertained, determine where local emergency facilities arerequired~ where
loads maybegrouped forcentralized emergency facilities, andWhat loads are
satisfiea bythereliability ofthegeneral system. Base theaforementioned
determimationa onisafetyfi reliability, andeconomy~ ~nthat order.
2.3 ~aLaads.Area loads consist ofgroa~s ofindividual facility
loads served byasubdivision oftheelectric distribution system. Theterm
areaW applies tothenext larger subdivision of an overall distribution
system. Deinand loads for anarea must beknown forsizing thedistribution
wiring andsw3tChimg, andinalarge installation will bexequ%red forthe
deaigm ofsubstations serving thearea.Table 7gives anexample ofhowthe
coincident peak demamd iscalculate~.
2.3.1 G~eral W * Toobtain thegeneral load, addroadway lighting,
area lighting, obstruction lighting, andother loads notincluded in
individual facility Ioada.
2.3.2 idence Fact q. Determine themaximum expected demands, taking
into consideration whether loads within thearea peakatthesame orat
different times.
2.3.2.1 EWMmhiu.
Figure 1indicates therelationship that exists
between theload factor ofindividual facilicy loads andthecoincidence of
their peak demands withthepeak demand ofthegroup. Ihis relationship was
developed byastudy oftheloads ofselected naval shor eactivities andby
theapplication offactors developed totheformulas published bythe
Institute of~lectrical andElectronic Engineers (IEEE). For collateral
reading onthis subject, refer t o IEEETechnical Paper 45-116
Ceinciden~e-Factor
Re~ ofJ31ectric Service Loa dCharac erf t Sties .
Table 83sFigure 1Intabuhm form with values shown tothenearest whole
dollar, except forlowload factors.
2.3.2.2 Select20q. Areas withrelatively insignificant residential type
loads, where theload curve indicates that most ofthe electricpower consumed
intheareaisused during the40nomalworki~ hours of aweek, have
coincidence factors atthehigher endof therange. 4
2.3.2.3
Blecric
t Power Consumntioq. Ingeneral~ areas where large amounts
ofelectric power areconsumed outside theusual 40working hours aweek have
acoincidence factor atthelower endoftherange (examples arehospitals$
areas operated ontwoormore shifts, orlarge barracks type activities). The
upper limit oftherange isfora40hour perweekoperation; thelower limit
isfora60hour perweek operation.
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Table 7
Method of Calculating Coincident Peak Demand
TOTAL DEMf?D MARIMUM LOAD COIf7- COIN-
CONNECT- FACT- DEMAIVD FAC- CID- CID-
NAVY ED LOAD OR TOR EI7CE ENCE
CODE DESCRIPTION FAC- PEAK
TOR
.)
(%) (%)
f.%)
(%) ~k~
Fuel oiluump house ..................................................
125 16
125 16
125 20
125 20
131 35
131 50
131 50
131 50
133 25
133 75
141 20
141 40
141 60
171 10
171 10
171 10
171 10
171 10
171 35
211 10
211 12
211 22
211 21
211 21
211 21
211 83
212 20
214 20
214 20
214 20
214 20
214 20
Fuel oil~ump house ..................................................
Total 0.3 100 0.3 52
521
0.2
Filling station ...... 3.0 60 1.8 18
571
1,0
Filling station bldg . 0.3 80 0.2 20
611
0.1
Receiver building 2.1 65 1.4 72 79 1.1
Transmitter building .................................................
Transmitter building .................................................
Total .;............ 37.2 65 24.2 72 79 19.1
Tacsn building ....... 0.7 65 0.5 72 79 0.4
Radar building ....... 1.2 70 0.8 72 79 0.6
Aircraft fire and
rescue station ..... 8.o 30 2.4 15
521
1.2
Aircraft operations
building ........... 80.2 80 64.2 28
,581
43.6
Photographic building 10.5 70 7.4 18
571
4.2
Academic instruc. bldg..................................................
Academic instruc. bldg................................................
Total 47 60 28.2 22
621
17.5
Operational Trainer
facility ......... . 0.1 80 0.1 15
521
Aircraft overhaul
....
and repair shop .... 7,600 38 2,890 25
952
2,745
Paint/finishing hangar 127 70 89.0 26
,561
58.3
Engine preparation
and storage shop .....................................................
Engine maint. shop ...................................................
Engine maint. shop ...................................................
Total .............. 405 40 162 15
521
84.2
Engine test cell ..... 360 45 162 28
,581
110
Missile equipment
maint. shoD ........ 3.0 40 1.2 22
621
0.7
Auto veh. ma&t. fats.....................................
Auto veh. maint. fats.....................................
Auto veh.maint. fats.....................................
Auto veh. maint. fats.....................................
Total 370 60 222 25 65
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
145
18
MIL-mBK-loo4/l
Table 7(Continued) .
Method ofCalculating Coincident Peak Demand
I
73310 lWrestation ......... 14.6 30 4.4 15 521 2.3
Total 3,325
system loss(6%) 194
Grand total 3,429
~~e~o~~id~c e factor hasb~~~ncreastd goa~lo~ for10V loadfaCtOr ad
number offacilities inthearea.Refer topara. 2.3.2.4, Xnfl
nencing
factor hasbeenincreased because oftherelative magnitude
Refer topara. 2.3.2.5, J@jvidual Loadq ,ofthis handbook.
.
.
.
19
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
d
10
80
70
60
50
40
_30
s
a
p 20
u
,<Is
1 1,5 2
3 45.5
7 8 ~lo 15 20
30 40 .,so 60 70a09;oc
LOAD FACTOR (%)
Figure 1
Theoretical Relationship Between Load Factor and Coincidence
Factor at U.S. Naval Shore Establishments
20
BIIL-HDBK-1OO4II
Table 8
Relationship Between Load Factor andCoincidence Factor
CO~HCZhEfiCE FACTOR COINCIDENCE FACTOR
(x)
LOAD LOAD
FACTOR FACTOR
(z) 40 60 (%) 40 60
.
I
I
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
~10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2$
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
2.5
7.5
12
17
21
2!$
28
32
35
38
43
44
46 ~
49
51
53
54
56
57
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
69
69
70
70
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
72
72
1.5
4.s
8
n
14
17
20
22
24
26
29
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
51
53
54
5s
56
S6
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
64
65
6S
65
66
66
66
67
53
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
6S
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
al
82
83
84
85
86*
87
88
89
90.
91
92
93
21
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
74
74
74
74
75
75
76
76
77
77
78
78
78
78
79
79
80
81
81
82
82
82
82
82
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
69
70
70
70
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
73
73
74
74
75
75
76
76.
77
77
78
78
79
80
80
81
81
81
82
82
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Table 8 (Continued)
Relationship Between Load Factor and Coincidence Factor
COINCIDENCE FACTOR COINCIDENCE FACTOR
(%) (%)
LOAD Loads (hr/wk) LOAD LOADS (hr/wk)
FACTOR FACTOR
(%) 40 60 (%) 40 60
44 73 67 94 94 94
45 73 67 95 95 95
46 73 67 96 96 96
47 73 68 97 97 97
48 73 68 9s 98 98
49 73 69 99 99 99
50 73 69 100 100 100
22
MIL-HDBK-1OO4 /1
2.3.2.4 ~ Fact orq.Thenumber ofindividual loads inagroup and
their loadfactors influence theindividual load coincidence factor. The
coincidence fuccors inTable 8apply forgroups of MOormoreindividual
loads. These coincidence factors canalso beused forgroups ofasfewas30
to!50 individual loads iftheir load factor is0.30 orgreater. For areas of
fewer individual load~~ themathematical relationship from XEEE Tedhnical
Pa~er 4 5 -1 1 6provides &basis forestimating theconnected coincidence facto=
asshown bythefollowing equation:
~ = Et+(I-l?t) I/n
(s)
Where:
%=
Theindividual load coincidence factor applied witha
given number ofconsumers
Et= thecoincidence factor aa.given inTable 8In
hundredths.
n= thewmlwrof individual loads inauoup.
2 . 3 . 2 . 5 Lo@ Thecoincidence factors inTable 8arebased on
theindividual loads ina~roup being substmtially thes~esize.Ifa
single load orsmall @royp ofloads inanarea represents asubstantial
percentage ofoverall load, thecoincidence factors asgiven inXable 8will
nolonger apply. With anindividual load, increase thecoincidence factor to
avalue commensurate with it~effect ontheovera~l area load.Thisisnotin
additfon to,butinplace of}thenormal coincidence factor. Determine this
value byconsidering intergroup coincidence factors given inparagraph
2.3.2.6. (~example offacility Navycode 211-70 ispresented inTable 7.)
Forasmall group, determine thecoincidence peak load, andtothis apply the
appropriate intergroup coincidence factor toobtain thecoincidence peak load
forthearea.
2.3.2=6 ~.
Where grpups ofloads within anarea, or
areas within afacility arecombinedp amadditional intergroup coincidence
factor willdat. Forloads O*asimilar nature, theintergroup coincidence
factor should beintherange 0.93 to1.00.Ifloads ofavarying mature
(evening loads anddaytime loads) arecombined, theintergroup coincidence
~
factor shouldbe intherange of0.70 to1.00.Thelower values will occur
whenthemagnitudes oftheloads arenearly balanced, andthehigher ones when
thecombined load ispredominantly onetype.
2.3.3
Load Rro
wt~. Inaddition toplanned ~pansion, increased
application ofelectric equipment will generate anincrease inload.
When
sizing components, such astransformers orfeeders fo~thearea system,
consider possible load growth inaddition tothat in~luded inthe
determination ofindividual loads.
2.3.4 Svstem Los.%eQ. Adddistribution system losses toestimated area
demands. Foragood approximation, use6percent ofthecalculated maximum
I
demand .
23
2.3.5 Emer~encT Loads.
area, based on criteria for
to determine the following:
a) The emergency
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
Review the overall emergency requirements for the
the facility or es furnished by the using agency,
loeds that may be combined in groups to take
advantage of the coincidence factor.
b) The type of distribution system needed for reliability and to
economically satisfy at leest the less critical emergency loed requirements.
Thie reliability can be providedonlyif the source of electric power is not
the determining factor.
c) Area loads that must be added to individual emergency loads; for
example, security lighting and minimum roadway lighting.
2.3.6 ExDansion. The planned development of the area, as shown .onthe
activity general development map, shall be considered for requirements of
future expansion.
2.4 Activitv Loads. Activity loads are loads that consist of two or
more area loada served from a single electric power source mid an integrated
distribution system.
2.4.1 General Loads. Follow the approach.used in pera..2.3 for area
loada. Area loads used for determining activity coincidence demand should be
the area coincident.demand,exclusive of allowance for load growth.
2.4.2 Coincidence Factor. Refer to para. 2.3.2 for the neceaaav
approach. Where dissimilar areas,.whether.res:denti,al, .atiinistrative,Or
industrial, are part of an activity, make a careful analysis of the
coincidence factor used.
2.4.3 Load Growth. As for an erea, components should be sized after due
consideration has been given to load growth. Apply this increase to the
coincident demand of the activity.
2.4.4 ExDansion. The planued development of
general development map, shall be considered for
expansion.
the activity, aa shown on its
requirement of future
24
M,IL-HDB&1004/l
Section 3: SELECTION OFELECTRIC POWER SOURCE
3.1
EQLWZ* In ~1-~r~c POW- Sowc e selection, usechesame criteria
employed for selectionofelectric power plants h NAVFAC DM-3, Mechanical
En@neerlng Series.
3.2 ~c Factom. Usetheshine criteria pmmntedforeconomic
studies of electric generating plants IntheNAVPAC D3S-3 Series.
~3.3 wectric Poer$our~ v G Theelectric power supply foramajor shore
activity usually willconsist ofthree souxces: primary, standby$ and
emer genc y (alternate). Inaddition, some operations cannot tolerate any
electric power hnerruptiom, thus requiring tmimterrwptible power supply (UPS)
systems. ?51L-13DBK-1190
~$ ~aPter 7~der
Alternate Power Sources, indicates systems andfunctions authorized tohave
alternate power sources andprovides desi$n criteria forsuch alternate
sources.:
3.3.1
~. me Primary Orpreferred source should havesufficient
capacity toprovide forpeak electric powet demand during normal peacetime
operations. .
3.3.2
~. me stmdby ao~rce ShOWld haveenough capacity sothat the
standby system cansupply alloftheminimum essential operating electric load
oftheactivity and, whenadded tothecapacity oftheprimary source, will
provide acombined. capacity sufficient toserve theestimated ~eak demsnd
under mobilization conditions. XRis minimum essential operating electric
load istheminimum electric power necessary tosupport theabsolutely
essential operations ofthea c t ivit y$wit hillum~nation reduced toabare
minimum andwithallconvenience loads andother loads (such ashospital
elevators, except theminimum required forpatient andfood transportation)
avspended. Where major htemitteut loads, such asdrydock pumping, elec?xic
furnaces, electric welders, andwindtunnels, areinvolved, itisnecessary to
determine whether concurrent operation ofsuch equipment canbeavoided.
3.3.3 ~. Theemergency sources, usually oneormare
engine-driven, manual, orautomatic-starting emergency generators, should have
sufficient total capacity toprovide theelectric power demand forvital
operations. Vital operations arethose that cantolerate electric power
interruption only forrelatively short durations. Forcertain operations, the
permissible electric power interruption isaslong as4hours, forothers it
isonly 10seconds. Thelatter condition willrequire automatic start bucthe
former condieiom maybemanual start. Theemergexkcy sourceshould beof
sufficient capacity toprovide acontinuous andadequdte supply forvital
operations, butshould beplanned tobear a soundr el at i ontothestandby
service provided. Vital operations will normally beintwocategories:
a )
b)
Toqual%fy as
Operations recognized bylocal, state, o,r national codes, and
Operations determined asvital bythemajor claimant oruser.
avital operation, theelectric power outages mustcause 10ss
of
25
MIL-HDBK-1004/l
primary missions, thus resulting in disastrous situations or extreme safety
hazards as compared to minor disruption snd inconvenience. Such vital
operations may include, but are not necessarily limited to, communications,
ventilation, and llghting of combat operations centers, personnel bomb
shelters, anti-aircraft, harbor defenses, industrial processes that might
cause explosion if interrupted,hospital surgeries, blood banks, bone banks,
iron lungs, and similar operations.
3.3.4 Un nter u tible ~r. An Uninterruptible Power
Supply (UPS) system is necessary for certain electronic or other equipment
that perform a critical functions and require continuous, disturbance-fres
electric power to operate properly. This electric power system must, under
all conditions, provide regulated electric power to the critical load.
3.4 ~. Electric power sources
acceptable for supplying shore facilities are given in paras. 3.4.1 through
3.4.4.
3.4.1 ~. T$e primary source of electric power may be navy-owned
generating equipment or one or more feeders from an outside electric power
system.
3.4.2 Standb.f. Where the primary source of electric power ia Navy-owned
generation, the standby source may be other liavy-ownedgeneration or ssrvice
supPlied over a feeder, or feeders,
from an outside electric power supplier.
.Where the primary qource.of electric power is from an outside electric power
supplier, the standby source may be Navy-owned generation or service supplied
over a feeder, or feeders, from a different outside electric power supplier or
supply from an alternate feeder from,the same outside electric p~w~r
supplier. The alternate feeder must be located at some distance from the
normal feeder, and supplied independently of ,thesubstation and generating
source of the normal feeder. Where this is not feasible, a supply from
transmission lines or substations of the outside electric power supplier,
which themselves have dual supplies, is an acceptable alternative.
3.4.3 Emerkency. Permanently installed, mobile or semimobile, manual or
automatic starting generating equipment should be provided to supply emergency
electric power. Emergency generating capacity should not exceed the minimum
required to supply electric power for vital operations, and should be located
as close to those loads as practicable. Provisions for normal load growth (15
to 20 percent spare capacity) shall be provided. As a minimum, the provisions
of NFPA 110 EmerRencv and Standbv Power Svstems, shall apply.
3.4.4 ~q , Permanently installed,
automatically operated equipment should be provided to supply uninterruptible
electric power. Equipment capacity should not exceed the minimum required to
supply electric power for critical loads, and equipment should be located as
close to these loads as practicable. Provision for normal load growth (15 to
20 percent spare capacity) shall be provided.
3.5 Purchased Electric Power Requirements. In the selection of private
utility eleCtric power SUpplies consider the factors in paras. 3.5.1 through
3.5.5.
26
[
mL-HDBK-3o04/l
I
3.5.1 $deauacv. Determine thecapability oftheelectric utility compsny
tofurnish electric power, oftherequired characteristics, tomeetthe
immediate estimated demand. Thecapability oftheutility tomeetthedemand
under mobilization conditions should bedetermined onthebest basis
ava$lable. Ascertain whether ornottheutility hasenough-construction in
I
itsprogram tomeettheloads anticipated forthenext5 years.
3 . 5 . 2 * Investigate thehistory ofoutages of the contemplated
I
utility company todetermine ifitcanprovide thedegree of reliability
required bythepqrticwlar installation. Theinvestigation shall Anclude the
following items%
a)AS-year history ofservice outages inthearea, includiti-:
I (1}Thetime anddate ofeach occurrence
(2) Duration, time, anddate ofeactirestoratlon
\ (4) Steps taken torestore service and
I
(5)Aprobability analysis showing theexpected number of
outages of1minute, 5m.iriutes$ 10minutes, 30minutes~ and60minutes.
.
b) Aone-line diagram ofthesuppliers system, ohowing the
I
location ofallswitching equipment, circuit breakers, relaying, andsimilar
components.
c)Ashort circuit seudy of the system, including interrupting
capacities ofallswitching equfpment, time constants, andshort circuit
currents forbothexisting andexpanded facilities inthearea.
I
d) Voltage regulation, nominal voltage, andnormal operating
voltage ofsuppliers facilities.
I
e) Climatic andother physical conditions prevailing inthearea
andonthesystem that mayaffect thereliability ofservice.
Some utilities
will only supply aminimum ofdata for itemsa) toc)I =d evaluation maybe
necessary using dataavailable from other military installations inthearea.
3.5.3 ~~s. TOtake advantage ofthelowest available coat ofelectric
I
energy, compare electric energy rates withestimated maximum demand and
Consumption. Compare theestimated demand block with prices perkilowatt-hour
I
ofother customers served bythesame utility company.
Choice ofeither
I
@maryorsecondary connection shall bebased onseleqtion ofconnection
I charges andrental of company equipment that provide $hemaximum advantage to
i theGovernment. Ananalysis ofrates shall bebased onthecompanys complete
I
tariff covering al~types ofservices.
Thisrevf.ew willentail comparison of
several tariffs that areavailable onanalternative basis, aswellasthe
i
Contractors general rules andregulations that mod$fy.the tariffs.
I
I
I 3.5*4 Primarv Service RiR ht-of-Way. Thesupflly company should provide the
right-of-way forallofitselectric lines uptotheGovernment property
I
(refer toMIL-lHIBK-1004/2, Power Distribution Svstems).
I
27
MIL-HDBK-1004/l
3.5.5 Pr mar ~ns
3.5.5.1 Voltage. A substation may not be required where the utility company
serves energy at 13.8 kV or less; distribution may be at this voltage. In
some cases, if the loada are large enough, distribution may be done at higher
voltage up to a maximum of 35 kV. Refer to Section 6 for information on
levels of distribution voltage, and MIL-HDBK-1004/2 for data on substations,
3.5.5.2 gconomics. Ueually, ownership of main substations serving an
activity is determined by engineering and economic factors. Distribution
system voltages, as well as amortization costs of substations, should be the
controlling factors.
28
MIL-HIIBK-1004/ 1
section 4: UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER-SYSTEMS
I
.
4.1 Uninterruptible power system (UPS) will use
centrally-procmred Gov~rnmemt-firmished Equipment (GFE). GPEincludes theUPS
module andtheUPSbattery. Theemergency generator isnotnormally included
aspartoftheGFB.Procurement ofthis equipment isbeyond thescope ofthis
handbook. However, theinstallation ofsuch equipment incon$mction with
auxiliary system must beproperly designed, which requires anunderstanding
ofthespecialized equipment andconcepts involved. Thissection covemthe
equipment installation criteria wh$ch, whenintegrated with&heindividual
project reqmirememts, shall prodwce asafe, reliable, andcost efficient
design.
4.2
SXi&!@&
Thelatest issues
usedtoensure correct irmta~lation of
$mZELx
ofthefollowi~ docmments shall be
theGFEequipment:
-
UPsModule ...................Manufacturers installation instruction
Battery ......................Manufacturers installation instruction
Emergency Power ..............IEEl3 446, J?ecmmen dedPractice for
CYStandby pOW~r Systems and
DM-12.1, Blectrnic Fcil o a ities
eri rlg
Environmental
cons5deratioms
(mecbnical design) ..........DM-3 andDM-12. 1
4.3 PoerLoad Cat~ Power load ca~egories areIllustrated in
Figure 4ofL12.1.Theperti;ent categories,M@edbelow, aredefined in
M-12.1:
a) StatIon load
b) Nonoperational load
c) Operational load
d) Utility load(nontechnical load)
e)Electronic load (technical load)
f)Noncritical electronic load (noncritical tecbn$cal load)
g) Criticalelectronic Mad(critical technical load)
29
MIL-HDBK-1004/l
4.4 Definitions. The following definitions
a) Uninterruptible Power SUDDIV Svstem
of terms shall apply:
- An uninterruptible power
supply system consists of UPS equipment, backup power source(s), environmental
equipment, switchgear, and controls which together provide a reliable,
continuous quality electric power system.
b) ~d - The critical electronic load is that
part of the load that requires continuous quality electric power for its
successful operation.
c)
hiZIterrUDtible Power SUDDIV (UPS1 - An uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) consists of one or more UPS modules, an energy storsge battery,
and accessories as required to provide a reliable and high quality power
Supply. The UPS isolates the load from the primary and emergency power
sources and, in the event of a power interruption,provides regulated power to
the critical load for a specified period depending on thebattery capacity.
The battery normally has a 15-minute capacity when operating at full load.
d) UPS Module - A UPS module is the static power conversion portion
of the UPS system and consists of a rectifier, an inverter, and associated
controls along with synchronizing, protective, and auxiliary devices. UPS
modules may be designed to operate either individually or in parallel.
e)
Nonredundant UPS Configuration. The nonredundant UPS
configuration consists o.,f one UPS,module with a static bypass circuit and a
battery, and a maintenance bypasa cabinet. Upon failure of the UPS module,
the static bypass circuit automatically transfers the critical electronic load
to the primary or emergency qource without an interruption to the load (see
Figure 2).
f) Cold Standby~n. The ~cald$ standby
redundant UPS configuration consists of two independent nonredundant UPS
modules with a coumlonbattery. One UPS module operates on the line, and the
other UPS module is turned off. Should the operating UPS module fail, its
static bypass circuit will automatically transfer the critical electronic load
to the primary or emergency source without an interruption to the critical
load. The second U?S module is then manually energized and placed in the
bypass mode of operation. To transfer the critical load, external
make-before-break nonautomatic circuit breakers (or contractors)are operated
to place the load on the second UPS bypass circuit. Finally, the critical
electronic load is returned from the bypass to the second UPS module via the
static switch. The two UPS modules cannot operate in parallel; therefore, an
interlock circuit must be provided to prevent this condition (see Figure 3).
UPS modules are to be transferred to and from cold standby every three
months. The mode of operation is as follows:
(1) Transfer Circuit Interlock. External BYDass - The two
circuit breakers (or contractors)shall be nonautomatic and motor operated.
Transfer to and from one UPS to the other shall be a closed circuit
(make-before-break)transition and shall be possible only when bothUPSs are
in the bypass mode of operation.
30
mL-HDBK-loo4/l
(2)~
-TOtransfer critical load from
UPSmodule No.1toWI%module No.2,both modules axeplaced inthebypass
mode.TINE make-before-break nonautomatic circuit breakera areoperated to
transfer thecritical load tothebypass circuit ofUPSmodule No.2,after
I
,
MIL-HDBK-1004/l
AL :EORUNRACTEE {O W ER
NORMAL POWER
SOURCE A (IF AVAILABLEI
VT
N.C. TIE
I ~
N.O. TIE
I 1
T
(
1
OPERATIONAL LOAO
uTILITY LOAD
NoNO~~FW:TIONAL
f
BYPASS
-ii-
%
RECTIFIER
.
r
.
BATTERY =
*
INvERTER
STATIC SWITCH
-i_EZk-L
I I
NOTE k THE TWO CIRCUIT BREAKERS (OR
CONTAc TORSl SHALL BE NONAUTOMATIC
AND MOTOR OPERATED. TRANSFER TO ANO
FRoM MAINTENANCE BYPASS SHALL BE A
CLOSED CIRCIJIT (MAKE-BEFORE-BREAK]
TRANSITION ANO SHALL BE POSSIBLE
ONLY WHEN THE UPS IS IN THE 5YPASS
MOOE OF OPERATION.
=
L --
u-
G
CRITICAL
EL::EC::N I C
NoNCRITICAL
ELf:ECT~)N 1C
- AU XI LLARY
SWITCH IN
13RR:!ER
1
MAINTENANCE
BYPASS
cABINET
[sEE NOTE II
Figure 2
Typical Nonredundant Configuration
32
I
MIL-HDBK-loo4/ 1
I
.
I
L
~
UT~~~TY
?4.0.TIE
ELE:UTONIC
T
UPSUNIT(GFE)
-d
ss <
1
1
1
{
[
RECTIFiER~
I
INVERTER
I
I
I A
1
STATIC 1
- -
d
.-
-Y---
UPSMODULE
02 \
II
BATTERY
~8YPAss
CIRCUIT
~ BREAKER
I
*
I
G
L -1-1 -. --- T -.- -
.
.
.-
-1
I
;
1
m
EXTERNAL *W
a***-e-e-*-*
BYPASS~,c.
CA@!NET
I
uPSOUTPUT TO
CRITICAL BUS
Figure 3
Typical Cold Standby Redundant Configuration (WI%)
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
which the critical load is transferred to supply
module No. 1 can then be completely isolated for
the inverter.output. UPS
maintenance or repair.
g) parallel Redundant UPS Confi!auration. A parallel redundant UPS
configuration consists of two or more uPS modules with a system control
cabinet and a common battery. UPS modules operate in parallel, and the systsm
is capable of supplying the rated critical load upon failure of any one UPS
module. The failed UPS module will be disconnected from other UPS modules
without an interruption to the critical load (see Figure 4).
4.5 Redundancy. For facilities requiring UPS systems, a nonredundant
UPS system is satisfactory for moat operations. The justification for the
added expense of either redundant system is given in paras 4.5.1 and 4.5.2.
4.5.1
f,coldwStandbv Redundant UPS .$YSteIn.
Provide a cold standby
redundant UPS system when the installation site is isolated snd logistic
support ia poor or when the primary electric power supply exhibitspoor
reliability by experiencing Kore than four power interruptions per month or
when the primary electric power .aupplyprovides voltage Or fre9uencY
fluctuation which arebeyond the limits permitted in MIL-HDBK-411, LonK Haul
Communications (DCA) Power and Environmental Control for Phvsical Plant.
4.5.2 P~13 . Provide a parallel redundsnt UPS
system when the frequency of the primary electric Power SUPPIY must be
converted to serve the critical load (that is, 50 Hz to 60 Hz, or 60 Hz to 400
Hz).
4.6 Electric Service and BvDass Connectors. Two separate electric
services, one to the UPS rectifier circuit and the other to the UPS bypass
circuit shall be provided. Where possible, they shall emanate from two
separate buses with the UPS bypass connected to the electronic (noncyclic)bus
and the rectifier connected to the utility (cyclic) bus. This connection
provides isolation of sensitive electronic loads from the effects of UPS
rectifier harmonic distortion and motor startup current inrush.
4.6.1 Electric Service Size. A UPS system ia considered to be a
continuous type load, and service to both the rectifier and bypaas circuits
should be sized in accordance with article 220 of the National Electric Code.
The required current for the rectifier circuit is calculated based on the UPS
output rating divided by the UPS efficiency and multiplied by a load factor of
125 percent to take into account battery charging. The UPS bypass circuit may
be rated for less current since both UPS losses and battery charging
requirements need not be supplied.
4.6.2 Maintenance BVDass Provisions.
TO provide for maintenance of
equipment, bypass provisions are provided as follows:
a) For the non-redundant UPS unit, install an external bypass
switch in order to completely isolate the UPS unit (see Figure 2). This iS to
enable testing of the UPS unit, including the static switch, with dummy load
without interruption to the critical bus.
b) Each module of the cold standby redundant UPS has the same
built-in bypass circuit provisions as the nonredundant UPS. Complete
34
MXL-HDBK-1OO4I1
UPS
2
\
T
UNIT(GFE]
A:
MODULE
1
\
\
- -. . -

1
I
L
-J
.4- - --

BATTER Y
CONTROL G* O* O*O
CABINET~.c,
I
#
.
UPSOUTPUT To
CRi T!CALBUS
Figure 4
Redundant Configuration (UPS)
M
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
isolation of one UPS module (including its bypass) from the other module is
inherent in the cold standby redundant configuration (see Figure 3).
c) The parallel redundant UPS contains a built-in manual bypass
Circuit in the COntrOl cabinet which will serve to isolate the Ups modules
during emergency conditions or maintenance. This manual bypass circuit
provides make-before-break switching and contains synchronizing provisions.
Where frequency conversion ia provided by the UPS, a solid state frequency
conversion system or a motor-generator.set will be required to bypasa the UPS
module.
4.7 UPS Distribution Svstem. The UPS system serves critical loads
only. Noncritical loads are served by separate distribution systems supplied
from either the electronic or utility bus as appropriate.
4.7.1 Critical Load Protection. Provide critical load,panels with
current-limiting circuit breakers or fast acting fuses to shorten the
transient effects of undervoltages cauaed by load faults.
4.7.2 Critical Motor Loads. Due to the energy leases and the starting
current problem inherent in motor-generator sets, their connection to a UPS
bus should be limited to frequency-conversionapplications only. Generally,
motor-generator sets shall be started on the ~S bypass circuit. I+owever,
motor-generator sets may be started on the rectifier mode of operation under
the following conditions:
a) When rating of the motor-generator aet is less than 5 percent of
the UPS rating.
b) When reduced voltage starters are utilized for each motor load.
c) When more than one motor-generator set is connected to the
critical bus, each set must be energized sequentially rather thsn
simultaneously.
Solid state frequency conversion systems may be considered in lieu of
motor-generator seta.
4.8 Emergencv Electric Power Source Requirements. The UPS system can
serve the critical electronic load continoualy during periods of normal source
electric power outage only if one or more emergency engine generators are
provided and sized to supply not only UPS equipment, but all necessary
auxiliary equipment such as lighting, ventilation, and air conditioning. The
emergency electric power source shall meet the criteria given in paras. 4.8.1
through 4.s.5.
4.8.1 Automatic Operation. The emergency generator(s) shall be automatic
start, automatic transfer-to-loadupon normal electric power failure and shall
include provisions for automatic load shedding and load restoration where
required.
4.8.2 Paralleling. At a minimum, manual synchronizing of the emergency
generator(s) with the normal electric power source shall be provided.
As an
alternative, automatic synchronizing of the emergency generator with the
36
MIL-HDBK-loo4/ 1
normal el ectri cpower soaxcemaybeconsidered. Ifmore than onegenerator is
installed, automatic paralleling capability should beprovided. Parallel
o~eration ofgenerators withthelocal commercial utility supply mayrequire
theapproval ofthelocal utility comp~.
4.8.3
~. controls~hal~al~owd~~~y
b starting the emergency generator(s) from10to120seconds (variable tobe
setbythefacility) toavoid cycling ofthegenerator(s) during momentary
transients oroutages ofthenormal electric power supply. Controls should
also provide atest position ongenerators toallow them toberunforaset
per~od until thetemperature stabilizes (usually less than 30minutes) for
maintenance purposes. This procedure should bedome once every 2weeks.
4.8.4 Service C~ation forSmall ldL@I
,,
. Forasmall installation, it
maybeeconomically andoperationally feasible tohavethesame emergency
electric generator supply boththeUPSequipment andanyother essential
auxiliary system loada.
4.8.5
~. DOnotprovide foraddition~
battery charging requirements when sizing theemergency generator. TheUPSis
provided withanautomatic control which limits thebattery charging current
to3percent oftheoutput rating whenever theemergency generator is
furnishing power totheUPSunit and.the UPSunitisproviding rated load.
4.9
31ectrow3w*~c QuWm2.nce ~~~~s~D~=s@3
. Determine the
.
necessity fortheUPSinstallation toconform withtheRMIsuppression
requirements ofMIL-STIL461, ctr~tic Interference Chxaceris t tics*
Beamire ents forEa~f._
m * UPSequipment isnotfurnished %thEMI
suppression provisions wnless thefacility islocated onanBMImnsitive
site. Where FXIsuppression isnecessary foraspecific installation, all
conductors shall beinstalled inthreaded risid steel conduit tomeet EMI
suppression requirements.
4.10 w~. TheGFBbatte~ provided isaheavy dutyindustrial
unitofthelead calcium type havin$j amampere-hour rating sufficient to
supply thedirect current totheinverter ascovered bythemanufacturers
installation instructions. Battery racks arealso GF$.Thebattery is
normally furnished withtwo-tier racks. Battery racks shall begrounded.
Seismic racks shall beprovided where required.
4.11 Remote Ala~. TheUPSequipment issupplied with aGFEremote
monitor panel tobeinstalled intheoperating space served bytheUPSunit or
inanother continuously occupied room, such asaguard office. Since UPS
equipment rooms areusually unattended, additional remote indicating devices
shall beprovided tomonitor theenvironmental control andfire alarm system
of UPSmodule andb8ttery rooms.
u
.
I
4.12 JR?S andBatterv Room. Reau ~ements. TheUPSmodules andassociated
battery shall beinstalled inseparate rooms. Construction should beof
permanent type.Thewall separating theUPSmodule room from &hebattery room
should befireproof (1-hour rating).
Itisrecommended that~ where practical,
space beprovided intheUPSmodule andbattery rooms fortheaddition of
future UPSequipment. Additional design requirements art? given inparas.
4.12.1 through 4.12.4.
37
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
4.12.1 Installation Considerations. Incorporate the UPS module and battery
manufacturers installation instructions for weights, dimensions, efficiency,
and required clearances in the design. Special attention should be given to
floor loading for the battery room, entrance door dimensions for installation
of UPS moduleg, snd ceiling height for clearance of necessary environmental
systems.
4.12.2 m~ . Design the battery room in
accordance with Article 480 of the National Electrical Code, OSHA, and ANSI
requirements. Provide emergency eyewash and shower facilities which, at
minimum, comply with OSHA snd ANSI Z35.1-81 Emergency Eyewash and Shower
Eauiument. Such facilities for emergency quick drenching of the eyes and body
shall be provided within 25 ft (7.5 m) of the work area.
I
I
4.12.3 Emerkencv Li.ehtlngRequirements. Provide emergency lighting units,
I
which meet the requirements of Federal Specification W-L-305, Light Set.
General Illumination in all UPS module and battery rooms:
4.12,4 TeleDhone Requirements. Provide a,telephone in or adjacent to the
UPS module room.
4.13 Environmental Control. Both the UPS module and batteky room shall
be provided with an environmental control system to maintain the prescribed
inside room conditions. Each environmental control system shall consist of a
primary system with.backup capability to support the uninterruptible
requirements Of the electric power system. Upon failure of the primary
system, automatic transfer to the backup system shall occur and shall sound an
alarm indicating the need for maintenance. Design of these environmental
control systems shall be in accordance with DM-3 and DM-12.1.
38
MIL-HDBK-100.4/ 1
Section 5: H?STALLATIOI$ OFDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
5.1 Overhea dMet hod
5.1.1
!?&n&al*For ~~t~il~ of cm.rheadMm design, refer toDM-4. 2.
5.1.2 Utatior@
,*
Theuse@foverhead lines shall beavoided inthe
following locations:
@ ~-
Rm c leaxanc ea of overhead el ectri c
powem l i nes from electronics fac$.litles, refer toM-12.1.
~) Amkl14a
-Theinstallation ofoverhead ltnea h airfield
clearance zonesshall beavoided entirely. Regulations areimposed bythe
Federal Aviation Adm2ni~tration andl!?aval AixSystems Command.
c)~oad~ -Piers andloading areas where overhead cranes
operate ahal.1 beclear of aerial electric powerlines.
.
d)
X@sUi&k2M
-Congested indtmtrlal areas shall beclear ~f
aerial lines. Re~ufremeats forammunition storageareas aregiven in
~~~BK-1004/6, ~. ~naddition, ~VS~Op-~, ~f
tion
sgveab, delineates restrictions concerning overhead line
semice formagazine facilities.
5.2 ~und Mew. Ifaverage conditions prevail, underground
construction andmaintemnce 3ssnore mtpensive than overhead installation.
Applications shall belimited tocasesin which otherfactors besfdes
economics dictate. Examples ofsuchfactors havebeenindicated in .
para. 5.1.2.
5.2.1
normally
I
I
traffic,
I
5*2.2
* Underground electric power distribution systems are
moreresistant todamage from severeatmospheric disturbances,
andsimple forms ofsabotage than overhead systems.
~~. Growth isa factor ofextreme importance inthe
design ofunderground electric power systems. Spare capac&tY, aawell as
provisions forthefuture crossing ofroadvays, runways, andtaxiwaya, shall
, beincluded h thedesign. Refer toMIL-HDBlG1004/2, lower Dis tribution
,
Svste~ ,fordetails ofunderground construction des@nandcriteria for
selection of draw-in ordirect-burial systems.
4
.
39
I
Section 6:
6.1 ~.
?fIL-HDBK-loo411
LEVELS OF DISTRIBUTION VOLTAGE
Distribution systems that have a medium voltage
level of 2.4 to 35 kV are covered in this section except, that for 4,16 kV and
below 400 Hz distribution systems, the criteria appears in DM4.05. Systems
in the utilization voltage level of 600 V and below are covered in
MIL-HDBK-1004/4; Electrical Utilization Svstems. Generally, the majority of
systems supplying primary distribution voltages at naval activities are of the
15 kV clase or less. However, voltages above 15 kt may be encountered as
utility voltage supplying naval installations or as distribution voltages. In
each case of distribution design, evaluate the cost of Individual distribution
components and energy losses, and adopt the most economical voltage level from
an overall point of view.
6.2 ~. Electrical power may be generated at the site or
purchased.
6.2.1 Power Generated at Site. Criteria for electric power generated at
the site is contained in DM-3.
6.2.2 Purchased Energy. Where purchased electrical power is used, adopt
the most economical voltage, taking into cons.fderationtransformers,
switch~ear, control equipment, and energy losses.
.5.2.2.1 2.400 V Svstem, Use a 2,400 V.system where total capacity doee not
exceed5,000 kVA, but only when utility company service ia at that voltage,
and where a predominantly motor load includes motors rated at 200 hp or more.
Where such motor conditions exist, use direct connection to motor starting
equipment.
6.2.2.2 4 1 ~. Use a 4,160 V system for maximum demande not
exceeding 7,500 kVA, but only when a utility company delivers electric power
at that voltage level. Switchgear and cable at 4,160 V will give a more
economical installation than one at 2,400 V. For loads including motors of
250 hp and over, and for groups .ofmotors up to 7,000 kVA, the 4,160 V systcm
maY be more economical than any other voltage level.
6.2.2.3 6.900 V System. Use 6,900 V system only where the utility company
delivers energy at this level or there are other special considerations.
6.2.2.6 12,000 V to 13.800 V Svstems.
used for demands of 7,5oo kVA and over.
6.2.2.5 15.000 v to 34.500 V Svstems.
used for demands of 20,000 kVA and over,
involved are considerable.
These systems can be economically
These systems can be economically
especially when the distances
40
mL-HDBK-loo4/l
Section 7: GROUNDING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
7.1 QxB?ral Reau~. Distribution systems using equipment withlow
impulse strength (for example, underground cables~ dry-type transformers, and
rotat$ng eqmipment) shall beeffectively grounded toavoid surge voltages.
Eachintllvidua,l section ofacircwitshall begrounded only once, atthe
source side.Thisaction hel~a tocontrol ground fault currents andto
facilitate ground fault relaying. Detailed discussions ofdistribution system
grounding arecovered inAX?SI/IEBE Standard 142-1982: Recommen ed d
practice forcro~ andC~ poerSvst=
w ,andANS1/IKB3
Standard 241-1986: ecqded ractice ctrical ow~
for~
7.2 M.UIAQM. Thetype and characteristics ofagrounding device shall
limit themaximum line-to-ground fault current tothevalue ofthethree-phase
fault. Select aground connection from thetypes &iven inparaa. 7.2.1
thrOtl&k 7.2.3.
7.2:X
mAumWWL
Thesolid grounding system shall beusedfor
automatic clearing ofground faults. Uaeonly onsecondary systems orwhere
irspedance oftransformers isincluded inthezero sequence current path.This
connection shall beavoided forgrounding ofgenerators where thezero
sequence orground fault current atthegenerator terminals willexceed the
three-phase fault current forwhich thegenerator isbraced. Foradditional
guidance onrecommended practices andrestrictions h applying this system
grounding connection, refer to ANSI/IEEll Standard 141-1986.
7.2.2
~e$~etance GrUXNWU!
o * Theresistance grounding system isapplicable
for :
a) automatic Clearance ofground fINIlt8,
b) limiting ground fault currents tosafe values, and
c)reducing mechanical stressas caused byground fault currents.
Thistype ofconnection maybeusedonwye-connected generators and
transformers. Foradditional guidance onrecommended practices and
restrictions inapplyingthissystemgrounding connection, refer toJU?SUIEEE
Standard 141-1986.
7.2.3
i @a~t~~c@ cro~dti
. Thereactance grounding system isapplicable
to:
a) grounding generator systems and
#
r
b) automatic clearing ofground faults.
Whenconsidering this type ofgrounding, remember that ~heavailable
ground-fault current should have avalue ofatleast 2Spercent ofthe
three-phase fault current inorder tolimit thetransient overvoltage during
theclearing ofground faults. Foradditional guidance onrecommended
practices andrestrictions inapplying this system grounding connection, refer
toANSI/IEEE Standard 141-1986.
41
MrL-HDBK-loo4/l
Section 8: SELECTION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
I
I
8.1 Selection Factors. In selecting the distribution system, the
designer must consider load requirements, permissible voltage regulation,
reliability, flexibility, and life cycle cost.
8.2 Systems Available. The various systems recommended for use are for
medium-voltage distribution systems
in paras. 8.2.1 through 8.2.11.
, unless noted otherwise, and are degcribed
8.2.1 ~. The conventional
simple-radial distribution system (see Figure 5) requiraa minimum transformer
capacity, because it takes advantage of the total diversity among loads and
requires less space. The main disadvantages are low flexibility, poor voltage
regulation, and not much reliability because a simple fault in the main bus
may shut off service completely. Cable cost and energy losses are high. The
system should ordinarily be limited to 1,000 kVA of maximum demand and to a
low-voltage distribution system.
I
I
I
8.2.2 ~. The modem simple-radial
distribution system (see Figure 6) can be used for capacities in sxcess of
1,000 kVA. The length of low-voltage feeders is kept to a minimum, reducing
cable cost and energy losses.
Size each transformer to handle the peak load
of the area served. The main inconvenienceof this system is that a fault in
the primary circuit can shut off service to all transformers.
8.2.3 Modified Modern SimDle-Radial Distribution Svstem. The modified
modem simple-radial distribution system (see Figure 7) provides all the
advantages of the modern.simple-radial.type, but includes.important
improvements in reliability. The initial cost, however, is higher.
8.2.4 LOOP Primarv-Radial Distribution TVDe. The loop primary-radial
distribution system (see Figure 8) has the same characteristics as the modem
simple-radial distribution type, but in addition provides a quicker
restoration of service in the event of primary feeder or transformer failure.
Advantages are lower installation costs and energy losses than those of any of
the distribution systems previously discussed.
8.2.5 Banked Secondarv-Radial Distribution Svstem. The banked
secondary-radial distribution system (see Figure 9) provides quick restoration
of service for the whole system after primary cable fault or transformer
failure. The secondary looP provides an emergency supply to affected areas,
equalizes loads on all transformers, permits taking advantage of diversity
among loada gaining transformers capacity, and allows large motors to start
across the line. In general, the secondary loop provides greater flexibility,
high efficiency, and good voltage regulation. Short circuit contribution from
all transformers connected in parallel within the system should be taken into
consideration.
8.2.6 Primary Selective-Radial Distribution System. The primary
selective-radialdistribution system (ace Figure 10) differs from the modem
simple-radial distribution type in that it uses two or more primary feeders
42
I .
MIL-EDBK-1004/l
IXS.TR16UTION BOARD
\
TnJ-T
RCUITS LOADC
r
)$
!
[
TRANSFORMER
I
I
.
7
CIRCUIT
v
FEEDER
4
x
LOADUNITS
,
Conventional Simple-Radial Distribution System
43
MIL-BDBK-1OO4I1
SOSUuRpCpELf F
\TRANSFORMER
LOACI CIRCUITS
J_
/
MAIN BREAKER
L\
LOAO CENTER
ii
Figure 6
Modern Simple-RadialDistribution System
44
MTT.unltW-l ftfitl / 1
I
.
.**---- *- ., -
TRANSFORMER
\
.; r
I
~pl
LOAO CIRCLJ 1TS
1
SOSUuRpX#
v
MAINBREAKER
LOADCENTER
.
& A~14A G s
Modified Modern Simple-Radial Distribution System
45
P, ,,.,,.7, .,. ,.. ,.
S OSUURPCPEL$ F
T
CIRCUIT BREAKER
\\ \>:[ 7;!7
LOAD CIRCUITS
\
k
LOOP
DISCONNECT
+<
p;;::, * >=
L__I
Y
f
r.eu. c o
Loop Primary-RadialDistribution System
46
SOSUU?$XW
I
-w&-+
MIL-3DBK-loo4/l
4
,
Figure 9
Banked Secondary-Radial Distribution System
x
SECONDARY TIES
I
LUG
\
+--
TRANSFORMER
LOO?
PRIMARY
FEEDER
d
*
w,, nr, 1 -n. /1
. .. J.-., Dm-L-+, .
S OSUuRpC$&F
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
):
TRANSFORMER
LOAD CENTER
!!I!I?!.
.. . . . . . . , A
r,~ure .
Primary SelectiveRadialDistribution System
48
I
instead of
Ioad.The
MIL-HDBK-1OO41I
one, andprovides each feeder withertoughcapacity tocarry allthe
extra investment (that is,providi~ foralternate primary feeders
andselector switches) iscompensated bythequick restoration ofsefiice in
theevent ofprimary feeder failure.
8.2.7 Secndarv Selecti o ve-Radial Ilubution $vsteq G Thesecondary
selective-radial distribution system (see Figure 11)carries duplicate feeders
uptothesecondary busoftheload centers~ thws compensati~ forany fault
ormalfunction inprimary feeders ortransformers. Acommon configurat~on
involves pafra ofunitsubstations connected through anorudly open secondary
tiecircuit breaker. Iftheprimary feeder oratransformer fails, themain
secondary circuit breaker ontheaffected t r a n s fc wm e r i s opened andthetfe
cirucit breaker closed. 09eration maybemanual orautomatic. Hormally the
stations operate asradial.systems. Withtheloss ofoneprimary circuit or
transformer, thetotal awbstation load maybesupplied byonefeeder andome
transformer. Toallow forthis condition one(aracombination) ofthe
following alternatives areapplicable:
a):Oversizing theprimary feeders andbothtransformers sothat one
transformer-can carry thetotal load.
b) Oversizing theprimary feeders andproviding forced-air cooling
tothetransformer inservice for the emergency period.
c) Shedding nonessential load foremergency period.
.
d) Oversizing theprimary feeders andusi~thetemporary overload
capacity inthetransformer andaccepting theloss oftransformer life.
DM4.2reds:...Bachtransformer anditsassociated equipment shall be
capable ofcarrying theessential loads ofboth aectioms. Insizing the
transformers, take into consideration allowable overloading. ...
8.2.8 SimRleN etwork Distribution sYstqgl . Asimple network distribution
system (see Figure 12)must beusedforhigh-density, heavy, concentrated
loads. Themainadvantages ofnetwork distribution systems arecontinuity of
service under anykindoffault inthesystem, automatic clearing offaults?
flexibility andadaptability forshifting loads, andgood voltage
characteristics.
8.2.8.1
Ye
twork Protec tor. The network protector supplies forward power
into thenetwork, avoids anyfeedback into khepr~mary line, andclears any
fault automatically.
8.2.8.2 Mmitt~o~
G Themain objection totheuseofnetwork systems isthe
initial cost in~olved. Also, when secondary ties extc!nd considerable
distances, theprobability offaults occurring isgreater.
8.2.8.3 Secondarv Loons. Thepurpose andadvantages ofthesecondary loop
arethesame asthose forthebanked secondary-radial distribution type (para.
8.2.5). Thenumber ofindividual cable sets connecti~ load centers will
determine thereliability ofthesystem. Install limi .erlugs ofthecable
size usedatbothends ofanysecondarr ties.
Thesize ofties shall beto
supply alltheload ofanyload center from onesecondary tie.
49
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
< 4
,
PRIMARY
FEEDERS
& : iii
::::sti iii
!r-!!l
DOUBLE-ENDED
LOAD CENTER
x
Figure 11
Secondary Selective-RadialDistribution System
50
.
mL-HDBK-loo4/l
so~uuRpfxJF
!
TRANSFORMER
:~i:&NECT
3
PROTECTOF?
\%
1-
TIES
{
LOAD
CENTERS
P
NETWORK
> ~ ROTEcToR
?
.
Figure 12
Simple Wtwork distribution System
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
8.2.9 Simple Spot-Network Distribution System. The simple spotnetwork
distribution system (see Figure 13) should be used for installations that have
heavy loads concentrated in small areas and considerable distances between
such loads. This system has the inherent advantages of any network system.
The system is limited, however, because it is not provided with secondary
loops (refer to para. 8.2.8.3 for additional information).
8.2.10 l.rimarvSelective Network Distribution Svstem. The primary
selectivs distrlbutian system (see Figure 14) should be used for industrial
applications in which haavy loads are evenly distributed.
Each of the primary
feeders shall be capable of carrying the entire load. The primary selective
network distribution system provides continuity of service in the event of one
primary feeder or transformer failure.
8.2.11 Primaw
Selettive SpotNetwork Distribution Svstem.
The primary
selective spot-network distribution system (see Figure 15) providea the most
reliable form of electric power distribution. In the event of a primary
feeder failure, the transformers connected to the unfaulted primary feeder can
carry all the ioad for the short period of time that it takes
other transformers to the unfaulted feeder. Each transformer
the total capacity of the load center.
to transfer the
need not have
52
lmAmBK-1oQ4/1
PRIMARY
FEEDERS
.
I I
I
#
~ CIRCUiTBREAKER
\
NETWORK
PROTECTOR
7
I
LOAO
CIWTEI?S
Figure 13
Simple Spot-Network Distribution System
53
w,. r. ,,-..-. . ,.
,,. L,-rlDA-1+, 1
SO:UF~CEL; F
CIRCUIT BREAKER
PRIMARY
FEEDERS
/
/
TRANSFORMER
$!.%
,_vE/
SWITCH ,
NETWORK
PROTECTOR
~f
-?&
\
DISCONNECT
LOAD CIRCUITS
SWITCH
SECONDARY TIES
$x/
?~p;gu
V, . . . . ..- , A
..5. = .-I
Primary Selective Network Distribution System
54
.
I
MIL-1iDBK-loo4/1
F
?&
LOADCIRCUITS -
TRANSFORMER
/-
CIRCUIT
.
. ~ ~E~woRK
PROTECTOR
~1
PRIMARY
~ti
FEEDERS
SELECTIVE
/$ $
SWITCH
,R.T,..OR <U
NETWORK
.
LOAD
CENTERS
Figure 15
Prfmary Selective Spot-Network Distribution System
55
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I
Documents of interest on Coincidence-FactorRelationships include:
Appendix B (Distribution of Diversity Benefits Under Maximum Noncoincident
Demand Methods) of Electric Utilitv Cost Allocation Manual available from the
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, Washington, DC
20044.
1
Chapter Four of Operational Economics of Electrical Utilities by Constantine
Bary. Available from Columbia University Preaa, New York, NY 10025.
~
MIL-HDBK-419 Grounding, Bonding, and Shielding for Electronic
Equipment and Facilities
56
MILAIDBK-1004/l
REFHRHNCES
.
~
Government agenciesmayobtaimcopiesof sMlitary specifications, military
stamdardsp Federal Construction Gtiide Specificationst (FCGS) andlh%%ign
Mammals (IM) from theWmited States Naval Publications andForms Centers 58011
Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, FA 19120, TWX:710-67~-168S, TELEX: 834295*
AUTOVOM telephone number 422-3321.
Mon-Government organizations mayobtain copies ofmllitaxy specifications
comstrmctiom atandartla, andFederal Guide Specifications from thesame
mmrce;I?on-Government copies ofDesign Mamuala must beobtained fromthe
Swperimtemdant ofDocuments, United States Government.Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402.
M~L-STD-461
.
MIL-HDBK-411
MIL-HDBK-loo4/ 2
MIL-HDBK-loo4/4
MIL-IJDBK-1004/ 6
MIL-HDBK-1190
DM-3
DN-12 .1
FCGSW-L-305
NAVSEA OP-S
OSHA1926.403-1986
~on-Governm entPublic ation%
Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics,
Requirements forEquipment
Long Haul Communications (DCA) Power and
Environmental Control forPhysical Plant
Power Distribution Systems
Electrical Utilj.zation System
Lightning Protection
l?acility-Planning andDesign Guide
Mechanical Engineering Series
Electronic Facilities Engineering
Light Set, General Illumination
Ammunition andExplosives Ashore
Battery Rooms andBattery Charging
I
lEEE/ANSI Publications, Institute ofElec~~ical AndElectronics
Zngineers, Inc., 345East 47th Street, NewYork, NY 10017.
ANSI 235.1-81 Emergency Eyewash andShower Equipment
IEEE 45-116 Coincidence-Factor Relationship ofElectric
Service Load Characteristics
57
I
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
IEEE 141 Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants
IEEE 142 Recommended Practice for Grounding Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems
446-8o Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby
Power Systems
IEEE C2-81 National Electrical Safety Code
IEEE Technical Paper 45-116, Transactions of AIEE (now IEEE), 1945, Volume
64, page 623 to 628, Coincidence-FactorRelationahiD of Electric Service Load
Characteristics by Constantine Barry, is availabIe as a reproduction copy
only, from the Engineering Societies Library, New York, NY 10017.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA~, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA
02269.
NFPA No. 70 National Electric Code
NFPA No. 110 Emergency and Standby Power Systems
CUSTODIAN:
NAVY-YD
PREPARING.ACTIVITY
NAVY-YO
PROJECT NO.
FACR 0231
*. S.GOVE. NMENTP.lNTINCOmCE: ,9M-50s03,19 x61
58
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mbrnitting comments mdGggestiomforimprovement. AI]uaemof rrditary s!mdardir.ation documeno= ktitedto protide
SUggestiorm l%isform-Y b *M. forded tiw* Iinm indicmed, tapeddonstie !OO*~se (m Nm STtiLE), nd
tikd. Inbloc k5, k MXCW u -Me akut Pmimk iwobkm-as wc h w wordingwhid ~uhd ia@?Pmwiom, WJ
too tigid,~titive Io@=. =h@OWI * W=i*-@ble, wtdgivepop-d wordhts chrwmwhkbWOUM alleviate the
~obkems.li?ater inblock6 any?wna?ks notrei~ldto a specifiipara$mph of lhedocument. If Mock ? bfWcl out,UI
acknowklgerrrent willbemailedh YOUwithin30daYeto letYOUknowtit Yowcommenwweremce$~ed sndue being
camidertd.
N07z: IMAformm8Ynot be LIA * WVM@awia of documenw, nortorewmt wdve?%deviatirm% orctifhtioa of
apeciflcatirm requirernmiw oncurmttctantr8et9. Comments mbmittsdonthisformdo motconstitute QSirnpJy Gtthorizstion
towmive anyportionof therefemn~ docurn@O) ortoamendc ontmdudrequhwrnen~.
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>OCUfAEMT WUW.ER 2. DOCUWENTTITLE ~L=CTR~~L ENGINEERING
MIL-HDBK-loo4/l
PRELIMINARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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