II
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
you?
Fèπ◊ Sekhar í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆?
(sentence *´®Óx don't you? ÅØËC
question tag. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? î√™«-鬩ç
éÀçü¿õ‰ ´’†ç Ñ columns ™ OöÀE
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆? é¬ü∆?
åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.)
Meena: Of course. Isn't he that police offi-
cer? He helped us a lot when we
had an accident last year?
í∫’®Ω’h ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? (= ofcourse). Ç
police officer éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ í∫ûª Ææç´-
ûªq®Ωç accident Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ î√™«
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’.
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a
good friend of his. He has phoned
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
went and invited him.
´÷ cousin Govind Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç*
friend. Sekhar Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√a-®ΩE
Phone î˨»úø’. ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx dinner èπ◊
°œL-î√†’.
Meena: You've done a good thing.
Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the
hospital. That doctor friend attended
on us immediately, because of
Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a
stranger to us till then. Surprising he
took such an interest in us.
î√™« ´’ç* °æE î˨»®Ω’. ¨Ïê®˝èπ◊ hospi-
tal ™ ã doctor friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¨Ïê®˝
´©x Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’.
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´’†-¢Á’´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
´’† -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Çߪ’† Åçûª interest
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’.
Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that
day. He saved our lives. But for him
there is no knowing what would
have happened to us.
Ç®ÓV ´’†èπ◊ ¨Ïê®˝ üË´¤úË °æç°œ-†ô’x
´î√a®Ω’. ´’† v§ƒù«Lo 鬧ƒ-ú≈®Ω’. Çߪ’ØË
™‰éπ-§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ´’†-Íé-´’-ߪ·uç-úËüÓ
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
Meena: My brother has just sent us a basket
of mangoes from his garden. We
will serve Mr.Sekhar those man-
goes. We will serve him to Jangri.
I made it yesterday.
´÷ ņoߪ’u/ ûª´·túø’ É°æ¤púË ûÓô™
†’ç* ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x °æç°œç-î√úø’. ¢√öÀE
¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´úÕfü∆lç. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ñ«çvT èπÿú≈
´úÕfü∆lç. E†oØË î˨».
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He
saved our lives. Let's do our best to
satisfy him.
Çߪ’† áçûª-öÀ ÇA--ü∑∆u-E-ÈéjØ√ Å®Ω’|úË. ´’†
v§ƒù«©’ 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. Çߪ’Eo ûª%°œh-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«-
EéÀ ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËü∆lç.
Meena: OK then. I will be on the job.
ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË– ØËØ√ °æE O’üË Öçö«.
J J J b) They will have come back by this time
O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation simple í¬ easy í¬
Öçúøôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅC
ÅEo≤ƒ®Ω÷x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a éπü∆. ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈
Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† sentences ´÷ö«x-úÕûË
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í¬L éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ≤ƒJ
†’ç* conversation ™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh extended
sentences ¢√úøôç practice îËü∆lç. Åçõ‰ É°æp-
öÀ-†’ç* ´’†ç advanced level conversation/
Spoken English practice îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´’-†o-´÷ô.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Clause Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? A group of words
with a verb. È®çúø’ sentences *†o *†oN
NúÕ NúÕí¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ äÍé sentence é¬Ææh
°ü¿lC ¢√úÕ conversation effective í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç ´’ç*C.
îª÷úøçúÕ: He is the same teacher. He taught
us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.
Ñ sentences îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ *†o-Ní¬, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬
ÖØ√o®·. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà He, repeat Å´ôç
ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ™‰ü¿÷. ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x éÀçC sen-
tence îª÷úøçúÕ.
He is the same teacher who taught us this les-
son interestingly.
(Ñ §ƒ®∏Ωç interesting í¬ îÁ°œpçC ÅüË teacher).
°j sentence ™ àç î˨»ç? Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o
´‚úø’ sentences †÷, 'who' ûÓ éπL-Ê°≤ƒç.
É°æ¤púø’ äÍé sentence Å®·uçC. so, éÌçîÁç
advanced level conversation ™, who,
which, that, whose ©ûÓ, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 'whom'
ûÓ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a.
ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆l´÷?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 161
This is
. the book which I
Now look at the following sentences from
the dialogue above.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
when we had an accident last year.
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
diately because of Mr. Sekhar.
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
saved our lives that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
goes from his garden. We will serve them to
Mr. Sekhar.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each
group of sentences above. We can do so by
joining them with who, whose, which and
that.
But before that OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç:
a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.
á´®√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√¨»®Ó Åûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – Ñ
Å®Ωnç ÆæÈ®j-†üË. é¬F ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç-
éπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√Æœ-†-ûªúø’ Ø√
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç.
DEo È®çúø’ sentences éπ©-®·-éπí¬ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a: The man wrote the book. He is
my friend - ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The
man who wrote the book is my friend, ÅØËC
Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆?
The man wrote the book. He is my friend
ÉC éÌçîÁç Nçûª-í¬ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Åçü¿’-éπE The man who wrote the book is my
friend - ÉC £æ›çü∆í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.
b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
left.
ÅûªúÕ brother E†o ´î√aúø’. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’
Ñ 2 sentences •ü¿’©’, É™« ņçúÕ.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2006
His brother who came here yesterday has
Conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentence groups ™
just left.
1st group
E†o ´*a† ÅûªúÕ brother É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’.
îª÷ü∆lç.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.
when we had an accident last year.
ÉC °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅC ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ E†o Éî√a†’ – ÉC
éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç: Isn't he the police officer who
áçûª ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÖçC? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’
helped us a lot when ...
äéπ-öÀí¬ 'which' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. (a) , (b) ™x
´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd who ¢√ú≈ç. °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE which ¢√ú≈L. has phoned me Sekhar is here =
My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his
This is the book which I gave him yester-
has phoned me ...
day=
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
E†o ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC.
d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me. tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ééπ\-úø’çC. ÅC ††’o éπ®Ω´ú≈EéÀ diately.
Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who
v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. éπL-°œûË,
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'which' join îËߪ’çúÕ. attended on us immediately at the hospital.
Here is the dog 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
which tried to bite saved our lives that day.
me. Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped
e) This is Hari. His par- us that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
ents are here.
goes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar.
Éûªúø’ £æ«J. ÅûªE ûªLx-
ü¿ç-vúø’-L-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. M. SURESAN Join the sentences: My brother has just sent
us a basket of mangoes which we will
éπ©-°æçúÕ. This is Hari whose parents are
here. Ééπ\úø ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†o-ûª†’ £æ«J. served to Mr. Sekhar.
äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ who/ which •ü¿’©’ that èπÿú≈ É™« who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ
éπLÊ° sentences N´-®√©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·.
¢√úøû√ç.
Now practise the following aloud in English ANSWER
(OôEoöÀ™ who, whose, which and that ûÓ Pramila: Where is the book which/ that
éπL-°œ† sentences ¢√úøçúÕ.) you brought yesterday?
Pramila: Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book
†’´¤y EØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a´¤. ÅC àC?
Pratyusha: Åçõ‰ ØËEoØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ´-Réπ ü¿í∫_®Ω which/ that I brought from
†’ç* ûÁî√a†’, ü∆Eo í∫’JçîËØ√ Pravalika.
†’´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pramila: Pravalika gave you the book which
she borrowed
Pramila: v°æ´-Réπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æÆæ÷† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* (Å®Ω’´¤ ûÁ*açC)
that book) from Prasuna.
ûÁ*açC. ÅC FéÀ-*açC. (
Pratyusha: v°æÆæ÷† Åçõ‰ Ç English novels Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always
reads English novels?
ûÁí∫ îªC¢Ë Å´÷t-ßË’Ø√?
Pramila: Å´¤†’. Ç Å´÷t-®·Íé Ñ ´’üµ¿u Pramila: Yea. That's the girl who got the
English essay writing ™ Ist prize Ist prize in English essay writing
competition.
´*açC.
-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Future perfect tense †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
¢√úø’ É©’x îËJ Öçö«úø’ – Åçõ‰ í∫çô-™-°æ™‰ ¢√úÕ©’x
Tç-î√L?ii) Vocabulary & word power †’ îË®Ωôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.
ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√L?iii) Helping verb
ûª®√yûª to infinitive Öçú≈™«? ™‰ü∆ tomorrow = Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-íÌ-aç-
plain (bare) infinitive Öçú≈™« ? time
– ñ„.®√V, ñ„j†÷®˝, -Ç-C™«-¶«ü˛
ö«®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ èπ◊ – Í®°æ¤ – ´·çüË
-ï-¢√-•’: i) Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
AJ-T-®√-´ôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)
ii) You can improve your vocabulary by
°æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË °æEéÀ future regular reading - of English newspa-
perfect ¢√úøû√ç. shall have + pers, books, etc. That's the only way.
past participle/ will have + past iii) Help ûª®√yûª to infinitive/Plain infinitive
participle - àüÁjØ√ correct.
a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped
home = äéπ í∫çô Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ/- í∫çô í∫úÕ-îË-™°æ¤ me get the tickets - both right.