Nanophotonics

5 nm
Overview of the Course
Part I: Introduction to light interaction with matter
Part II: Photonic Crystals
Part III: Metal optics (evanescent fields)
Derivation Wave Equation in matter from Maxwells equations
Dielectric properties of insulators, semiconductors and metals (bulk)
Light interaction with nanostructures and microstructures (compare d with !)
Electromagnetic effects in periodic media (Bloch Theorems)
Media with periodicity in 1, 2, and 3-dimensions
Applications: Omni-directional reflection, sharp waveguide bends,
Light localization, Superprism effects, Photonic crystal fibers
Light interaction with 0, 1, and 2 dimensional metallic nanostructures
Guiding of light below the diffraction limit
Near-field optical microscopy
Transmission through subwavelength apertures
Materials with a negative refractive index
Perfect lens
Overview in Images
5 nm
S. Lin et al, Nature, vol. 394, p. 251-3, (1998)
J.R. Krenn et al., Europhys.Lett. 60, 663-669 (2002)
T.Thio et al., Optics Letters 26, 1972-1974 (2001).
K.S. Min et al. PhD Thesis
J. D. Joannopoulos, et al, Nature, vol.386, p.143-9 (1997)
K.V. Vahala et al, Phys. Rev. Lett, 85, p.74 (2000)
Motivation
Major breakthroughs are often materials related
Stone Age, Iron Age, Si Age,.
Is it possible to engineer new materials with useful optical properties
What are the smallest possible devices with optical functionality ?
People realized the utility of naturally occurring materials
Scientists are now able to engineer new functional nanostructured materials
Yes !
Wonderful things happen when structural dimensions are "
light
This course talk about what these things areand why they happen
Scientists have gone from big lenses, to optical fibers, to photonic crystals, to
Does the diffraction set a fundamental limit ?
Possible solution: metal optics/plasmonics
Light Interaction with Matter
Maxwells Equations
f
= D
0 = B

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
Divergence equations Curl equations
D= Electric flux density
E= Electric field vector
= charge density
B= Magnetic flux density
J = current density
H= Magnetic field vector
Constitutive Relations
( )
0
= + = D E P E E
Electric polarization vector Material dependent!!
Total electric flux density = Flux from external E-field + flux due to material polarization
= Material dependent dielectric constant

0
= Dielectric constant of vacuum = 8.85 10
-12
C
2
N
-1
m
-2
[F/m]
( )
0 0
= + B H M H
Magnetic flux density Magnetic field vector Magnetic polarization vector

0
= permeability of free space = 4#x10
-7
H/m
Note: For now, we will focus on materials for which
0 = M
0
= B H
Constitutive relations relate flux density to polarization of a medium
Electric
Magnetic
When P is proportional to E
E
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
Divergence Equations
Coulomb
How did people come up with:
?
+
Charges of same sign repel each other (+ and + or and -)
Charges of opposite sign attract each other (+ and -)
He explained this using the concept of an electric field : F = qE
Every charge has some field lines associated with it
-
He found: Larger charges give rise to stronger forces between charges
Coulomb explained this with a stronger field (more field lines)
= D
Divergence Equations
E
dS
Gausss Law (Gauss 1777-1855)
A A V
d E d dv = =
! ! !
D S S
E-field related to enclosed charge
Gausss Theorem (very general)
A V
d dv =
! !
F S F
Combining the 2 Gausss
A V V
d dv dv = =
! ! !
D S D = D
The other divergence eq.
0 = B is derived in a similar way from 0
A
d =
!
B S
+
+
+
+
+
H
Curl Equations
How did people come up with:

= +

D
H J
t
?
J
H
D
J
D increasing when
charging the capacitor
C
A
Ampere (1775-1836)
C A
d d
t

" #
= +
$ %

& '
! ! i
D
H l J S
Magnetic field induced by:
Changes in el. flux
Electrical currents
Ampere:
C A
d d
t

" #
= +
$ %

& '
! ! i
D
H l J S
Curl Equations
Stokes
theorem:
( )
C A
d d =
! ! i
F l F S
( )
C A A
d d d
t

" #
= = +
$ %

& '
! ! ! i
D
H l H S J S

= +

D
H J
t

B
E
t
Other curl eq.
Derived in a similar way from
C A
d d
t

! ! i
B
E l S
B
E
C
A
( )
C A A
d d d
t

= =

! ! ! i
B
E l E S S
Stokes
Summary Maxwells Equations
= D
0 = B

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
Divergence equations Curl equations
Flux lines start and end
on charges or poles
Changes in fluxes give rise to fields
Note: No constants such as
0

0,
, c, ,. appear when Eqs are written this way.
Currents give rise to H-fields
The Wave Equation
Curl equations: Changing E-field results in changing H-field results in changing E- field.
Plausibility argument for existence of EM waves
The real thing
E
H
E
H
E
.
Goal: Derive a wave equation:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0
, Re exp t i t = U r U r
for E and H
Solution: Waves propagating with
a (phase) velocity v
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
,
1
,
r t
r t
v

U
U
t
Position Time
Starting point: The curl equations
0
t

= =

B H
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
The Wave Equation for the E-field
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
,
1
,
r t
r t
v

E
E
t
Goal:
Curl Eqs:
(Materials with M= 0 only) a)
b)
Step 1: Try and obtain partial differential equation that just depends on E
( )
0 0
t t

" #
= =
$ %

& '
H
H
E
Step 2: Substitute b) into a)
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
t t t t t


= =

D J E P J
E
Apply curl on both side of a)
0
= + D E P
Cool!....looks like a wave equation already
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2
t t t


=

E P J
E
The Wave Equation for the E-field
2
2
2 2
1
v

E
E
t
Compare:
With:
!
( )
2
= E E E
Use vector identity:
Verify that E = 0 when 1)
f
= 0
2) (r) does not vary significantly within a ! distance
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
t t t


= + +

E P J
E
Result:
1) Find P(E)
2) Find J(E)something like Ohms law: J(E) = E
we will look at this later..for now assume: J(E) = 0
In order to solve this we need:
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
t t t


= + +

E P J
E
Dielectric Media
P linearly proportional to E:
Linear, Homogeneous, and Isotropic Media
0
= P E
is a scalar constant called the electric susceptibility
( )
2 2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
1
t t t


= + = +

E E E
E
Define relative dielectric constant as:
1
r
= +
2
2
0 0
2
r
t


=

E
E
(2) 2 (3) 3
0 0 0
...... = + + + P E E E
Note 1 : In anisotropic media P and E are not necessarily parallel:
0 i ij j
j
P E =
(
Note2 : In non-linear media:
All the materials properties
Results from P
Properties of EM Waves in Bulk Materials
We have derived a wave equation for EM waves!
2
2
0 0
2
r
t


=

E
E
Now what ?
Lets look at some of their properties
Euh.
2
2
2 2
1
v

E
E
t
Speed of the EM wave:
Compare
2
2
0
0 0
1 1
r r
c
v

= =
Speed of an EM Wave in Matter
2
2
0 0
2
r
t


=

E
E and
Where c
0
2
= 1/(
0

0
) = 1/((8.85x10
-12
C
2
/m
3
kg) (4 x 10
-7
m kg/C
2
)) = ( 3.0 x 10
8
m/s)
2
Refractive index is defined by:
Optical refractive index
1
r
c
n
v
= = = +
Note: Including polarization results in same wave equation with a different
r
c becomes v
2.0
3.0
1.0
3.4
0.1 1.0 10 (m)
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x
:

n
Refractive Index Various Materials
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp z t z ikr i t = + E E
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
,
,
t
n
t
c

E r
E r
t
Derived from wave equation
Dispersion Relation
Dispersion relation: = (k)
Substitute:
2
2 2
2
c
k
n
=
Result:
1
g
r
d c c c
v
dk k n


= = = =
+

k
g
v
Phase velocity:
Group velocity:
ph
v
k

2
2 2
2
n
k
c
=
Check this!
Electromagnetic Waves
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
,
,
t
n
t
c

E r
E r
t
Solution to:
Monochromatic waves: ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + E r E k k r
Check these
are solutions!
TEM wave
Symmetry Maxwells Equations result in E H propagation direction
Optical intensity
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + H r H k k r
Time average of Poynting vector:
( ) ( ) ( )
, , , t t t = S r E r H r
Light Propagation Dispersive Media
Relation between P and E is dynamic
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

=
!
P r E r
P results from response to E over some characteristic time :
The relation : assumes an instantaneous response ( ) ( )
0
, , t t = P r E r
In real life:
Function x(t) is a scalar function lasting a characteristic time :
t
E(t)
x(t-t)
t = t
t = t -
x(t-t) = 0 for t > t (causality)
EM waves in Dispersive Media
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + E r E k k r
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

=
!
P r E r
Relation between P and E is dynamic
EM wave:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp t i i t = + P r P k k r
This follows by equation of the coefficients of exp(it) ..check this!
Relation between complex amplitudes
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k
( ) ( )
0
1 ) * = +
+ ,
It also follows that:
(Slow response of matter -dependent behavior)
Absorption and Dispersion of EM Waves
EM wave:
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, Re , exp z t z ikz i t = + E E
2
2 2
2
c
k
n
= Dispersion relation k n
c

=
' '' n n in = +
Absorbing materials can be described by a complex n:
( )
' '' ' ''
2
k n in n i n i
c c c

" # " #
= + = +
$ % $ %
& ' & '
It follows that:
Investigate + sign:
( ) ( )
, Re , exp
2
z t z i z z i t

- .
" #
= +
/ 0
$ %
& '
1 2
E E
Traveling wave Decay
0
' ' n k n
c

= =
Note: n act as a regular refractive index
0
2 '' 2 '' n k n
c

= = is the absorption coefficient

Transparent materials can be described by a purely real refractive index n
Absorption and Dispersion of EM Waves
Complex n results from a complex :
' '' i = +
n is derived quantity from (next lecture we determine for different materials)
' '' 1 1 ' '' n n in i = + = + = + +
1 n = +
0
' 1 ' ''
2
n n i i
k

= = + +
0
2 '' k n =
Weakly absorbing media
When <<1 and << 1:
( )
1
1 ' '' 1 ' ''
2
i i + + + +
Refractive index:
1
' 1 '
2
n = +
Absorption coefficient:
0 0
2 '' '' k n k = =
Summary
Maxwells Equations
f
= D
0 = B

=

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
Curl Equations lead to
2 2
2
0 0 0
2 2
t t


= +

E P
E
0
= P E
Wave Equation with v = c/n
Linear, Homogeneous, and Isotropic Media
(under certain conditions)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
,
,
t
n
t
c

E r
E r
t
In real life: Relation between P and E is dynamic
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

=
!
P r E r ( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k
This will have major consequences !!!
Next 2 Lectures
Real and imaginary part of are linked
$ Kramers-Kronig
Derivation of for a range of materials
$ Insulators (Lattice absorption, Urbach tail, color centers)
$ Semiconductors (Energy bands, excitons )
$ Metals (Plasmons, plasmon-polaritons, )
$ Origin frequency dependence of in real materials
Useful Equations and Valuable Relations
= D
( )
0 0 0 0
1
o r
= + = + = + = D E P E E E
( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
m m r
= + = + = + = B H M H H H H
0 = B
Divergence Equations Maxwells Equations Curl Equations

B
E
t

= +

D
H J
t
Handy Math Rules
( )
2
= E E E Vector identities:
= + E E E
Stokes
Constitutive relations:
A V
d dv =
! !
F S F
( )
C A
d d =
! ! i
F l F S
Gauss theorem
Gausss Law
A A V
d E d dv = =
! ! !
D S S
C A
d d
t
" #
= +
$ %

& '
! ! i
D
H l J S
Maxwell (also)
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, ' ' , ' t dt x t t t
+

=
!
P r E r Dynamic relation between P and E:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
, , = P k E k and
( ) ( ) , Re , exp
2
z t z i z z i t

- .
" #
= +
/ 0
$ %
& ' 1 2
E E Dispersive and absorbing materials:
0
' ' n k n
c

= =
0
2 '' 2 '' n k n
c

= =
where ,absorption coefficient